994 resultados para 346.0922


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We examined the diets and habitat shift of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Fish were collected from open sand-mud habitat (little to no relief), and artificial reef habitat (1-m3 concrete or PVC blocks), from June 1993 through December 1994. In 1994, fish settled over open habitat from June to September, as shown by trawl collections, then began shifting to reef habitat — a shift that was almost completed by December as observed by SCUBA visual surveys. Stomachs were examined from 1639 red snapper that ranged in size from 18.0 to 280.0 mm SL. Of these, 850 fish had empty stomachs, and 346 fish from open habitat and 443 fish from reef habitat contained prey. Prey were identified to the lowest possible taxon and quantified by volumetric measurement. Specific volume of particular prey taxa were calculated by dividing prey volume by individual fish weight. Red snapper shifted diets with increasing size. Small red snapper (<60 mm SL) fed mostly on chaetognaths, copepods, shrimp, and squid. Large red snapper (60–280 mm SL) shifted feeding to fish prey, greater amounts of squid and crabs, and continued feeding on shrimp. We compared red snapper diets for overlapping size classes (70–160 mm SL) of fish that were collected from both habitats (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and multidimensional scaling analysis). Red snapper diets separated by habitat type rather than fish size for the size ranges that overlapped habitats. These diet shifts were attributed to feeding more on reef prey than on open-water prey. Thus, the shift in habitat shown by juvenile red snapper was reflected in their diet and suggested differential habitat values based not just on predation refuge but food resources as well.

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We have studied the reproductive biology of the goldlined seabream (Rhabdosargus sarba) in the lower Swan River Estuary in Western Australia, focusing particularly on elucidating the factors influencing the duration, timing, and frequency of spawning and on determining potential annual fecundity. Our results demonstrate that 1) Rhabdosargus sarba has indeterminate fecundity, 2) oocyte hydration commences soon after dusk (ca. 18:30 h) and is complete by ca. 01:30−04:30 h and 3) fish with ovaries containing migratory nucleus oocytes, hydrated oocytes, or postovulatory follicles were caught between July and November. However, in July and August, their prevalence was low, whereas that of fish with ovaries containing substantial numbers of atretic yolk granule oocytes was high. Thus, spawning activity did not start to peak until September (early spring), when salinities were rising markedly from their winter minima. The prevalence of spawning was positively correlated with tidal height and was greatest on days when the tide changed from flood to ebb at ca. 06:00 h, i.e., just after spawning had ceased. Because our estimate of the average daily prevalence of spawning by females during the spawning season (July to November) was 36.5%, individual females were estimated to spawn, on average, at intervals of about 2.7 days and thus about 45 times during that period. Therefore, because female R. sarba with total lengths of 180, 220, and 260 mm were estimated to have batch fecundities of about 4500, 7700, and 12,400 eggs, respectively, they had potential annual fecundities of about 204,300, 346,100 and 557,500 eggs, respectively. Because spawning occurs just prior to strong ebb tides, the eggs of R. sarba are likely to be transported out of the estuary into coastal waters where salinities remain at ca. 35‰. Such downstream transport would account for the fact that, although R. sarba exhibits substantial spawning activity in the lower Swan River Estuary, few of its early juveniles are recruited into the nearshore shallow waters of this estuary.

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青蒿素是从我国传统药用植物中药青蒿(Artemisia annua L.)中提取的新型抗疟特效药,其生物合成途径属于植物类异戊二烯代谢途径。目前,青蒿素生物合成的组织部位及其调控机制仍不完全清楚。紫穗槐二烯合酶(amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase, ADS)作为青蒿素生物合成分支途径的第一个关键酶,催化倍半萜化合物的通用前体法呢基焦磷酸环化,生成紫穗槐二烯。本论文通过对ADS 表达特性的分析,研究了青蒿素生物合成的组织特异性及其调控机制,主要研究结果如下: 一.紫穗槐二烯合酶基因启动子功能的研究 从青蒿高产株系001 中克隆得到了2850 bp 的ADS 启动子调控区。通过比较5’RACE 的测序结果与启动子序列,确定转录起始位点位于翻译起始位点上游44 bp,TATA 盒下游27 bp。该启动子序列包含的顺式作用元件有脱落酸应答元件(ABRE )、乙烯应答元件(ERE)、生长素应答元件(AUXRE)等植物激素反应元件,以及低温应答元件(LTRE)、高温应答元件(HSE)等与逆境有关的反应元件,还有与真菌诱导有关的W-box 元件等。将不同长度ADS 启动子与报告基因GUS 融合,构建了植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导的方法获得稳定整合的转基因烟草。经过组织化学、GUS 荧光活性检测及RT-PCR 分析,发现该启动子的转录活性很低,无法通过GUS 染色进行观察。GUS 荧光活性检测及RT-PCR 结果表明,转录起始位点上游346 bp 是ADS 基础表达所必需的。高温、低温、干旱、水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯等处理均能促进青蒿中ADS 的表达,而脱落酸和乙烯的作用效果较小,与启动子序列分析的结果并不完全一致。 二.紫穗槐二烯合酶基因表达特性的研究 以青蒿高产株系001 为材料,在基因和蛋白水平揭示了ADS 的表达特性。RT-PCR 和Western 分析结果表明,ADS 在幼叶和花蕾中大量表达,在老叶和完全开放的花中表达量很低,而在青蒿的根和茎中几乎检测不到ADS 的表达。石蜡切片和整体原位杂交的结果表明,ADS 在顶端分生组织、叶原基及分泌腺毛中表达,在非分泌的T 型腺毛中不表达。当叶片完全展开后,ADS 只在分泌腺毛中表达,而且随着叶片的生长和老化,ADS 的表达量逐渐减少。另一个非常有趣的发现是同一叶片上的分泌腺毛,有些有ADS 的表达,有些则没有。用强光、低温、高温和水杨酸等因素处理后,有ADS 表达的分泌腺毛的比例没有明显的变化。 三.外源水杨酸促进青蒿素的生物合成 研究了外源水杨酸对青蒿素生物合成的影响,结果表明:1 mM 水杨酸处理后,青蒿叶片中的游离态水杨酸含量快速增加,处理后4 h 达到 0.79 μg g-1 FW,是对照的3.5 倍。外源水杨酸能够抑制青蒿中过氧化氢酶活性,提高抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,并通过对抗氧化酶活性的抑制引起青蒿体内活性氧水平的迅速升高。在处理后4 h,青蒿中H2O2 和O2-的含量分别达到对照的2.1 倍和2.4 倍。青蒿素含量在水杨酸处理后的前8 h 缓慢升高,随后升高的速度增加。外源水杨酸处理后8 h 和96 h,青蒿素含量分别达到9.1 mg g-1DW 和13.9 mg g-1DW,比对照高21.7%和75.8%。处理后8 h,青蒿酸的含量没有明显变化,随后开始增加。处理后16 h,青蒿酸的含量达到3.6 mg g-1DW,比对照高90%, 随后继续升高,至96 h 达到4.98 mg g-1 DW,比对照高127%。二氢青蒿酸的含量在处理后的8 h 内有所下降,随后缓慢升高。处理后8 h,二氢青蒿酸的含量降低了23.3%,随后二氢青蒿酸的含量开始升高,在处理后96 h,达到7.4 mg g-1DW,比对照高72.1%。外源SA 处理提高了青蒿素及其前体的总含量,在处理后1、2、4 天分别比对照提高了1.3、1.5 和1.8 倍。Northern 结果表明,水杨酸强烈诱导了青蒿素生物合成基因HMGR、ADS 的表达,但是对FPS、CYP71AV1 的诱导作用较小。这些研究结果表明,外源水杨酸至少通过两条途径诱导青蒿素的生物合成:一是通过诱导活性氧的产生促进二氢青蒿酸向青蒿素的转化;二是上调部分青蒿素生物合成相关基因的表达。根据这一研究成果,在青蒿田间栽培中,可以在收获前通过喷施水杨酸来快速、有效和低成本地提高青蒿素产量。

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本文研究了北京山区落叶阀叶林优势种一辽东栎、大叶白蜡、北京丁香、核桃楸、山杏和荆条等乔灌木的稳定碳同位素比率,长期水分利用效率、植物蒸腾特性和土壤植物体的水分运动特点,并从植物解剖学的角度研究了这些植物叶片特点和其水分生理生态特性的关系。 对北京山区落叶阔叶林生态系统这几种乔、灌木植物叶片中的碳稳定性同位素比率(δ¹³C值)测定结果显示,这些植物叶片的δ¹³C值受多种因子的影响,具有较大的种间差异及时空异质性。主要表现在不同植物种叶片δ¹³C值不同,其排列顺序为山杏(- 24.75±0.85%。>大叶白蜡(- 25,94±1.52%。)=荆条(- 26.01±1.63%。)=辽东栎(一26.07±1.17%。)=北京丁香(-26.46±0.80c70。)>核桃楸(-28.11±1.52%。);生长初期叶片δ¹³C值较生长末期高,尤以核桃楸和辽东栎表现明显其生长初期和末期的叶片δ¹³C值皆相差达3‰;生境条件,特别是土壤水分含量和土层厚度,对植物叶片的813C值的高低有较大的影响,生长在于旱生境中的植物具有较高的δ¹³C值。另外,即使是同一株植物,叶片δ¹³C值也因其在冠层中所处的位置不同而异,冠层项部叶片的δ¹³C值高于林冠内部的叶片。北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种的长期水分利用效率与种的特点有关,山杏最高(4.950±0.l71mmolC0_2•mol-1H_2O),核桃楸最低(3.760±0.203mmolC0_2•mol-1H_2O),大叶白蜡、荆条、辽东栎和北京丁香居中(4.346- 4.530 mmolCO_2•mol-1H_2O),大部分植物长期水分利用效率在春季(5月)较高,秋季较低,荆条由于物候期的特殊性在其生长季初期较低,而后逐渐增高。核桃楸在不存在水分亏缺情况下,树干液流速率受微气候因子的影响,液流速率的最大值达1600g•hour 左右。树干液流速率的日进程和大气相对湿度、温度的日进程具有相当好的生态学同步性。通过对核桃楸夜晚树干液流的分析可以得出其有根压存在的结论。 植物叶片和枝条中自由水和束缚水含量主要决定于植物种的特性,枝条的年龄、生境特点,特别是土壤水分特点。在落叶阔叶林I(样地2)中植物叶片自由水含量的排列顺序是:北京丁香>核桃楸>大叶白蜡>辽东栎;而杂灌丛(样地1)中植物叶片自由水含量的排列顺序是:核桃楸>大叶白蜡>山杏>荆条>北京丁香>辽东栎,可见群落类型对植物自由水含量影响是很大的,植物束缚水含量与其自由水含量的格局完全相反,荆条、山杏等植物含量高,核桃揪含量低。枝条水分含量有与叶片水分含量相类似的特点。 北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种的水分生理生态学特性和其叶片的特点有很大的关系,首先是植物叶片的特点总是和其种的特性相联系,主要表现在叶的类型、叶片上毛、气孔密度、着生方式等,如荆条叶片上下表面都密被披针形毛,气孔小,核桃楸气孔较大且凸出,大叶白蜡叶片上的气孔凹陷,辽东栎的气孔呈椭圆状,保卫细胞上有许多白色蜡质结晶。有一些种有环状的气孔外缘。生境的变化对叶片的形态特征有影响,在全光照条件下叶片小而犀,而在庇荫条件下叶片大而薄,在扫描电镜下可见全光照条件下北京丁香叶片基本无毛,庇荫条件下则有短微毛,全光条件下荆条叶片上毛有小乳头状凸起,庇荫条件下没有。本文所研究的植物种气孔都着生在叶片的下表面,气孔密度的大小排列顺序是:辽东栎>山杏>北京丁香>核桃楸>大叶白蜡。经方差分析显示种闷气孔密度存在极显著性差异。对所研究植物的气孔导度和环境因子、叶片解剖特点进行线性回归分析,得到了总体的和各个种的回归模型,结果表明光照强度、气孔密度等对气孔导度影响显著,但因种的不同相互之间存在差别。 植物的蒸腾速率受多因子的影响,主要有种的特点、微气候因子(光照强度、大气相对湿度、叶面温度、叶室温度等)和土壤水分特点。植物的蒸腾速率日进程和微气候因子日进程有相当好的生态学同步性。对辽东栎的蒸腾速率和光照强度的研究发现二者有很好的线性关系。这些植物蒸腾速率都表现出一定规律的日进程和季节进程,大多数植物蒸腾速率在一天中有数次波动,最高峰一般出现在中午12时之前;在整个生长季中,6月底至8月初的蒸腾速率高于其他月份。