青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统二氧化碳通量研究

本论文以青藏高原东北部海北地区高寒灌丛（Alpine Shrub）生态系统为研究对象，利用微气象观测系统及涡度相关（Eddy Covariance）技术，自2003年1月1日至2005年12月31日对该类广布于青藏高原的典型高寒草地类型进行长期连续观测。在对生态系统CO2净交换（NEE）以及群落叶面积指数（LAI）、生物量等生物学指标和光合有效辐射（PAR）、温度、土壤水分、脉冲性降水事件等主要环境因子进行连续监测的基础上，重点分析和探讨了海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)在时、日、月及年际尺度上的变化模式，生长季与非生长季高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净交换特征，高寒灌丛生态系统大气CO2源/汇年际差异，土壤温度、昼夜温差、光合有效辐射、脉冲性降水事件等主要环境因子影响。从而，揭示了不同时间尺度下的高寒灌丛生态系统NEE变化规律，阐明主要环境因子对生态系统NEE的影响，明确了该生态系统大气CO2源/汇状况及其季节分布模式；同时，也为青藏高原区域尺度的高寒草地生态系统CO2通量研究和碳收支的估算提供科学依据和基础数据，对进一步揭示我国乃至亚洲陆地生态系统的碳收支状况有着重要意义。主要研究结果概括为以下几个方面： 1、海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统净生态系统CO2交换时动态特征存在很大的季节性差异，暖季小时NEE变化振幅大，CO2净吸收的极值一般出现在午间，最大吸收量为1.7 g CO2 m-2 h-1左右。夜间为CO2净释放，净生态系统交换值较为稳定（0.5~ 0.9 g CO2 m-2 h-1）；冷季日变化振幅极小，除14:00~18:00时一定量CO2释放外，其余时段通量均很小。 2、从日平均净生态系统CO2交换来看，6~9月日平均NEE一般为负值（CO2净吸收），2003~2005年6~9 月间日平均NEE分别为-5.65 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-6.08 g CO2 m-2 d-1和-4.81 g CO2 m-2 d-1；而10~12月及翌年1~5月期间日平均NEE通常为正值（CO2净释放），该时段3年高寒灌丛日平均净生态系统CO2交换分别为1.91 g CO2 m-2 d-1、1.90 g CO2 m-2 d-1和2.19 g CO2 m-2 d-1。2003~2004年高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净释放维持天数分别为249 d、 254 d和264 d，2003年净释放维持天数最少，而净吸收维持天数2005年最少（101d）。2003、2004和2005年全年日平均CO2净吸收分别为0.611 g CO2 m-2 d-1、0.759 g CO2 m-2 d-1和0.167 g CO2 m-2 d-1。 3、就季节差异而言，2003、2004和2005年整个生长季节高寒灌丛平均CO2日净生态系统交换分别为-3.99 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-4.59 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-3.27 g CO2 m-2 d-1。7、8月生长季节CO2净吸收的最高，2003、2004、2005年7月和8月份高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净吸收分别为222 g CO2 m-2 和224 g CO2 m-2、355 g CO2 m-2和216 g CO2 m-2、263 g CO2 m-2和186 g CO2 m-2。在相对短暂的生长季节海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现出显著的大气CO2净吸收能力，2003、2004和2005年生长季节高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净吸收量分别为610 g CO2 m-2、701 g CO2 m-2和500 g CO2 m-2。相对于温度等环境因子，高寒灌丛生态系统生长季白昼NEE小时变化规律更受光合有效辐射变化的影响。 4、2003～2005年非生长季节日平均NEE分别为1.83 g CO2 m-2、2.01 g CO2 m-2和2.07 g CO2 m-2。4月和10月是非生长季节CO2净释放的最高月份，2003、2004和2005年全月净释放量为105 g CO2 m-2和77 g CO2 m-2、105 g CO2 m-2和117 g CO2 m-2及105 g CO2 m-2和138 g CO2 m-2，2003～2005年整个非生长季CO2净释放分别为CO2为388 g CO2 m-2、425 g CO2 m-2和439 g CO2 m-2。非生长季节海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统NEE小时变化与5 cm土壤温度存在极显著的正相关关联，表明在非生长季节土壤温度是影响青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统NEE的重要环境因子。 5、从生态系统CO2源/汇特征来看，海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统2003、2004和2005年全年净CO2固定总量分别为223 g CO2 m-2 a-1、277 g CO2 m-2 a-1和61 g CO2 m-2 a-1，3年平均CO2值为187 g CO2 m-2 a-1。在为期3年的研究时段海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现为弱的大气二氧化碳的汇。 6、高寒灌丛群落表观光合量子产额（a）和表观最大光合速率（Pmax）受叶面积指数的影响。在6～9月份期间，由于LAI的不同，a和Pmax值差异明显，7、8月份较高而6月和9月明显较低。海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统a和Pmax值高于西藏当雄地区高寒草甸生态系统，但低于平原地区相关生态系统。 维持天数2005年最少（101d）。2003、2004和2005年全年日平均CO2净吸收分别为0.611 g CO2 m-2 d-1、0.759 g CO2 m-2 d-1和0.167 g CO2 m-2 d-1。 3、就季节差异而言，2003、2004和2005年整个生长季节高寒灌丛平均CO2日净生态系统交换分别为-3.99 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-4.59 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-3.27 g CO2 m-2 d-1。7、8月生长季节CO2净吸收的最高，2003、2004、2005年7月和8月份高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净吸收分别为222 g CO2 m-2 和224 g CO2 m-2、355 g CO2 m-2和216 g CO2 m-2、263 g CO2 m-2和186 g CO2 m-2。在相对短暂的生长季节海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现出显著的大气CO2净吸收能力，2003、2004和2005年生长季节高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净吸收量分别为610 g CO2 m-2、701 g CO2 m-2和500 g CO2 m-2。相对于温度等环境因子，高寒灌丛生态系统生长季白昼NEE小时变化规律更受光合有效辐射变化的影响。 4、2003～2005年非生长季节日平均NEE分别为1.83 g CO2 m-2、2.01 g CO2 m-2和2.07 g CO2 m-2。4月和10月是非生长季节CO2净释放的最高月份，2003、2004和2005年全月净释放量为105 g CO2 m-2和77 g CO2 m-2、105 g CO2 m-2和117 g CO2 m-2及105 g CO2 m-2和138 g CO2 m-2，2003～2005年整个非生长季CO2净释放分别为CO2为388 g CO2 m-2、425 g CO2 m-2和439 g CO2 m-2。非生长季节海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统NEE小时变化与5 cm土壤温度存在极显著的正相关关联，表明在非生长季节土壤温度是影响青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统NEE的重要环境因子。 5、从生态系统CO2源/汇特征来看，海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统2003、2004和2005年全年净CO2固定总量分别为223 g CO2 m-2 a-1、277 g CO2 m-2 a-1和61 g CO2 m-2 a-1，3年平均CO2值为187 g CO2 m-2 a-1。在为期3年的研究时段海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现为弱的大气二氧化碳的汇。 6、高寒灌丛群落表观光合量子产额（a）和表观最大光合速率（Pmax）受叶面积指数的影响。在6～9月份期间，由于LAI的不同，a和Pmax值差异明显，7、8月份较高而6月和9月明显较低。海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统a和Pmax值高于西藏当雄地区高寒草甸生态系统，但低于平原地区相关生态系统。

Rural information needs. Final report for Mid Wales Library and Information Partnership

Thomas, R., Crossan, S., Urquhart, C. & Hines, B. (2008). Rural information needs. Final report for Mid Wales Library and Information Partnership. Aberystwyth: Department of Information Studies, Aberystwyth University Sponsorship: Mid Wales Library and Information Partnership

The rpf gene of Micrococcus luteus encodes an essential secreted growth factor

Galina V. Mukamolova, Obolbek A. Turapov, Konstantin Kazarian, Miroslav Telkov, Arseny S. Kaprelyants, Douglas B. Kell and Michael Young (2002). The rpf gene of Micrococcus luteus encodes an essential secreted growth factor. Molecular Microbiology, 46 (3), 611-621. Sponsorship: BBSRC / Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 00-04-48691)/ WHO Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization / Wellcome Trust RAE2008

Multimodal lexicography: The representation of meaning in electronic dictionaries

One finding of user studies is that information on meaning tends to be what diction¬ary users want most from their dictionaries. This is consistent with the traditional image of the dictionary as a repository of meanings of words, and this is also borne out in definitions of the item DICTIONARY itself as given in dictionaries. While this popular view has not changed much, the growing role of electronic dictionaries can change the lexicographers' approach to meaning repre¬sentation. Traditionally, paper dictionaries have explained words with words, using either a defi¬nition or an equivalent, and occasionally a line-drawn picture. However, a prominent feature of the electronic medium is its multimodality, and this offers potential for the description of meaning. While it is much easier to include pictorial content, electronic dictionaries can also hold media objects which paper cannot carry, such as audio, animation or video. Publishers are drawn by the attraction of these new options, but are they always functionally useful for the dictionary users? In this article, the existing evidence is examined, and informed guesses are offered where evidence is not yet available.

John Wesley, the man and his mission

http://www.archive.org/details/johnwesleytheman00pikeuoft

Details of an integrated approach to three-dimensional dynamic fluid structure interaction

Fluid structure interaction, as applied to flexible structures, has wide application in diverse areas such as flutter in aircraft, wind response of buildings, flows in elastic pipes and blood vessels. Numerical modelling of dynamic fluid-structure interaction (DFSI) involves the coupling of fluid flow and structural mechanics, two fields that are conventionally modelled using two dissimilar methods, thus a single comprehensive computational model of both phenomena is a considerable challenge and until recently work in this area focused on one phenomenon and represented the behaviour of the other more simply. A single, finite volume unstructured mesh (FV-UM) spatial discretisation method has been employed on a single mesh for the entire domain. The Navier Stokes equations for fluid flow are solved using a SIMPLE type procedure and the Newmark b algorithm is employed for solving the dynamic equilibrium equations for linear elastic solid mechanics and mesh movement is achieved using a spring based mesh procedure for dynamic mesh movement. In the paper we describe a number of additional computation issues for the efficient and accurate modelling of three-dimensional, dynamic fluid-structure interaction problems.

Use of Web Logs (Blogs) in Learning Environments: Blogs for Student Support

Innovation in technology and communications and particularly the advent of the Web is changing the structure of teaching and learning today. While there is much debate about the use of technology in learning and how e-learning is creating new approaches to delivery of learning there is been very little if any work on the use of of the emerging technologies in providing student support through their learning process. This paper reports on research and development undertaken by the eCentre based at the University of Greenwich School Of Computing in designing and developing a "Project Blog System" in order to address some long standing issues related to supervision of final year degree student projects. The paper will report on the methodology used to design the system and will discuss some of the results from students and staff evaluation of the system developed.

A hybrid fractal video compression method

Fractal image compression is a relatively recent image compression method. Its extension to a sequence of motion images is important in video compression applications. There are two basic fractal compression methods, namely the cube-based and the frame-based methods, being commonly used in the industry. However there are advantages and disadvantages in both methods. This paper proposes a hybrid algorithm highlighting the advantages of the two methods in order to produce a good compression algorithm for video industry. Experimental results show the hybrid algorithm improves the compression ratio and the quality of decompressed images.

Borehole Optimisation System (BOS) - a case study assessing options for abstraction of urban groundwater in Nottingham, UK

The recognition that urban groundwater is a potentially valuable resource for potable and industrial uses due to growing pressures on perceived less polluted rural groundwater has led to a requirement to assess the groundwater contamination risk in urban areas from industrial contaminants such as chlorinated solvents. The development of a probabilistic risk based management tool that predicts groundwater quality at potential new urban boreholes is beneficial in determining the best sites for future resource development. The Borehole Optimisation System (BOS) is a custom Geographic Information System (GIs) application that has been developed with the objective of identifying the optimum locations for new abstraction boreholes. BOS can be applied to any aquifer subject to variable contamination risk. The system is described in more detail by Tait et al. [Tait, N.G., Davison, J.J., Whittaker, J.J., Lehame, S.A. Lerner, D.N., 2004a. Borehole Optimisation System (BOS) - a GIs based risk analysis tool for optimising the use of urban groundwater. Environmental Modelling and Software 19, 1111-1124]. This paper applies the BOS model to an urban Permo-Triassic Sandstone aquifer in the city centre of Nottingham, UK. The risk of pollution in potential new boreholes from the industrial chlorinated solvent tetrachloroethene (PCE) was assessed for this region. The risk model was validated against contaminant concentrations from 6 actual field boreholes within the study area. In these studies the model generally underestimated contaminant concentrations. A sensitivity analysis showed that the most responsive model parameters were recharge, effective porosity and contaminant degradation rate. Multiple simulations were undertaken across the study area in order to create surface maps indicating areas of low PCE concentrations, thus indicating the best locations to place new boreholes. Results indicate that northeastern, eastern and central regions have the lowest potential PCE concentrations in abstraction groundwater and therefore are the best sites for locating new boreholes. These locations coincide with aquifer areas that are confined by low permeability Mercia Mudstone deposits. Conversely southern and northwestern areas are unconfined and have shallower depth to groundwater. These areas have the highest potential PCE concentrations. These studies demonstrate the applicability of BOS as a tool for informing decision makers on the development of urban groundwater resources. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cuestiones de escala en el ámbito de la “Huella Hídrica”.

La aplicación de la “Huella Hídrica” a la realidad española debe hacerse desde la consciencia de que hasta hace relativamente poco, el pensamiento científico dominante era el reduccionismo, cuyo enfoque considera que basta un conocimiento detallado de cada uno de los componentes de un sistema y de sus leyes fundamentales, para entenderlo globalmente. Y es que, el interés por este indicador surge de la importancia que cobran conceptos como “escasez” y “contaminación” del agua, como consecuencia directa e indirecta de la actividad humana sobre los sistemas hídricos, tanto en España como en los países de América Latina; con el fin de mejorar la gestión –desde la oferta y la demanda- de los recursos hídricos del planeta y reducir las desigualdades territoriales. De este modo, en el presente estudio se realiza una estimación de la “Huella Hídrica” de España y América Latina, así como de a la Red de Parques Nacionales Españoles, tanto a nivel económico como ambiental, describiendo los recursos hídricos utilizados, necesarios para satisfacer la demanda de bienes y servicios consumidos, en los prolegómenos del siglo XXI.