Nutritional assessment and lipid profile in HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy

INTRODUCTION: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens that include a protease inhibitor (PI) can show significant improvements in clinical outcomes, nutritional status and quality of life. The study aimed to report nutritional and metabolic alterations for pediatric patients continuously exposed to HAART and for healthy controls for up to 1 year. METHODS: Clinical, anthropometric, lipid profile and food intake data were collected prospectively over approximately 12-months for each patient. RESULTS: Fifty-one individuals were studied, of these, 16 were healthy. After 12 months follow-up, HIV-positive individuals remained below the healthy control group parameters. No change was observed concerning food intake. Triglyceride serum levels were higher in patients using protease inhibitor at the onset of the study [PI groups: 114 (43 - 336), and 136 (63 - 271) versus control group: 54.5 (20 - 162); p = 0.003], but after twelve months follow-up, only the group using protease inhibitor for up to two months presented higher values [140 (73 - 273) versus 67.5 (33 - 117); p = 0.004]. HDL-cholesterol was lower in HIV-positive individuals [HIV-positive groups: 36 (27 - 58) and 36 (23 - 43); control 49.5 (34 - 69); p = 0.004]. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy showed compromised nutritional parameters compared to a paired healthy control group. Individuals using protease inhibitor presented worse triglyceride serum levels compared to their healthy counterparts.

Hepatitis E virus infection in Brazil: results of laboratory-based surveillance from 1998 to 2013

INTRODUCTION:Data on hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Brazil are limited. We analyzed 15 years of HEV surveillance data in a major clinical laboratory in São Paulo, Brazil.METHODS:The seroprevalence of HEV of 2,271 patients subjected to anti-HEV tests from 1998 to 2013 were analyzed.RESULTS:HEV seroprevalence was 2.1%, and the anti-HEV IgM positivity rate was 4.9%. Six hepatitis E patients were identified.CONCLUSIONS:HEV seroprevalence and detection rates appear to have increased in recent years. Hepatitis E should be investigated further and included in the differential diagnosis of hepatitis in Brazil.

AVALIAÇÃO DE GENÓTIPOS DE SERINGUEIRA (Hevea spp.) AO Microcyclus ulei VISANDO À IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE FONTES DE RESISTÊNCIA HORIZONTAL

Avaliou-se, sob condições controladas, a resistência de genótipos de seringueira ao mal-das-folhas. Empregaram-se dois isolados de Microcyclus ulei, pertencentes aos grupos I e II. Utilizaram-se mudas em sacos plásticos e inocularam-se folíolos nos estádios B1/B2 com uma suspensão de 2 χ 105conídios/ml. Incubaram-se as mudas em câmara úmida a 24° C por 24 horas. Determinaram-se o período latente (PL), diâmetro das lesões (DL), tipo de lesão (TL) e tipo de reação (TR). A maioria dos genótipos testados foi suscetível a pelo menos um isolado do patógeno. Os genótipos que apresentaram resistência moderada, com maior período latente e menor esporulação a um isolado, em geral, foram suscetíveis ao outro. Apenas o genotipo AM/86/271 exibiu resistência incompleta, caracterizada por maior PL, menor DL e baixa esporulação. Entretanto, o número de isolados testados não assegurou o caráter da resistência. Com base nos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que os genótipos avaliados não apresentaram perspectivas para utilização em programas de melhoramento visando resistência ao M.ulei.

Application of wavelets to the study of political history

\The idea that social processes develop in a cyclical manner is somewhat like a `Lorelei'. Researchers are lured to it because of its theoretical promise, only to become entangled in (if not wrecked by) messy problems of empirical inference. The reasoning leading to hypotheses of some kind of cycle is often elegant enough, yet the data from repeated observations rarely display the supposed cyclical pattern. (...) In addition, various `schools' seem to exist which frequently arrive at di erent conclusions on the basis of the same data." (van der Eijk and Weber 1987:271). Much of the empirical controversies around these issues arise because of three distinct problems: the coexistence of cycles of di erent periodicities, the possibility of transient cycles and the existence of cycles without xed periodicity. In some cases, there are no reasons to expect any of these phenomena to be relevant. Seasonality caused by Christmas is one such example (Wen 2002). In such cases, researchers mostly rely on spectral analysis and Auto-Regressive Moving-Average (ARMA) models to estimate the periodicity of cycles.1 However, and this is particularly true in social sciences, sometimes there are good theoretical reasons to expect irregular cycles. In such cases, \the identi cation of periodic movement in something like the vote is a daunting task all by itself. When a pendulum swings with an irregular beat (frequency), and the extent of the swing (amplitude) is not constant, mathematical functions like sine-waves are of no use."(Lebo and Norpoth 2007:73) In the past, this di culty has led to two di erent approaches. On the one hand, some researchers dismissed these methods altogether, relying on informal alternatives that do not meet rigorous standards of statistical inference. Goldstein (1985 and 1988), studying the severity of Great power wars is one such example. On the other hand, there are authors who transfer the assumptions of spectral analysis (and ARMA models) into fundamental assumptions about the nature of social phenomena. This type of argument was produced by Beck (1991) who, in a reply to Goldstein (1988), claimed that only \ xed period models are meaningful models of cyclic phenomena".We argue that wavelet analysis|a mathematical framework developed in the mid-1980s (Grossman and Morlet 1984; Goupillaud et al. 1984) | is a very viable alternative to study cycles in political time-series. It has the advantage of staying close to the frequency domain approach of spectral analysis while addressing its main limitations. Its principal contribution comes from estimating the spectral characteristics of a time-series as a function of time, thus revealing how its di erent periodic components may change over time. The rest of article proceeds as follows. In the section \Time-frequency Analysis", we study in some detail the continuous wavelet transform and compare its time-frequency properties with the more standard tool for that purpose, the windowed Fourier transform. In the section \The British Political Pendulum", we apply wavelet analysis to essentially the same data analyzed by Lebo and Norpoth (2007) and Merrill, Grofman and Brunell (2011) and try to provide a more nuanced answer to the same question discussed by these authors: do British electoral politics exhibit cycles? Finally, in the last section, we present a concise list of future directions.

Evaluation of the bond performance in FRP-brick components re-bonded after initial delamination

The bond behavior between Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) and masonry substrates has been the subject of many studies during the last years. Recent accelerated aging tests have shown that bond degradation and FRP delamination are likely to occur in FRP-strengthened masonry components under hygrothermal conditions. While an investigation on the possible methods to improve the durability of these systems is necessary, the applicability of different bond repair methods should also be studied. This paper aims at investigating the debonding mechanisms after repairing delaminated FRP-strengthened masonry components. FRP-strengthened brick specimens, after being delaminated, are repaired with two different adhesives: a conventional epoxy resin and a highly flexible polymer. The latter is used as an innovative adhesive in structural applications. The bond behavior in the repaired specimens is investigated by performing single-lap shear bond tests. Digital image correlation (DIC) is used for deeper investigation of the surface deformation and strains development. The effectiveness of the repair methods is discussed and compared with the strengthened specimens.

Density, size and distribution of stomata in 35 rainforest tree species in Central Amazonia

Stomata are turgor-operated valves that control water loss and CO2 uptake during photosynthesis, and thereby water relation and plant biomass accumulation is closely related to stomatal functioning. The aims of this work were to document how stomata are distributed on the leaf surface and to determine if there is any significant variation in stomatal characteristics among Amazonian tree species, and finally to study the relationship between stomatal density (S D) and tree height. Thirty five trees (>17 m tall) of different species were selected. Stomatal type, density (S D), size (S S) and stomatal distribution on the leaf surface were determined using nail polish imprints taken from both leaf surfaces. Irrespective of tree species, stomata were located only on the abaxial surface (hypostomaty), with large variation in both S D and S S among species. S D ranged from 110 mm-2 in Neea altissima to 846 mm-2 in Qualea acuminata. However, in most species S D ranges between 271 and 543 mm-2, with a negative relationship between S D and S S. We also found a positive relationship between S D and tree height (r² = 0.14, p < 0.01), but no correlation was found between S D and leaf thickness. The most common stomatal type was anomocytic (37%), followed by paracytic (26%) and anisocytic (11%). We conclude that in Amazonian tree species, stomatal distribution on the leaf surface is a response most likely dependent on the genetic background of every species, rather than a reaction to environmental changes, and that somehow S D is influenced by environmental factors dependent on tree height.

Trap efficiency evaluation for small mammals in the southern Amazon

The effectiveness of ecological researches on small mammals strongly depends on trapping techniques to survey communities and populations accurately. The main goal of this study was to assess the efficiency of three types of traps (Sherman, Tomahawk and Pitfall) to capture non-volant small mammals. We installed traps in 22 forest fragments in the southern Brazilian Amazonia. We captured 873 individuals belonging to 21 species; most of the individuals (N = 369) and species (N = 19) were trapped using Pitfalls, followed by Shermans (N = 271 individuals; N = 15 species) and Tomahawks (N = 233 individuals; N = 15 species). Pitfalls trapped a richer community subset of small mammals than the two other types of traps, and a more abundant community subset than Tomahawks. Proechimys sp. was the most abundant species trapped (N = 125) and Tomahawk was the most efficient type of trap to capture this species (N = 97 individuals). Neacomys spinosus and Marmosops bishopi were more trapped in Pitfalls (N = 92 and 100 individuals, respectively) than Shermans and Tomahawks. Monodelphis glirina was more trapped in Shermans and Pitfalls than Tomahawks. Species composition trapped using the three types of traps were distinct. Pitfalls captured a more distinct subset of the small mammal community than the two other live traps. We recommend the association of the three types of traps to reach a more comprehensive sampling of the community of small mammals. Thus, as stated by previous studies, we also recommend the complementary use of Shermans, Tomahawks and Pitfalls to account for a thorough sampling of the whole small mammal community in researches conducted in the tropical forests of Amazonia.

Assessment of the mechanical performance of recycled unbound materials for pavement subbase layers

The cyclic load triaxial test is a laboratory test that allows studying the mechanical behaviour of unbound granular materials used in base/subbase layers of road pavements. The resilient modulus and permanent strains are required as inputs in structural pavement design. This paper presents some results obtained for recycled materials (crushed concrete aggregate and blended crushed waste aggregate), with a view to promoting their use in pavement structures. Results relating to a reference material (limestone) are also presented, for comparison. All the test results discussed in this paper were obtained in variable cyclic radial pressure (VCP) tests. The tests performed (VCP) aim to study the influence of water content on the resilient modulus of recycled materials, as well as on the resistance to permanent deformation. Using the experimental data as a basis, further modelling work was carried out to establish the stresses developing in base/capping layers in typical Belgian road pavements. These numerical results allow to propose some simplifications of the stress paths applied in the testing procedures and to establish a new test protocol that also considers compaction during construction works. The results of this research work provide an excellent set of findings for the mechanical characterization of unbound base materials through the cyclic triaxial test, and contribute to a better understanding and correct application of recycled materials under geotechnical engineering background

Evolution of the functional properties of titanium–silver thin films for biomedical applications: Influence of in-vacuum annealing

In this work, the thermal stability of TiAgx thin films, deposited by magnetron sputtering, was evaluated, envisaging their application in biomedical devices, namely as electrodes for biosignal acquisition. Based on the composition and microstructural characterization, a set of four representative TiAgx thin films was selected in order to infer whether they are thermally stable in terms of functional properties. In order to achieve this purpose, the structural and morphological evolution of the films with annealing temperature was correlated with their electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. Two distinct zones were identified and two samples from each zone were extensively analysed. In the first zone (zone I), Ti was the main component (Ti-rich zone) while in the second, zone II, the Ag content was more significant. The selected samples were annealed in vacuum at four different temperatures up to 500 oC. For the samples produced within zone I, small microstructural changes were observed due to the recrystallization of the Ti structure and grain size increment. Also, no significant changes were observed with annealing temperature regarding the f l ’ functional properties, being thermally stable up to 500 oC. For higher Ag contents (zone II) the energy supplied by thermal treatments was sufficient to activate the crystallization of Ti-Ag intermetallic phases. A strong increase of the grain size of these phases was also reported. The structural and morphological organization proved to be determinant for the physical responses of the TiAgx system. The hardness and Y g’s modulus were significantly improved with the formation of the intermetallic phases. The silver addition and annealing treatments also played an important role in the electrical conductivity of the films, which was once again improved by the formation of Ti-Ag phases. The thermal diffusivity of the films was practically unchanged with the heat-treatment. This set of results shows that this intermetallic-like thin film system has good thermal stability up to high temperatures (as high as 500 oC), which in case of the highest Ag content zone is particularly evident for electrical and mechanical properties, showing an important improvement. Hardness increases about three times, while resistivity values become half of those from the lowest Ag contents zone. These set of characteristics are consistent with the targeted applications, namely in terms of biomedical sensing devices.

Convergent validation study of the Contemplation Ladder for application via telephone in tobacco users

OBJECTIVE: This work was designed to validate the Portuguese version of the Contemplation Ladder, whose purpose is to assess the motivational phase to quit smoking among tobacco users using a telephone service. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a nationwide drug use information hotline. In order to assess the convergent validation, the correlation between the Contemplation Ladder and the URICA Scale was calculated, which was previously validated. RESULTS: The study included 271 tobacco users. Statistically significant correlations were found between the Contemplation Ladder scores and the scores of the URICA precontemplation (r=-0.16; p<0.01), action (r=0.15; p<0.01) and maintenance (r=0.18; p<0.01) subscales. The correlation between the URICA Scale compound score and the Contemplation Ladder was also significant (r=0.31; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that the Contemplation Ladder can be an efficient substitute for the URICA scale (whose application lasts at least 20 minutes), without submitting the interviewee to a heavy load of questions. The study presented evidences of convergent validity for the Contemplation Ladder when applied via telephone in tobacco users.

[Recensão a] Basílio, Margarida (2013). Formação e classes de palavras no português do Brasil

[Excerto] Antes de mais, impõe-se este esclarecimento: estamos na presença da 1.ª reimpressão da 3.ª edição (a 1.ª é de 2004) do livro em epígrafe, e a razão de só agora o estar a recensear (sabia contudo da sua existência há já alguns anos) tem simplesmente a ver com o facto de não há muito me ter chegado às mãos e, sobretudo, de só muito recentemente ter tido a oportunidade de o ler como deve ser, isto é, reflexivamente. Trata-se de um pequeno grande texto de uma especialista na matéria (Margarida Basílio, professora titular da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro), que conheço há longos anos de outros, de que destacaria Teoria lexical (São Paulo: Ática, 1987) e Estruturas lexicais do português: uma abordagem gerativa (Petrópolis: Vozes, 1980). Pequeno, é claro, só no número de páginas: nem sequer chega às cem (noventa e cinco, contabilizadas já as duas com as referências bibliográficas). Grande, deveras, no que diz respeito à temática e de modo particular ao seu tratamento: uma descrição de pendor didático dos padrões gerais e dos principais processos de formação de palavras na variedade brasileira do português. (...)

Comparação entre homens e mulheres hipercolesterolêmicos de alto risco de desenvolvimento de aterosclerose. Estudo dos fatores de risco e da resposta ao tratamento com pravastatina

OBJETIVO: Comparar, entre homens e mulheres hipercolesterolêmicos, a prevalência dos fatores de risco e a resposta ao tratamento com pravastatina. MÉTODOS: Avaliados 486 homens e 368 mulheres, sendo 230 homens e 187 mulheres, que receberam 10mg de pravastatina por 3 meses. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença respectivamente entre mulheres e homens em relação a: hipertensão arterial (45,5% vs 40,8%; p=0,0012), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (33,0% vs 22,0%; p=0,0041), sedentarismo (94,8% vs 87,8%; p=0,0005), tabagismo (43,0% vs 61,8%; p<0,0001), escores de Framingham (20,0±7,1 vs 16,0±7,6 p<0,001), HDL-C (43,0±11,0 vs 38,0±9,0mg/dL; p<0,001), triglicérides-TG (216,0±115,0 vs 271,0± 172,0mg/dL; p<0,001) e índices de Castelli (IC) I e II (7,7±2,6 vs 8,6±3,2; p=0,002 e 5,0±1,5 vs 5,5±2,0; p=0,015). Sob ação da pravastatina, houve maior redução nos TG (32,0 vs 21,0% p<0,05) e IC I (-41,0% vs -37,0%; p<0,05) e II (-40,0 vs -38,0%; p<0,05) nos homens. CONCLUSÃO: Homens e mulheres diferiram nos fatores de risco e resposta ao tratamento com a pravastatina.

Exercise and heart failure. Relation of the severity of the disease to the anaerobic threshold and the respiratory compensation point

OBJECTIVE - To identify, the anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation point in patients with heart failure. METHODS - The study comprised 42 Men,divided according to the functional class (FC) as follows: group I (GI) - 15 patients in FC I; group II (GII) - 15 patients in FC II; and group III (GIII) - 12 patients in FC III. Patients underwent a treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test, where the expired gases were analyzed. RESULTS - The values for the heart rate (in bpm) at the anaerobic threshold were the following: GI, 122±27; GII, 117±17; GIII, 114±22. At the respiratory compensation point, the heart rates (in bpm) were as follows: GI, 145±33; GII, 133±14; GIII 123±22. The values for the heart rates at the respiratory compensation point in GI and GIII showed statistical difference. The values of oxygen consumption (VO2) at the anaerobic threshold were the following (in ml/kg/min): GI, 13.6±3.25; GII, 10.77±1.89; GIII, 8.7±1.44 and, at the respiratory compensation point, they were as follows: GI, 19.1±2.2; GII, 14.22±2.63; GIII, 10.27±1.85. CONCLUSION - Patients with stable functional class I, II, and III heart failure reached the anaerobic threshold and the respiratory compensation point at different levels of oxygen consumption and heart rate. The role played by these thresholds in physical activity for this group of patients needs to be better clarified.

Fatores de risco associados com infarto agudo do miocárdio na região metropolitana de São Paulo: uma região desenvolvida em um país em desenvolvimento

OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores de risco, associados com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), com as respectivas forças de associação, na região metropolitana de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Os casos eram pacientes com diagnóstico de primeiro IAM com elevação do segmento ST e os controles eram indivíduos sem doença cardiovascular conhecida. Foram incluídos 271 casos e 282 controles provenientes de 12 hospitais. Os fatores avaliados: raça, escolaridade, estado civil, renda familiar, história familiar de insuficiência coronariana, antecedentes de hipertensão arterial e de diabetes mellitus, reposição hormonal em mulheres, tabagismo, atividade física, consumo de álcool, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicérides e glicose, índice de massa corporal e relação cintura-quadril. RESULTADOS: Os seguintes fatores de risco apresentaram associação independente com IAM: tabagismo (razão de chances [OR]=5,86; intervalo de confiança [IC] 95% 3,25-10,57; p<0,00001), relação cintura-quadril [tercil superior vs. inferior] (OR=4,27; IC 95% 2,28-8,00; p<0,00001), antecedentes de hipertensão arterial (OR=3,26; IC 95% 1,95-5,46; p<0,00001), relação cintura-quadril [tercil intermediário vs. inferior] (OR=3,07; IC95% 1,66-5,66; p=0,0003), nível sérico de LDL-colesterol (OR=2,75; IC 95% 1,45-5,19; p=0,0018), antecedentes de diabetes mellitus (OR=2,51; IC 95% 1,45-5,19; p=0,023), história familiar de insuficiência coronariana (OR=2,33; IC 95% 1,44-3,75; p=0,0005) e HDL-colesterol (OR=0,53; IC 95% 0,32-0,87; p=0,011). CONCLUSÃO: Tabagismo, relação cintura-quadril, antecedentes de hipertensão arterial e de diabetes, história familiar de insuficiência coronariana, níveis séricos de LDL-colesterol e de HDL-colesterol encontram-se independentemente associados com IAM na região metropolitana de São Paulo.

Influência da redução da pré-carga sobre o índice de desempenho miocárdico (índice de Tei) e outros parâmetros Doppler ecocardiográficos da função ventricular esquerda

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da redução da pré-carga induzida por uma sessão de hemodiálise sobre o índice de desempenho miocárdico (Tei) e outros parâmetros ecocardiográficos de função cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estimamos o índice de Tei e parâmetros de função sistólica e diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), antes e depois de uma sessão de hemodiálise. Incluímos no estudo indivíduos em ritmo sinusal e sem antecedentes de insuficiência coronariana ou evidências de valvopatia e derrame pericárdico. RESULTADOS: 15 pacientes (8 homens, idade 53 ± 14 anos) completaram o estudo. Após ultrafiltração de 2,2 ± 1,1 litros, a onda E diminuiu (p < 0,05) e a onda A permaneceu inalterada (p = ns), resultando em decréscimo de E/A (p < 0,01). O índice de Tei aumentou (0,57 ± 0,07 para 0,65 ± 0,09, p < 0,01) através do prolongamento do TRIV (101 ± 14 para 113 ± 17 ms, p < 0,01) e encurtamento do TEJ (271 ± 22 para 252 ± 22 ms, p < 0,05). O TCIV não variou (p = ns). Os parâmetros diastólicos ao Doppler tecidual não mudaram (p = ns), enquanto a velocidade sistólica (S) aumentou (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O índice de Tei foi afetado pela alteração da pré-carga induzida pela hemodiálise, assim como outros parâmetros derivados do Doppler transvalvar mitral. Os parâmetros diastólicos do Doppler tecidual do anel mitral foram independentes da pré-carga, enquanto a velocidade sistólica sugeriu melhora na função sistólica do VE após o procedimento.