Pirilänkosken Natura 2000 -alueen hoito- ja käyttösuunnitelma

Pirilänkosken Natura-alue (FI0200045) sijaitsee Satakunnassa Harjavallan kaupungin ja Nakkilan kunnan alueella Harjavallan keskustan välittömässä läheisyydessä. Se muodostuu Kokemäenjoessa sijaitsevan Harjavallan voimalaitoksen alapuolisesta suvannosta ja noin kuuden kilometrin jokiosuudesta sekä sen reunoilla olevista jyrkkään eroosiotörmään syntyneistä rantalehdoista. Alue kuuluu Euroopan yhteisön Natura 2000 – suojelualueverkostoon luontodirektiivin mukaisena SCI-alueena (Sites of Community Importance) Natura-alueen pinta-ala on 147 ha, josta noin 60 prosenttia on vettä. Alueen luontoarvot liittyvät jokiluonnon lisäksi maamme edustavimpiin kuuluviin lehtoihin, jotka ovat säilyneet melko luonnontilaisina. Luontoarvojen säilymisen uhkatekijöinä ovat mm lehtojen heinittyminen ja taimettuminen Jokiluonnon tilaan on aikanaan vaikuttanut Harjavallan voimalaitos ja muut Kokemäenjoen säännöstelyyn vaikuttaneet tekijät Alueella on tärkeä merkitys paikallisena virkistyskäyttö- ja opetuskohteena. Pirilänkosken rannalla kulkee noin viisi kilometriä pitkä Paratiisin-Pirilänkosken luontopolku Alueella harrastetaan aktiivisesti myös kalastusta. Osana Varsinais-Suomen elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuksen (ELY) johtamaa ja EU:n LIFE -luontorahaston rahoittamaa Kokemäenjoki-LIFE -hanketta alueelle laadittiin hoito- ja käyttösuunnitelma, jonka tavoitteena on ohjata alueen hoitoa ja käyttöä luontoarvojen turvaamiseksi. Suunnitelma tehtiin Varsinais-Suomen ELYn ohjauksessa, ja suunnittelua varten perustettiin työryhmä, joka koottiin eri viranomaistahojen ja käyttäjäryhmien edustajista (alueella kalastavat ja retkeilevät) sekä maanomistajista. Työryhmän tavoitteena oli tunnistaa alueen suojeluun ja käyttöön liittyvät mahdolliset ongelmat ja ristiriidat, ratkaista ja sovittaa niitä. Tämän hoito- ja käyttösuunnitelman aikajänne on 15 vuotta. Suunnitelman tavoitteena on ohjata alueen hoitoa ja käyttöä niin, että alueen luontoarvot turvataan.

Fifty consecutive pancreatectomies without mortality

Objective: to report the group's experience with a series of patients undergoing pancreatic resection presenting null mortality rates. Methods: we prospectively studied 50 consecutive patients undergoing pancreatic resections for peri-ampullary or pancreatic diseases. Main local complications were defined according to international criteria. In-hospital mortality was defined as death occurring in the first 90 postoperative days. Results: patients' age ranged between 16 and 90 years (average: 53.3). We found anemia (Hb < 12g/dl) and preoperative jaundice in 38% and 40% of cases, respectively. Most patients presented with peri-ampullary tumors (66%). The most common surgical procedure was the Kausch - Whipple operation (70%). Six patients (12%) needed to undergo resection of a segment of the mesenteric-portal axis. The mean operative time was 445.1 minutes. Twenty two patients (44%) showed no clinical complications and presented mean hospital stay of 10.3 days. The most frequent complications were pancreatic fistula (56%), delayed gastric emptying (17.1%) and bleeding (16%). Conclusion : within the last three decades, pancreatic resection is still considered a challenge, especially outside large specialized centers. Nevertheless, even in our country (Brazil), teams seasoned in such procedure can reach low mortality rates.

Avaliação do Consumo de Bebida Alcoólica Durante a Gravidez

Objetivo: verificar o consumo de bebida alcoólica durante a gravidez, quanto ao tipo, quantidade ingerida, ao conhecimento dos riscos do consumo e seu rastreamento durante a assistência pré-natal. Método: foram entrevistadas 445 puérperas de uma maternidade de São Paulo, de janeiro a maio de 1999. A análise dos dados foi realizada usando os testes t de Student e não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: das gestantes entrevistadas 66,3% não consumiram bebida alcoólica, 17,8% consumiram durante toda a gravidez e 15,9% consumiram até a confirmação da gravidez que ocorreu em média com 9,6 semanas; 98,7% das gestantes consumiram nos finais de semana e/ou em festas e 1,3% diariamente. A média ingerida foi 14,74 gramas/ocasião nas que consumiram durante toda a gravidez e 25,83 gramas/ocasião nas que fizeram até a confirmação, havendo diferença estatística entre os índices médios nos dois grupos. O consumo médio por ocasião foi classificado como moderado. A bebida mais consumida foi a cerveja (64,0%). Quanto aos riscos de consumo, 71,5% acreditam que faça mal ao concepto e 15,5%, à própria saúde. O rastreamento do consumo foi referido por 48,8% das mulheres. Conclusão: quantidade significativa de mulheres consumiu bebida alcoólica em algum período da gestação, mesmo tendo conhecimento dos danos para o concepto. O pré-natal não tem sido utilizado como momento oportuno para o rastreamento do consumo de bebida alcoólica e o incentivo ao abandono do mesmo.

Malária em grávidas de uma maternidade pública de Rio Branco (Acre, Brasil)

OBJETIVO: descrever a freqüência dos achados clínico-laboratoriais em grávidas portadoras de malária. MÉTODOS: foi realizado estudo descritivo, série de casos, de 445 grávidas da Maternidade e Clínica de Mulheres Bárbara Heliodora (Rio Branco, Acre), do período de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2001, com diagnóstico parasitológico de malária. Foram revistos os prontuários do período e selecionados os casos portadores de malária. RESULTADOS: no total de pacientes (n=33.420) internadas no período, estavam incluídas 445 (1,4%) grávidas. Entre essas, a freqüência da infecção por Plasmodium vivax foi de 52,8% (n=235), por P. falciparum, de 43,8% (n=195), e 3,4% (n=15) por ambos os plasmódios. As alterações clínico-laboratoriais mais freqüentes (p<0,05) foram observadas nas portadoras do P. falciparum: mucosas descoradas, icterícia, diminuição da hemoglobina e hematócrito, hipoglicemia e elevação dos níveis séricos das aminotransferases, uréia, creatinina e das bilirrubinas. Somente houve um caso de óbito (1/445) em gestante com P. falciparum. Quanto ao concepto, foram registrados: abortos (1,3%), prematuridade (1,1%) e baixo peso ao nascer (1,1%). CONCLUSÕES: esses achados refletem a repercussão da malária durante a gestação, bem como justificam que as unidades de obstetrícia, especialmente da região amazônica, tenham serviços capacitados para o diagnóstico e tratamento desses casos.

Importância econômica, epidemiologia e controle das intoxicações por plantas no Brasil

A importância econômica, epidemiologia e controle das intoxicações por plantas em animais domésticos no Brasil são revisadas. Com os dados dos laboratórios de diagnóstico de diferentes regiões do país, as perdas anuais por mortes de animais foram estimadas em 820.761 a 1.755.763 bovinos, 399.800 a 445.309 ovinos, 52.675 a 63.292 caprinos e 38.559 equinos. No Brasil, atualmente, o número de plantas tóxicas é de 131 espécies e 79 gêneros e aumenta permanentemente. No entanto, a maioria das perdas são causadas por poucas plantas, incluindo Palicourea marcgravii, Amorimia spp., Senecio spp., Pteridium aquilinum, Ateleia glazioviana e Cestrum laevigatum em bovinos, Brachiaria spp em bovinos e ovinos, Nierembergia veitchii, Mimosa tenuiflora e Ipomoea asarifolia em ovinos, plantas que contêm swainsonina (Ipomoea carnea, Turbina cordata e Sida carpinifolia) em caprinos e Brachiaria humidicola e Crotalaria retusa em equinos. Os principais fatores epidemiológicos relacionados às intoxicações por plantas incluem palatabilidade, fome, sede, facilitação social, desconhecimento da planta, acesso a plantas tóxicas, dose tóxica, período de ingestão, variações de toxicidade e resistência/susceptibilidade dos animais às intoxicações. Quanto aos métodos de controle e profilaxia descrevem-se os resultados obtidos no Brasil com métodos recentemente desenvolvidos, incluindo controle biológico, aversão alimentar condicionada, utilização de variedades não tóxicas de forrageiras, utilização de animais resistentes às intoxicações e técnicas de indução de resistência.

Kestävät liiketoimintamallit 2030

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tunnistaa erilaisia tulevaisuuskuvia siitä, miltä tulevaisuuden kestävät liiketoimintamallit voisivat näyttää vuonna 2030 ja miten toivottuun tulevaisuuskuvaan päästään. Lisäksi tavoitteena on esittää perusteluja mitä kestävällä liiketoimintamallilla ylipäänsä tarkoitetaan. Eksploratiivisen tutkimuksen aineisto on kerätty tulevaisuuden tutkimuksen piirissä paljon käytetyllä Delfoi-menetelmällä. Ymmärrys kestävien liiketoimintamallien luonteesta pohjautuu systemaattiseen kirjallisuuskatsaukseen. Tutkimus käsittää teoriakatsauksen kestävistä liiketoimintamalleista ja kestävää liiketoimintaa tukevasta liiketoimintaympäristöstä. Lisäksi empiriaosuudessa esitetään asiantuntijanäkemyksiä kestävien liiketoimintamallien ominaispiirteistä vuonna 2030 ja muutoksen aikaansaamiseen vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tuloksena on esitys tulevaisuuden todennäköisistä sekä toivottavista kehityskuluista, kuvaus edellytyksistä, joita kestävien liiketoimintamallien yleistyminen vaatii sekä esitys kestävien liiketoimintamallien arvioimiseksi ja kehittämiseksi. Tämä tutkimus on toteutettu osana Tekesin Green Growth – Tie kestävään talouteen ohjelman 2011–2015 käynnissä olevaa DemaNET (Dematerialization and Sustainable Competitiveness through New Models for Industrial Networking) -tutkimusprojektia.

Journal du commerce, de politique et de littérature

1818/10/11 (Numéro 445).

Tolerance of eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.) seedlings to imazapyr in nutritive solution

Imazapyr has presented excellent results in controlling coppices in stand reforms of eucalypt forests, despite differences in the efficacy levels. To find out whether these different responses are caused by the genetic variability of the cultivated materials, two experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions with different imazapyr doses in a hydroponic system in plastic vases containing 2,500 mL solution. The clones IEF-1 (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus sp. hybrid), GE 463 (E. urophylla x E. grandis), and MN 445 (E. grandis x Eucalyptus sp. hybrid) were used in the first assay, and IEF-1, IEF2 (E. grandis x E. urophylla) x Eucalyptus sp. hybrid) and the clones 129 and 7182 (E. grandis x Eucalyptus sp. hybrids) in the second assay. Thirty days after transplanting the seedlings to a nutritive solution, imazapyr was applied to the solution at doses of 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.80, 1.60 and 3.20 muL L-1. Clone GE 463 proved to be more tolerant to imazapyr than clones IEF-1 and MN 445 in the first assay; however, in the second, clone 7182 was the most tolerant. Thus, doses should also be differentiated when controlling coppices, according to the cultivated clone.

Brazilian soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. cultivars adapted to low latitude regions: seed composition and content of bioactive proteins

Among the goals of the Brazilian soybean improvement programmes, the breeding strategies for cultivars adapted to low latitudes have been included to extend crop areas and to increase production. Seeds of nine Brazilian soybean cultivars adapted to low latitudes were investigated regarding to their composition, and amino acid and antinutritional/toxic protein contents. Protein (394.5 ± 13.1 to 445.3 ± 8.0 g kg-1 dry matter) and oil (200.6 ± 1.2 to 232.3 ± 4.7 g kg-1 dry matter) contents showed low correlation to each other (r = -0.06). The total carbohydrate (141.7 ± 6.1 to 211.1 ± 15.0 g kg-1 dry matter) and ash contents (48.2 ± 4.2 to 52.2 ± 0.5 g kg-1 dry matter) were similar to data available for other soybean cultivars. All soybean cultivars presented low levels of tryptophan and sulphur amino acids. The lectin (1,152 to 147,456 HU kg-1 flour), trypsin inhibitor (34.45 ± 2.28 to 77.62 ± 2.63 g trypsin inhibited kg-1 flour), toxin (6,210 ± 134 to 34,650 ± 110 LD50 kg-1 flour) and urease (0.74 ± 0.02 to 1.22 ± 0.10 g kg¹ flour) presented variations in their contents amongst the cultivars. Compared to other soybean cultivars, urease was higher, the acute toxicity lower and the lectin and trypsin inhibitor contents similar to data available. In general, soybean cultivars showed similar biochemical composition to those developed in different geographic regions. The relevance of these findings to the agronomic features and to choice of soybean cultivars to be used as food or feed is discussed.

Planktic Cyanobacteria from upper Tietê basin reservoirs, SP, Brazil

Considering the great ecological and sanitary importance of the cyanobacteria and the need of detailed information about these organisms in Brazilian water bodies, the present study aims at contributing towards the knowledge of the cyanobacterial flora of five reservoirs belonging to the upper Tietê Basin, São Paulo: Billings, Guarapiranga, Jundiaí, Pirapora, Ponte Nova and Taiaçupeba. In the past several years, these reservoirs have been submitted to severe environmental deterioration and have repeatedly presented cyanobacterial blooms, including those of toxic species. The samples were collected between 1997 and 2003 either with plankton net (20 µm mesh) or van Dorn's bottle, and preserved with lugol solution or formaldehyde. Some species were isolated and maintained in culture. Forty-eight species of cyanobacteria were identified, with predominance of the order Chroococcales (58%), followed by the orders Oscillatoriales (21%) and Nostocales (21%). Among the 48 studied species, 17 (35%) were considered potentially toxic. The occurrence and biodiversity of the cyanobacteria in each reservoir depend on the environmental conditions. Among the five water bodies, Billings Reservoir presented the most adequate situation for the development of a greater number of species (34), probably due to its high pH values (around 8). Pirapora Reservoir on the other hand, with highest conductivity (445.0 µS cm-1) and lowest Secchi depth values (0.2 m), presented the lowest cyanobacterial biodiversity (14 species).

Combined effects of diethylpropion and alcohol on locomotor activity of mice: participation of the dopaminergic and opioid systems

The widespread consumption of anorectics and combined anorectic + alcohol misuse are problems in Brazil. In order to better understand the interactive effects of ethanol (EtOH) and diethylpropion (DEP) we examined the locomotion-activating effects of these drugs given alone or in combination in mice. We also determined whether this response was affected by dopamine (DA) or opioid receptor antagonists. A total of 160 male Swiss mice weighing approximately 30 g were divided into groups of 8 animals per group. The animals were treated daily for 7 consecutive days with combined EtOH + DEP (1.2 g/kg and 5.0 mg/kg, ip), EtOH (1.2 g/kg, ip), DEP (5.0 mg/kg, ip) or the control solution coadministered with the DA antagonist haloperidol (HAL, 0.075 mg/kg, ip), the opioid antagonist naloxone (NAL, 1.0 mg/kg, ip), or vehicle. On days 1, 7 and 10 after the injections, mice were assessed in activity cages at different times (15, 30, 45 and 60 min) for 5 min. The acute combination of EtOH plus DEP induced a significantly higher increase in locomotor activity (day 1: 369.5 ± 34.41) when compared to either drug alone (day 1: EtOH = 232.5 ± 23.79 and DEP = 276.0 ± 12.85) and to control solution (day 1: 153.12 ± 7.64). However, the repeated administration of EtOH (day 7: 314.63 ± 26.79 and day 10: 257.62 ± 29.91) or DEP (day 7: 309.5 ± 31.65 and day 10: 321.12 ± 39.24) alone or in combination (day 7: 459.75 ± 41.28 and day 10: 427.87 ± 33.0) failed to induce a progressive increase in the locomotor response. These data demonstrate greater locomotion-activating effects of the EtOH + DEP combination, probably involving DA and/or opioid receptor stimulation, since the daily pretreatment with HAL (day 1: EtOH + DEP = 395.62 ± 11.92 and EtOH + DEP + HAL = 371.5 ± 6.76; day 7: EtOH + DEP = 502.5 ± 42.27 and EtOH + DEP + HAL = 281.12 ± 16.08; day 10: EtOH + DEP = 445.75 ± 16.64 and EtOH + DEP + HAL = 376.75 ± 16.4) and NAL (day 1: EtOH + DEP = 553.62 ± 38.15 and EtOH + DEP + NAL = 445.12 ± 55.67; day 7: EtOH + DEP = 617.5 ± 38.89 and EtOH + DEP + NAL = 418.25 ± 61.18; day 10: EtOH + DEP = 541.37 ± 32.86 and EtOH + DEP + NAL = 427.12 ± 51.6) reduced the locomotor response induced by combined administration of EtOH + DEP. These findings also suggest that a major determinant of combined anorectic-alcohol misuse may be the increased stimulating effects produced by the combination.

Morphological and functional alterations of the intestine of rats with iron-deficiency anemia

The present study was designed to assess the intestinal absorption of D-xylose and jejunal morphometry in rats with iron-deficiency anemia. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group (diet containing 50 mg Fe/kg, N = 12) and an anemic group (diet containing <5 mg Fe/kg, N = 12). The animals were housed in individual metabolic cages and deionized water and diet were provided ad libitum for 6 weeks. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were determined at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. At the end of the study the rats were submitted to a D-xylose absorption test (50 mg/100 g body weight) and sacrificed and a jejunal specimen was obtained for morphometric study. At the end of the study the hemoglobin and hematocrit of the anemic rats (8.7 ± 0.9 g/dl and 34.1 ± 2.9%, respectively) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of the controls (13.9 ± 1.4 g/dl and 47.1 ± 1.5%, respectively). There was no statistical difference in D-xylose absorption between the anemic (46.5 ± 7.4%) and control (43.4 ± 9.0%) groups. The anemic animals presented statistically greater villus height (445.3 ± 36.8 µm), mucosal thickness (614.3 ± 56.3 µm) and epithelial surface (5063.0 ± 658.6 µm) than control (371.8 ± 34.3, 526.7 ± 62.3 and 4401.2 ± 704.4 µm, respectively; P < 0.05). The increase in jejunum villus height, mucosal thickness and epithelial surface in rats with iron-deficiency anemia suggests a compensatory intestinal mechanism to increase intestinal iron absorption.