Enhancement or modulation of the vector competence of ochlerotatus vigilax (Diptera : Culicidae) for Ross River virus by temperature

Two different doses of Ross River virus (1111) were fed to Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse), the primary coastal vector in Australia; and blood engorged females were held at different temperatures up to 35 d. After ingesting 10(4.3) CCID50/Mosquito, mosquitoes reared at 18 and 25degreesC (and held at the same temperature) had higher body remnant and head and salivary gland titers than those held at 32degreesC, although infection rates were comparable. At 18, 25, and 32degreesC, respectively, virus was first detected in the salivary glands on days 3, 2, and 3. Based on a previously demonstrated 98.7% concordance between salivary gland infection and transmission, the extrinsic incubation periods were estimated as 5, 4, and 3 d, respectively, for these three temperatures. When Oc. vigilax reared at 18, 25, or 32degreesC were fed a lower dosage of 10(3.3) CCID50 RR/mosquito, and assayed after 7 d extrinsic incubation at these (or combinations of these) temperatures, infection rates and titers were similar. However, by 14 d, infection rates and titers of those reared and held at 18 and 32degreesC were significantly higher and lower, respectively. However, this process was reversible when the moderate 25degreesC was involved, and intermediate infection rates and titers resulted. These data indicate that for the strains of RR and Oc. vigilax used, rearing temperature is unimportant to vector competence in the field, and that ambient temperature variations will modulate or enhance detectable infection rates only after 7 d: extrinsic incubation. Because of the short duration of extrinsic incubation, however, this will do little to influence RR epidemiology, because by this time some Oc. vigilax could be seeking their third blood meal, the latter two being infectious.

Induction of metallothionein in human skin by routine exposure to sunlight: Evidence for a systemic response and enhanced induction at certain body sites

Expression of metallothionein, an antioxidant induced by a variety of stimuli including ultraviolet light, was quantitated by immunohistochemistry in the skin of males aged over 50 who had known short- and long-term exposures to sunlight. Skin punch biopsies were taken from two sites in each subject: the hand in all subjects and a range of other sites matched to patients with a previously excised primary melanoma. Metallothionein expression (strongest in the basal layers of the epidermis and primarily nuclear) was associated with both short- and long-term exposure to sunlight. A plateau of staining intensity was reached after 3 h sun exposure, within the previous 3 d before biopsy. Expression was also elevated in the nonexposed skin sites of subjects who had recent sun exposure, indicating a systemic response to exposure of remote sites. Using the skin of the hand to normalize responses to chronic exposure between individuals, the systemically modulated response to sunlight was significantly greater on the unexposed back than on other sites. The possibility of ultraviolet-induced cytokines selectively modifying the response of skin on a site-specific basis was investigated. The circulating leukocytes, but not lymphocytes, of two individuals exposed to 1 minimal erythema dose whole-body solar-simulated ultraviolet showed increased interleukin-6 mRNA 4 h after exposure. Interleukin-6 was not directly induced in these cell populations 4 h after ultraviolet A or ultraviolet B irradiation ex vivo . Leukocytes may therefore contribute to and amplify the systemic effects of ultraviolet-induced interleukin-6 and metallothionein expression.

Síntese e Avaliação Biológica de Novas Saponinas Imunoactivas

A saponina QS21 é uma saponina natural extraída da casca das árvores endémicas da América do Sul conhecida por desempenhar um papel importante como adjuvante de vacinas. O objectivo deste estudo foi determinar se os análogos sintéticos mais simples da QS-21 podem induzir respostas imunes com igual vantagem. Para isso, foram desenhados e sintetizados os ácidos 3-ß -O-(ß -D-xilopiranosil)-(1? 3)-[(ß -D-galactopiranosil)-(1? 2)]-6-ß -Dglucurónicos derivados de colestanol e amirina 1 e 2, respectivamente, ligando primeiro resíduos glucósidos ao terpeno e estendendo depois a cadeia de açúcar. A sua actividade adjuvante foi avaliada in vitro através da secreção de mediadores pró-inflamatórios de células IL-6 e IL-1, TNF-a e NO e os níveis de IgG no soro depois da estimulação in vivo das células apresentadoras de antigénio (APCs) . Os compostos 1 e 2 foram bastante mais citotóxicos para as células tumorais J744A.1 de murino do que a QS21 e mostraram menos actividade hemolítica indesejada nos glóbulos vermelhos do que a QS-21, mas não induziram respostas citotóxicas CD8 fortes após uma única injecção, o que aconteceu no processo de imunização com ovalbumina e QS-21. Apesar de os análogos 1 e 2 apresentarem boa actividade adjuvante in vitro, a ausência do grupo aldeído e da cadeia acilo é provavelmente o que afecta negativamente as propriedades das saponinas simplificadas para induzir células T citotóxicas activas em ratinhos.

Capacidade materna de cuidar e desnutrição infantil

OBJETIVOS: Identificar e medir a magnitude do risco de desnutrição associada a fatores determinantes da capacidade materna de cuidado infantil: estrutura familiar, escolaridade, trabalho, saúde física e saúde mental maternas. MÉTODOS: Delineou-se um estudo de casos e controles. Foram selecionados 101 casos (crianças com peso/idade abaixo do percentil 5) e 200 controles (crianças com peso/idade acima do percentil 25) mediante inquéritos antropométricos realizados durante três "Dias Nacionais de Vacinação", em 1996 e 1997. Os dados foram obtidos em entrevistas realizadas nos domicílios com as mães das crianças. Para detectar o efeito-líquido de cada fator em estudo, realizou-se análise de regressão logística multivariada e hierarquizada. Tais fatores e as possíveis variáveis de controle foram agrupados em blocos, ordenados segundo a precedência com que influiriam sobre o estado nutricional infantil. Adotaram-se p<0,20 para seleção das variáveis de controle (mediante análise univariada) e p<0,05 para identificação de associação estatisticamente significativa entre fatores de estudo e desnutrição infantil. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados como fatores de risco de desnutrição: (a) estrutura familiar adversa indicada pela ausência de companheiro ("odds ratio" [OR] = 2,2; IC95%, 1,1-4,5); (b) internação materna durante a gravidez (OR=3,5; IC95%, 1,6-7,7); (c) precária saúde mental materna expressa pela presença de três a quatro sintomas de depressão (OR=3,1; IC95%, 0,9-10,3); (d) fatores de estresse familiar, no caso, indícios de alcoolismo em pelo menos um membro da família (OR=2,1; IC95%, 1,2-3,9). A idade da criança no início/retorno da mãe ao trabalho também se associou de modo independente à presença de desnutrição, porém os efeitos variaram: retorno precoce (criança com menos de quatro meses) não significou risco ou proteção; volta da mãe ao trabalho quando a criança tinha entre quatro meses e 12 meses constituiu fator de proteção. CONCLUSÕES: Evidenciou-se que fatores potencialmente definidores da capacidade materna de cuidado exercem efeito independente sobre o estado nutricional infantil.

Biodegradation rate constants in different NF/UF fractions of cork processing wastewaters

Cork processing wastewater is an aqueous complex mixture of organic compounds that have been extracted from cork planks during the boiling process. These compounds, such as polysaccharides and polyphenols, have different biodegradability rates, which depend not only on the natureof the compound but also on the size of the compound. The aim of this study is to determine the biochemical oxygen demands (BOD) and biodegradationrate constants (k) for different cork wastewater fractions with different organic matter characteristics. These wastewater fractions were obtained using membrane separation processes, namely nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF). The nanofiltration and ultrafiltration membranes molecular weight cut-offs (MWCO) ranged from 0.125 to 91 kDa. The results obtained showed that the biodegradation rate constant for the cork processing wastewater was around 0.3 d(-1) and the k values for the permeates varied between 0.27-0.72 d(-1), being the lower values observed for permeates generated by the membranes with higher MWCO and the higher values observed for the permeates generated by the membranes with lower MWCO. These higher k values indicate that the biodegradable organic matter that is permeated by the membranes with tighter MWCO is more readily biodegradated.

Convex Total Variation Denoising of Poisson Fluorescence Confocal Images With Anisotropic Filtering

Fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) is now one of the most important tools in biomedicine research. In fact, it makes it possible to accurately study the dynamic processes occurring inside the cell and its nucleus by following the motion of fluorescent molecules over time. Due to the small amount of acquired radiation and the huge optical and electronics amplification, the FCM images are usually corrupted by a severe type of Poisson noise. This noise may be even more damaging when very low intensity incident radiation is used to avoid phototoxicity. In this paper, a Bayesian algorithm is proposed to remove the Poisson intensity dependent noise corrupting the FCM image sequences. The observations are organized in a 3-D tensor where each plane is one of the images acquired along the time of a cell nucleus using the fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) technique. The method removes simultaneously the noise by considering different spatial and temporal correlations. This is accomplished by using an anisotropic 3-D filter that may be separately tuned in space and in time dimensions. Tests using synthetic and real data are described and presented to illustrate the application of the algorithm. A comparison with several state-of-the-art algorithms is also presented.

Estudo das alterações no comportamento catalítico do zeólito MCM-22 por modificação controlada da porosidade

Este trabalho experimental teve como objetivo o estudo da influência dos tratamentos de dessilicação e combinação do tratamento alcalino seguido de tratamento ácido aplicado ao zeólito MCM-22, utilizando duas concentrações diferentes de solução de NaOH. O zeólito MCM-22 sintetizado e todas as amostras modificadas foram caraterizadas por difração de raios-X, RMN de 29Si e 27Al, SEM, TEM e adsorção de azoto a baixa temperatura. O estudo da acidez das amostras foi realizado por adsorção de piridina seguida de espetroscopia de infravermelho e análise da região dos grupos hidroxilo. Para avaliar a influência dos tratamentos pós-síntese na acidez e porosidade recorreu-se à reação catalítica modelo de isomerização de m-xileno. O desenvolvimento de mesoporosidade foi conseguido por meio de tratamento alcalino com a solução de NaOH de 0,05 M, não tendo sido obtido nenhum ganho adicional com o uso da solução de concentração 0,1 M. Observa-se contudo que nestas condições experimentais a extração de Si é realizada juntamente com a de Al da rede que fica depositado, como espécies extra-rede. As amostras submetidas aos tratamentos alcalino e ácido sequenciais apresentam comportamentos distintos. Quando foi usada a solução alcalina de menor concentração não se observou nenhum efeito relevante nas propriedades texturais. Pelo contrário, quando o tratamento ácido foi realizado sobre a estrutura mais fragilizada, devido à dessilicação com a solução alcalina mais concentrada, a extração de Al a partir de ambos os sistemas porosos internos promoveu a sua interligação, evoluindo-se de uma estrutura 2-D para uma estrutura 3-D. Por outro lado, a deposição contínua de espécies de Al extra-rede no interior dos poros leva a um aumento de seletividade de forma, que se traduz na formação preferencial do isómero de xileno mais importante a nível comercial, o p-xileno.

Comparação dos efeitos secundários agudos da Radioterapia por intensidade modulada com a Radioterapia tridimensional conformada no carcinoma de próstata

Introdução: Este trabalho tem como principal objectivo comparar os efeitos secundários agudos da Radioterapia por Intensidade Modulada (IMRT) e a Radioterapia Tridimensional Conformada (3 D-CRT) no carcinoma de Próstata; Materiais e métodos: Foram observados os processos clínicos de 30 doentes e analisados os efeitos colaterais da RT ocorridos no decurso do tratamento. Resultados: A percentagem de toxicidade aguda dermatológica foi superior no grupo tratado com 3D-CRT. Nenhum doente apresentou toxicidade aguda grave. Conclusões: O tamanho reduzido da amostra e a ausência de valores estatisticamente significativos, não permite concluir a influência da técnica de RT no desenvolvimento de efeitos secundários agudos.

Effect of temperature and prey in the biology of Scymnus subvillosus (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biotecnologia em Controlo Biológico, 18 de Dezembro de 2013, Universidade dos Açores.

Design and optimization of na ultra wideband and compact microwave antenna for radiometric monitoring of brain temperature

We present the modeling efforts on antenna design and frequency selection to monitor brain temperature during prolonged surgery using noninvasive microwave radiometry. A tapered log-spiral antenna design is chosen for its wideband characteristics that allow higher power collection from deep brain. Parametric analysis with the software HFSS is used to optimize antenna performance for deep brain temperature sensing. Radiometric antenna efficiency (eta) is evaluated in terms of the ratio of power collected from brain to total power received by the antenna. Anatomical information extracted from several adult computed tomography scans is used to establish design parameters for constructing an accurate layered 3-D tissue phantom. This head phantom includes separate brain and scalp regions, with tissue equivalent liquids circulating at independent temperatures on either side of an intact skull. The optimized frequency band is 1.1-1.6 GHz producing an average antenna efficiency of 50.3% from a two turn log-spiral antenna. The entire sensor package is contained in a lightweight and low-profile 2.8 cm diameter by 1.5 cm high assembly that can be held in place over the skin with an electromagnetic interference shielding adhesive patch. The calculated radiometric equivalent brain temperature tracks within 0.4 degrees C of the measured brain phantom temperature when the brain phantom is lowered 10. C and then returned to the original temperature (37 degrees C) over a 4.6-h experiment. The numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the optimized 2.5-cm log-spiral antenna is well suited for the noninvasive radiometric sensing of deep brain temperature.

Modifications of MCM-22 zeolite through sequential post-synthesis treatments. Implications on the acidic and catalytic behaviour

Desilication and a combination of alkaline followed by acid treatment were applied to MCM-22 zeolite using two different base concentrations. The samples were characterised by powder X-ray diffraction, Al-27 and Si-29 MAS-NMR spectroscopy, SEM, TEM and low temperature N-2 adsorption. The acidity of the samples was study through pyridine adsorption followed by FTIR spectroscopy and by the analyses of the hydroxyl region. The catalytic behaviour, anticipated by the effect of post-synthesis treatments on the acidity and space available inside the two internal pore systems was evaluated by using the model reaction of m-xylene transformation. The generation of mesoporosity was achieved upon alkaline treatment with 0.05 M NaOH solution and practically no additional gain was obtained when the more concentrate solution, 0.1 M, was used. Instead, Al extraction takes place along with Si, as shown by Si-29 and Al-27 MAS-NMR data, followed by Al deposition as extraframework species. Samples submitted to alkaline plus acid treatments present distinct behaviour. When the lowest NaOH solution was used no relevant effect was observed on the textural characteristics. Additionally, when the acid treatment was performed on an already fragilized MCM-22 structure, due to previous desilication with 0.1 M NaOH solution, the extraction of Al from both internal pore systems promotes their interconnection, evolving from a 2-D to a 3-D porous structure. This transformation has a marked effect in the catalytic behaviour, allowing an increase of m-xylene conversion as a consequence of an easier and faster molecular traffic in the 3-D structure. On the other hand, the continuous deposition of extraframework Al species inside the pores leads to a shape selective effect that privileges the formation of the more valuable isomer p-xylene.

Constrains on the structure of Maio Island (Cape Verde) by a three-dimensional gravity model: Imaging partially exhumed magma chambers

We propose a 3-D gravity model for the volcanic structure of the island of Maio (Cape Verde archipelago) with the objective of solving some open questions concerning the geometry and depth of the intrusive Central Igneous Complex. A gravity survey was made covering almost the entire surface of the island. The gravity data was inverted through a non-linear 3-D approach which provided a model constructed in a random growth process. The residual Bouguer gravity field shows a single positive anomaly presenting an elliptic shape with a NWSE trending long axis. This Bouguer gravity anomaly is slightly off-centred with the island but its outline is concordant with the surface exposure of the Central Igneous Complex. The gravimetric modelling shows a high-density volume whose centre of mass is about 4500 m deep. With increasing depth, and despite the restricted gravimetric resolution, the horizontal sections of the model suggest the presence of two distinct bodies, whose relative position accounts for the elongated shape of the high positive Bouguer gravity anomaly. These bodies are interpreted as magma chambers whose coeval volcanic counterparts are no longer preserved. The orientation defined by the two bodies is similar to that of other structures known in the southern group of the Cape Verde islands, thus suggesting a possible structural control constraining the location of the plutonic intrusions.

Magnetic flux density distribution in the air gap of a ferromagnetic core with superconducting blocks: three-dimensional analysis and experimental NMR results

The design of magnetic cores can be carried out by taking into account the optimization of different parameters in accordance with the application requirements. Considering the specifications of the fast field cycling nuclear magnetic resonance (FFC-NMR) technique, the magnetic flux density distribution, at the sample insertion volume, is one of the core parameters that needs to be evaluated. Recently, it has been shown that the FFC-NMR magnets can be built on the basis of solenoid coils with ferromagnetic cores. Since this type of apparatus requires magnets with high magnetic flux density uniformity, a new type of magnet using a ferromagnetic core, copper coils, and superconducting blocks was designed with improved magnetic flux density distribution. In this paper, the designing aspects of the magnet are described and discussed with emphasis on the improvement of the magnetic flux density homogeneity (Delta B/B-0) in the air gap. The magnetic flux density distribution is analyzed based on 3-D simulations and NMR experimental results.

Coastal sedimentary environments and sea-level changes

A detailed knowledge of the 3-D arrangement and lateral facies relationships of the stacking patterns in coastal deposits is essential to approach many geological problems such as precise tracing of sea level changes, particularly during small scale fluctuations. These are useful data regarding the geodynamic evolution of basin margins and yield profit in oil exploration. Sediment supply, wave-and tidal processes, coastal morphology, and accommodation space generated by eustasy and tectonics govern the highly variable architecture of sedimentary bodies deposited in coastal settings. But these parameters change with time, and erosional surfaces may play a prominent role in areas located towards land. Besides, lateral shift of erosional or even depositional loci very often results in destruction of large parts of the sediment record. Several case studies illustrate some commonly found arrangements of facies and their distinguishing features. The final aim is to get the best results from the sedimentological analysis of coastal units.

O desenvolvimento da competência intercultural através do Task-Based learning na aula de língua estrangeira

Relatório de Estágio apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ensino de Inglês e de Língua Estrangeira (Francês) no 3.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e no Ensino Secundário