981 resultados para 3-2-1 Action


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Kinetics and product studies of the decompositions of allyl-t-butyl peroxide and 3-hydroperoxy- l-propene (allyl hydroperoxide ) in tolune were investigated. Decompositions of allyl-t-butyl peroxide in toluene at 130-1600 followed first order kinetics with an activation energy of 32.8 K.cals/mol and a log A factor of 13.65. The rates of decomposition were lowered in presence of the radical trap~methyl styrene. By the radical trap method, the induced decomposition at 1300 is shown to be 12.5%. From the yield of 4-phenyl-l,2- epoxy butane the major path of induced decomposition is shown to be via an addition mechanism. On the other hand, di-t-butYl peroxyoxalate induced decomposition of this peroxide at 600 proceeded by an abstraction mechanism. Induced decomposition of peroxides and hydroperoxides containing the allyl system is proposed to occur mainly through an addition mechanism at these higher temperatures. Allyl hydroperoxide in toluene at 165-1850 decomposes following 3/2 order kinetics with an Ea of 30.2 K.cals per mole and log A of 10.6. Enormous production of radicals through chain branching may explain these relatively low values of E and log A. The complexity of the reaction is indicated a by the formation of various products of the decomposition. A study of the radical attack of the hydro peroxide at lower temperatures is suggested as a further work to throw more light on the nature of decomposition of this hydroperoxide.

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Dans ce travail, j’étudierai principalement un modèle abélien de Higgs en 2+1 dimensions, dans lequel un champ scalaire interagit avec un champ de jauge. Des défauts topologiques, nommés vortex, sont créés lorsque le potentiel possède un minimum brisant spontanément la symétrie U(1). En 3+1 dimensions, ces vortex deviennent des défauts à une dimension. Ils ap- paraissent par exemple en matière condensée dans les supraconducteurs de type II comme des lignes de flux magnétique. J’analyserai comment l’énergie des solutions statiques dépend des paramètres du modèle et en particulier du nombre d’enroulement du vortex. Pour le choix habituel de potentiel (un poly- nôme quartique dit « BPS »), la relation entre les masses des deux champs mène à deux types de comportements : type I si la masse du champ de jauge est plus grande que celle du champ sca- laire et type II inversement. Selon le cas, la dépendance de l’énergie au nombre d’enroulement, n, indiquera si les vortex auront tendance à s’attirer ou à se repousser, respectivement. Lorsque le flux emprisonné est grand, les vortex présentent un profil où la paroi est mince, permettant certaines simplifications dans l’analyse. Le potentiel, un polynôme d’ordre six (« non-BPS »), est choisi tel que le centre du vortex se trouve dans le vrai vide (minimum absolu du potentiel) alors qu’à l’infini le champ scalaire se retrouve dans le faux vide (minimum relatif du potentiel). Le taux de désintégration a déjà été estimé par une approximation semi-classique pour montrer l’impact des défauts topologiques sur la stabilité du faux vide. Le projet consiste d’abord à établir l’existence de vortex classi- quement stables de façon numérique. Puis, ma contribution fut une analyse des paramètres du modèle révélant le comportement énergétique de ceux-ci en fonction du nombre d’enroulement. Ce comportement s’avèrera être différent du cas « BPS » : le ratio des masses ne réussit pas à décrire le comportement observé numériquement.

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Les canaux calciques de type L CaV1.2 sont principalement responsables de l’entrée des ions calcium pendant la phase plateau du potentiel d’action des cardiomyocytes ventriculaires. Cet influx calcique est requis pour initier la contraction du muscle cardiaque. Le canal CaV1.2 est un complexe oligomérique qui est composé de la sous-unité principale CaVα1 et des sous-unités auxiliaires CaVβ et CaVα2δ1. CaVβ joue un rôle déterminant dans l’adressage membranaire de la sous-unité CaVα1. CaVα2δ1 stabilise l’état ouvert du canal mais le mécanisme moléculaire responsable de cette modulation n’a pas été encore identifié. Nous avons récemment montré que cette modulation requiert une expression membranaire significative de CaVα2δ1 (Bourdin et al. 2015). CaVα2δ1 est une glycoprotéine qui possède 16 sites potentiels de glycosylation de type N. Nous avons donc évalué le rôle de la glycosylation de type-N dans l’adressage membranaire et la stabilité de CaVα2δ1. Nous avons d’abord confirmé que la protéine CaVα2δ1 recombinante, telle la protéine endogène, est significativement glycosylée puisque le traitement à la PNGase F se traduit par une diminution de 50 kDa de sa masse moléculaire, ce qui est compatible avec la présence de 16 sites Asn. Il s’est avéré par ailleurs que la mutation simultanée de 6/16 sites (6xNQ) est suffisante pour 1) réduire significativement la densité de surface de! CaVα2δ1 telle que mesurée par cytométrie en flux et par imagerie confocale 2) accélérer les cinétiques de dégradation telle qu’estimée après arrêt de la synthèse protéique et 3) diminuer la modulation fonctionnelle des courants générés par CaV1.2 telle qu’évaluée par la méthode du « patch-clamp ». Les effets les plus importants ont toutefois été obtenus avec les mutants N663Q, et les doubles mutants N348Q/N468Q, N348Q/N812Q, N468Q/N812Q. Ensemble, ces résultats montrent que Asn663 et à un moindre degré Asn348, Asn468 et Asn812 contribuent à la biogenèse et la stabilité de CaVα2δ1 et confirment que la glycosylation de type N de CaVα2δ1 est nécessaire à la fonction du canal calcique cardiaque de type L.

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Burgess reagent first prepared by E. M. Burgess in 1968, is a mild and selective dehydrating agent for secondary and tertiary alcohols and due to the amphipolar nature it is gainfully employed in a number of creative synthetic ventures. A close examination of the structure of Burgess reagent reveals that it can act as a 1,2-dipole. To the best of our knowledge, no attempts have been made to tap full synthetic potential of the amphipolar nature of this reagent and no reports on 1,3-dipolar addition to a σ-bond in acyclic systems are available in literature. In this context, we propose to unravel novel applications of Burgess reagent based on its amphipolar nature. Rich and multifaceted chemistry of nitrones form the basis of many successful chemical transformations used in attractive synthetic strategies. For the last 50 years special attention has been given to nitrones due to their successful application as building blocks in the synthesis of various natural and biologically active compounds. Our interest in nitrones stems out of its unique character: i.e. it is a 1,3-dipole exhibiting distinct nucleophilic activity. We reasoned that 1,3-dipole possessing significant nucleophilicity should react with amphipolar Burgess reagent with elimination of triethylamine to give the corresponding five-membered ring product by formal dipolar addition to a σ bond. To test this hypothesis we studied the reaction of nitrones with Burgess reagent. This thesis reveals our attempts to explore the [3+2] annulation reaction of nitrones with Burgess reagent which was found to be followed by a rearrangementinvolving C-to-N aryl migration, ultimately resulting in diarylamines and carbamates. We have also examined the reaction of cyanuric chloride with nitrones in DMF with a view to exploit the nucleophilicty of nitrones and to unravel the migratory aptitude, if any, observed in this reaction

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ABSTRACT In the first two seminars we looked at the evolution of Ontologies from the current OWL level towards more powerful/expressive models and the corresponding hierarchy of Logics that underpin every stage of this evolution. We examined this in the more general context of the general evolution of the Web as a mathematical (directed and weighed) graph and the archetypical “living network” In the third seminar we will analyze further some of the startling properties that the Web has as a graph/network and which it shares with an array of “real-life” networks as well as some key elements of the mathematics (probability, statistics and graph theory) that underpin all this. No mathematical prerequisites are assumed or required. We will outline some directions that current (2005-now) research is taking and conclude with some illustrations/examples from ongoing research and applications that show great promise.

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The ir absorption of gaseous 15NH3 between 510 and 3040 cm−1 was recorded with a resolution of 0.06 cm−1. The ν2, 2ν2, 3ν2, ν4, and ν2 + ν4 bands were measured and analyzed on the basis of the vibration-rotation Hamiltonian developed by V. Špirko, J. M. R. Stone, and D. Papoušek (J. Mol. Spectrosc. 60, 159–178 (1976)). A set of effective molecular parameters for the ν2 = 1, 2, 3 states was derived, which reproduced the transition frequencies within the accuracy of the experimental measurements. For ν4 and ν2 + ν4 bands the standard deviation of the calculated spectrum is about four times larger than the measurements accuracy: a similar result was found for ν4 in 14NH3 by Š. Urban et al. (J. Mol. Spectrosc. 79, 455–495 (1980)). This result suggests that the present treatment takes into account only the most significant part of the rovibration interaction in the doubly degenerate vibrational states of ammonia.

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Conjugate addition of lithium dibenzylamide to tert-butyl (+/-)-3-methylcyclopentene-1-carboxylate occurs with high levels of stereocontrol, with preferential addition of lithium dibenzylamide to the face of the cyclic alpha,beta-unsaturated acceptor anti- to the 3-methyl substituent. High levels of enantiorecognition are observed between tert-butyl (+/-)-3-methylcyclopentene-1-carboxylate and an excess of lithium (+/-)-N-benzyl-N-alpha-methylbenzylamide (10 eq.) (E > 140) in their mutual kinetic resolution, while the kinetic resolution of tert-butyl (+/-)-3-methylcyclopentene-1-carboxylate with lithium (S)-N-benzyl-N-alpha-methylbenzylamide proceeds to give, at 51% conversion, tert-butyl (1R, 2S, 3R,alphaS)-3-methyl-2-N-benzyl-N-alpha-methylbenzylaminocyclopentane-1-c arboxylate consistent with E > 130, and in 39% yield and 99 +/- 0.5% de after purification. Subsequent deprotection by hydrogenolysis and ester hydrolysis gives (1R, 2S, 3R)-3-methylcispentacin in > 98% de and 98 +/- 1% ee. Selective epimerisation of tert-butyl (1R, 2S, 3R, alphaS)-3-methyl-2-N- benzyl-N-alpha-methylbenzylaminocyclopentane-1-carboxylate by treatment with (KOBu)-Bu-t in (BuOH)-Bu-t gives tert-butyl (1S, 2S, 3R, alphaS)-3-methyl-2-N-benzyl-N-alpha-methylbenzylaminocyclopentane-1-carb oxylate in quantitative yield and in > 98% de, with subsequent deprotection by hydrogenolysis and ester hydrolysis giving (1S, 2S, 3R)-3-methyltranspentacin hydrochloride in > 98% de and 97 +/- 1% ee.