Corporate political activity in less developed countries:The Volta River Project in Ghana, 1958-66

The article expands existing categorisations of political and economic governance by including literature on less developed countries (LDCs). In four consecutive negotiations between the US multinational Kaisers and the US and Ghana governments in the early 1960s, it is argued that the company reached levels of influence that are at odds with existing explanations. In order to understand corporate political activities in LDCs, analysis needs to go beyond static factors (political risk) and include dynamic factors such as diplomatic relations and 'arenas of power', and consider the role of the investor's home country relative to the host economy.

TS/Ph-7 aerial photo, Taylor Slough

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation through the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program under Cooperative Agreements #DBI-0620409 and #DEB-9910514. This image is made available for non-commercial or educational use only.

Viewpoint 66: What is the Housing with Care ‘Offer’ and who is it for?

Published to coincide with the International Day of Older Persons, this viewpoint explores some of the findings from Adult Social Services Environments and Settings(ASSET), a research project that was funded by the NIHR School for Social Care Research from February 2012 to April 2014. The project explored how adult social care services are commissioned and delivered in extra care housing and retirement villages. It is a timely paper, coming hot off the heels of the recent Commission on Residential Care, chaired by former Care Services Minister, Paul Burstow MP. This recommended greater clarification on what constitutes housing with care.

Miksi 7.- luokkalaiset valitsevat teknisen työn valinnaisaineekseen?

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, miksi 7.- luokkalaiset valitsevat teknisen työn valinnaisaineekseen. Teoreettinen viitekehyksemme perustuu Kasurisen (1999) väitöskirjaan. Väitöskirjan tutkimustuloksista Kasurinen muodosti mallin, jonka mukaan persoona toimijana, aika ja konteksti, harrastukset ja motivaatiotekijät vaikuttavat nuoren tulevaisuuden orientaatioihin. Muodostimme näiden muuttujien pohjalta oman viitekehyksemme. Tutkimuksella pyrimme kuvaamaan, millä muuttujilla on yhteyttä 7.-luokkalaisen teknisen työn valinnaisainevalintaan. Tuomme esiin näkökulmia valintaan yhteydessä olevista muuttujista ja selvitämme eri muuttujien yhteyttä teknisen työn valintaan. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvantitatiivisin menetelmin Survey-tyyppisenä ja Likert-asteikollisella kyselylomakkeella, jossa oli neliportaisia vastausvaihtoehtoja. Muodostimme kerätystä aineistosta kolmiportaisia summamuuttujia, joita analysoimme epäparametrisilla tilastomenetelmillä. Tutkimusjoukko muodostui Turun ja Rauman Normaalikoulujen 7.luokkalaisista oppilaista. Vastauksia tutkimukseemme saimme yhteensä 66 ja vastanneista poikia oli 53 ja tyttöjä 13. Tutkimustuloksemme osoittavat että neljä eniten teknisen työn valinnaisaineen valintaan yhteydessä olevaa muuttujaa ovat oppilaan sisäinen motivaatio, kokemukset, harrastukset ja käsityötila. Tuloksista on mielenkiintoista huomata, että oppilaat eivät koe vanhempien ja sukupuolen olevan yhteydessä valintaan. Tuloksista on myös havaittavissa, että tytöt valitsevat poikia vähemmän teknisen työn. Tulokset antavat tietoa siitä, mitkä muuttujat ovat yhteydessä siihen, että tekninen työ valitaan valinnaisaineeksi. Jatkotutkimuksen osalta olisi mielenkiintoista syventyä aiheeseen kvalitatiivisten menetelmien muodossa. Myös laajemman otannan kvantitatiivinen tutkimus toisi lisää perspektiiviä aiheen tutkimiseen.

Relación entre la ambliopia moderada y severa y el desarrollo según la escala abreviada de desarrollo (EAD II), en niños de 3 a 7 años

Tesis (Optometra). -- Universidad de La Salle, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud. Programa de Optometria, 2014

The Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) and its Association with Quality of Life in Ambulatory Patients Receiving Radiotherapy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the scored Patient-generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) tool as an outcome measure in clinical nutrition practice and determine its association with quality of life (QoL). DESIGN: A prospective 4 week study assessing the nutritional status and QoL of ambulatory patients receiving radiation therapy to the head, neck, rectal or abdominal area. SETTING: Australian radiation oncology facilities. SUBJECTS: Sixty cancer patients aged 24-85 y. INTERVENTION: Scored PG-SGA questionnaire, subjective global assessment (SGA), QoL (EORTC QLQ-C30 version 3). RESULTS: According to SGA, 65.0% (39) of subjects were well-nourished, 28.3% (17) moderately or suspected of being malnourished and 6.7% (4) severely malnourished. PG-SGA score and global QoL were correlated (r=-0.66, P<0.001) at baseline. There was a decrease in nutritional status according to PG-SGA score (P<0.001) and SGA (P<0.001); and a decrease in global QoL (P<0.001) after 4 weeks of radiotherapy. There was a linear trend for change in PG-SGA score (P<0.001) and change in global QoL (P=0.003) between those patients who improved (5%) maintained (56.7%) or deteriorated (33.3%) in nutritional status according to SGA. There was a correlation between change in PG-SGA score and change in QoL after 4 weeks of radiotherapy (r=-0.55, P<0.001). Regression analysis determined that 26% of the variation of change in QoL was explained by change in PG-SGA (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: The scored PG-SGA is a nutrition assessment tool that identifies malnutrition in ambulatory oncology patients receiving radiotherapy and can be used to predict the magnitude of change in QoL.

8-Ammonionaphthalene-2-sulfonate monohydrate : the zwitterionic hydrate of 1,7-Cleve's acid

The structure of 8-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate (1,7-Cleve's acid hydrate), C10H9NO3S.H2O, shows the presence of a sulfonate-aminium group zwitterion, both groups and the water molecule of solvation giving cyclic R3/3(8) intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions forming chains which extend down a axis of the unit cell. Additional peripheral associations, including weak aromatic ring pi-pi interactions [centroid-centroid distance 3.6299(15)A], result in a two-dimensional sheet structure.

What determines the health-related quality of life among regional and rural breast cancer survivors?

Objective: To assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of regional and rural breast cancer survivors at 12 months post-diagnosis and to identify correlates of HRQoL. Methods: 323 (202 regional and 121 rural) Queensland women diagnosed with unilateral breast cancer in 2006/2007 participated in a population-based, cross-sectional study. HRQoL was measured using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, Breast plus arm morbidity (FACT-B+4) self-administered questionnaire. Results: In age-adjusted analyses, mean HRQoL scores of regional breast cancer survivors were comparable to their rural counterparts 12 months post-diagnosis (122.9, 95% CI: 119.8, 126.0 vs. 123.7, 95% CI: 119.7, 127.8; p>0.05). Irrespective of residence, younger (<50 years) women reported lower HRQoL than older (50+ years) women (113.5, 95% CI: 109.3, 117.8 vs. 128.2, 95%CI: 125.1, 131.2; p<0.05). Those women who received chemotherapy, reported two complications post-surgery, had poorer upper-body function than most, reported more stress, reduced coping, who were socially isolated, had no confidante for social-emotional support, had unmet healthcare needs, and low health self-efficacy reported lower HRQoL scores. Together, these factors explained 66% of the variance in overall HRQoL. The pattern of results remained similar for younger and older age groups. Conclusions and Implications: The results underscore the importance of supporting and promoting regional and rural breast cancer programs that are designed to improve physical functioning, reduce stress and provide psychosocial support following diagnosis. Further, the information can be used by general practitioners and other allied health professionals for identifying women at risk of poorer HRQoL.

A population survey of the penetrance of contact lens wear in Australia : rationale, methodology and results

Purpose: A population based, cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted to estimate the total penetrance of contact lens wear in Australia. Methods: A total of 42,749 households around Australia were randomly selected from the national electronic telephone directory based on postcode distribution. Before contact was attempted, letters of introduction were sent. The number of individuals and contact lens wearers in each household was ascertained and lens wearers were interviewed to determine details of lens type and mode of wear using a structured questionnaire. Results: Of households contacted, 59.2% (19,171/32,405) agreed to participate. Response rates were only marginally higher amongst households that first received a letter of introduction. In these households, 35,914 individuals were identified, of which, 1,798 were contact lens wearers. The penetrance of contact lens wear during the study period was 5.01% (95% CI: 4.78-5.24). Soft hydrogel lenses had the largest penetrance in the community, (66.7% of all wearers), however, their market share decreased significantly over the study period with increased uptake of newly introduced lens types. Conclusions: The penetrance of contact lens wear concurs with market estimates and equates to approximately 680,000 contact lens wearers aged between 15 and 64 years in Australia. The low response rate obtained in this study highlights the difficulty in contemporary use of telephone survey methodology