Summary CDI and MRSA incidence tables, 1st April 2006 to present

Summary Tables for Clostridium difficile and MRSA (Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) cases 2006/07 to 2014/15

No Evidence That Soluble TACI Induces Signalling via Membrane-Expressed BAFF and APRIL in Myeloid Cells.

Myeloid cells express the TNF family ligands BAFF/BLyS and APRIL, which exert their effects on B cells at different stages of differentiation via the receptors BAFFR, TACI (Transmembrane Activator and CAML-Interactor) and/or BCMA (B Cell Maturation Antigen). BAFF and APRIL are proteins expressed at the cell membrane, with both extracellular and intracellular domains. Therefore, receptor/ligand engagement may also result in signals in ligand-expressing cells via so-called "reverse signalling". In order to understand how TACI-Fc (atacicept) technically may mediate immune stimulation instead of suppression, we investigated its potential to activate reverse signalling through BAFF and APRIL. BAFFR-Fc and TACI-Fc, but not Fn14-Fc, reproducibly stimulated the ERK and other signalling pathways in bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages. However, these effects were independent of BAFF or APRIL since the same activation profile was observed with BAFF- or APRIL-deficient cells. Instead, cell activation correlated with the presence of high molecular mass forms of BAFFR-Fc and TACI-Fc and was strongly impaired in macrophages deficient for Fc receptor gamma chain. Moreover, a TACI-Fc defective for Fc receptor binding elicited no detectable signal. Although these results do not formally rule out the existence of BAFF or APRIL reverse signalling (via pathways not tested in this study), they provide no evidence in support of reverse signalling and point to the importance of using appropriate specificity controls when working with Fc receptor-expressing myeloid cells.

APRIL, a new ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates tumor cell growth.

Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family induce pleiotropic biological responses, including cell growth, differentiation, and even death. Here we describe a novel member of the TNF family designated APRIL (for a proliferation-inducing ligand). Although transcripts of APRIL are of low abundance in normal tissues, high levels of mRNA are detected in transformed cell lines, and in human cancers of colon, thyroid, and lymphoid tissues in vivo. The addition of recombinant APRIL to various tumor cells stimulates their proliferation. Moreover, APRIL-transfected NIH-3T3 cells show an increased rate of tumor growth in nude mice compared with the parental cell line. These findings suggest that APRIL may be implicated in the regulation of tumor cell growth.

Footnotes March/April 2003, Vol. 27, no.3/4

Monthly newsletter for the State Library of Iowa

Footnotes April/May 2002, Vol.26, no.4/5

Monthly newsletter of the State Library

Footnotes, March/April 2001, Vol.25, no.2/3

Monthly newsletter of the State Library

Footnotes April 2000, Vol.24, no.4

Monthly newsletter of the State Library of Iowa

International Update, Iowa Department of Economic Development, March/April, 2003

Department Report for Economic Development

Iowa Beat, March/April 2003

Newsletter for Economin Development

The Traveler, April, 2002

Newsletter for Economic Development

Iowa Developments, April 2003, Vol.12, no.2

Resource to help educate businesses or communities about state-sponsored programs.

IoWoman, March/April 2002, Vol. 32, no. 2

Newsletter for Commission on the Status of Women

Lottery Action, April 21-May 4, 2003, Vol. 10, no. 8

Iowa Lottery Authority Retailer Information Newsletter