Annual report 2006 - North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES). Fifteenth meeting, Yokohama, Japan, October 13-22, 2006

◾ Report of Opening Session (p. 1) ◾ Report of Governing Council (p. 15) ◾ Report of the Finance and Administration Committee (p. 47) ◾ Reports of Science Board and Committees: Science Board Inter-sessional Meeting (p. 63); Science Board (p. 73); Biological Oceanography Committee (p. 87); Fishery Science Committee (p. 95); Marine Environmental Quality Committee (p. 105); MONITOR Technical Committee (p. 115); Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee (p. 125); Technical Committee on Data Exchange (p. 133) ◾ Reports of Sections, Working and Study Groups: Section on Carbon and Climate (p. 139); Section on Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms in the North Pacific (p. 143); Working Group 18 on Mariculture in the 21st Century - The Intersection Between Ecology, Socio-economics and Production (p. 147); Working Group 19 on Ecosystem-Based Management Science and its Application to the North Pacific (p. 151); Working Group 20 on Evaluations of Climate Change Projections (p. 157); Working Group 21 on Non-indigenous Aquatic Species (p. 159); Study Group to Develop a Strategy for GOOS (p. 165) ◾ Reports of the Climate Change and Carrying Capacity Scientific Program: Implementation Panel on the CCCC Program (p. 169); CFAME Task Team (p. 175); MODEL Task Team (p. 181) ◾ Reports of Advisory Panels: Advisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICES Program in East Asian Marginal Seas (p. 187); Advisory Panel on Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey in the North Pacific (p. 193); Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean (p. 197); Advisory Panel on Marine Birds and Mammals (p. 201); Advisory Panel on Micronekton Sampling Inter-calibration Experiment (p. 205) ◾ Summary of Scientific Sessions and Workshops (p. 209) ◾ Membership List (p. 259) ◾ List of Participants (p. 277) ◾ List of PICES Acronyms (p. 301) ◾ List of Acronyms (p. 303)

Report of the Workshop on Blue Crab Stock Dynamics in Chesapeake Bay, December 13-15, 1982, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory

This workshop was convened to begin building a foundation of understanding for developing and evaluating proposed measures for the rational management of the blue crab fishery in Chesapeake Bay. Our goal was to generate a summary of knowledge of blue crab stock dynamics. Specifically, we intended to address, and hoped to estimate, the basic parameters of an exploited stock - growth, mortality, natality, migration rates, sex ratios and abundance. In one sense these objectives were simply a means for organizing our discussions. A second objective was to compile at the workshop pertinent data held by the major research institutions on Chesapeake Bay so all participants could see the kinds and extent of existing data. As with many stock assessment problems, tailoring an estimating procedure around known existing data can be more productive than deciding on a procedure and then trying to find the required data in someone else's files. Authors of papers contributed to the report: B.S. Hester and P.R. Mundy (p. 50); Qisheng Tang (p. 86); L. Eugene Cronin (p. 111); J.R. McConaugha (p. 128); Cluney Stagg and Phil Jones (p. 153).

疣粒野生稻居群遗传结构及其形成与维持机制的研究

结合野外生态调查与分子标记检测，本文探讨了显性遗传标记应用于居群遗传学研究时实验与数据分析需要注意的问题，并在此基础上对中国分布的疣粒野生稻（Oryza granulata Nees et Am. ex Watt.）居群遗传多样性与居群遗传结构进行了研究。然后从metapopulation结构动态、无性系生长和物种形成等角度研究了遗传结构的空间格局与生态学、系统学因素之间的相互作用，并将研究的空间尺度从聚群内（colony）、居群内、地区内推广到地区间和整个物种水平，反映了在不同空间等级上疣粒野生稻相异的进化模式。最后，综合上述结果，提出了保护疣粒野生稻的原则和策略。结果如下： 1．根据对分布于中国云南和海南33个分布点疣粒野生稻居群所做的野外生态学调查，该物种目前在中国的30个县（市）有分布，比1978-1982年全国野生稻普查时增加了3个县市（海南通什、云南思茅和勐腊）。疣粒野生稻具有较强的耐荫和抗旱能力，在群落总盖度为90-210%范围内生长良好。它是一种典型的适应中度干扰的物种，生长于有一定干扰的斑块状生境中。疣粒野生稻在群落内的分布格局为聚集型，其居群密度较小（1.13-2.95株/m2），依靠重力下落和动物传播种子。由于对热区资源的掠夺性开发，总计有12.9%的居群已因人为干扰而灭绝，83.9%的居群处于严重的危胁之下，处于濒危状态。对疣粒野生稻的破坏在不同地区间程度不同，生境恶化和放牧是造成其居群灭绝的最主要原因，对其进行保护已经迫在眉睫。在调查的基础上，本研究建立了含该物种34个居群共1109份个体样品的总DNA库，作为易位保护的一种措施，主要用于居群遗传学和保护生物学研究。 2．利用上述总DNA库中的材料，首先采用随机扩增多态（RAPD）对几类显性标记的居群遗传结构参数进行了比较。在衡量遗传多样性水平时，多态位点比率（PPB）会低估变异的程度，其价值不如Shannon多样性指数和Nei多样性指数。在计算个体之间的遗传关系时，Mantel检测表明17种相似性系数之间存在极显著的相关性。同时，基于Φst。遗传距离的分子方差分析（AMOVA）和基于Hardy-Weinberg平衡假设的Nei氏遗传距离分析的结果间具有显著的相关性，它们都适用于对疣粒野生稻居群遗传结构进行研究，且在使用后者时应对数据进行Lynch-Milligan矫正，剔除隐性基因型（0）频率小于3/N（N为样本总数）的条带数据，以矫正显性遗传方式对变异估计偏低的影响。此外，各类遗传结构分析参数之间的高度相关性也与疣粒野生稻居群内遗传多样性低，杂合体比率较低有密切关系。 利用RAPD和inter-简单重复序列（ISSR）对来自中国20个居群疣粒野生稻混合样品，以及海南（M5）和云南（M27）两个居群各20个植株的遗传多样性进行了检测。ISSR的实验稳定性优于RAPD，且总的来说它能检测到更多的遗传变异。前者与它在PCR反应时退火温度较高，引物．模板复合物较稳定有关;而后者则与其引物靶序列容易在细胞分裂中产生突变有关。Mantel检测结果表明，衡量样品间的遗传关系时，这两种标记的分析结果在物种水平存在极显著的相关性（r = 0.917, t = 12789），而在居群水平不相关（r < 0.200）。这不但与它们所扩增的相应基因组片断的变异方式及在居群内分辩率下降有关，同时也反映了疣粒野生稻居群内和居群间存在着不同的进化模式。 3．利用RAPD和ISSR标记，对中国20个居群疣粒野生稻混合样品的遗传多样性进行了研究。RAPD和ISSR分别扩增出209和122条PCR条带，其中各有64.1l％（134条带）和72.95％（89条带）为多态条带。基于Jaccard系数的UPGMA分析表明，同一地区内居群的遗传变异比较小。20个居群按来源聚为云南与海南两类，其间产生了一定程度的遗传分化。这种遗传多样性分布的特点可能与其起源、分布格局、交配系统和种子散布方式有关。此外，尽管混合取样会低估一定的遗传变异能力，也不能得到关于居群内的遗传结构情况，但它仍然是一种获取遗传多样性信息的高效方法，适用于对研究材料进行日常管理和评价。 4．按照居群取样的方法，利用RAPD对来自中国云南和海南的20个疣粒野生稻居群共396个植株进行了遗传结构分析。联合ISSR，对其中5个居群初步的分析表明该物种在居群内的遗传多样性水平很低，RAPD的多态位点比率（PPB）在居群内从4.52％到13.06％;而ISSR的PPB值在居群内从7.08％-26.55％。AMOVA分析表明，对于RAPD来说，云南与海南两地区之间遗传变异的量占总变异量的73.85％，地区之内占19.45％，而居群内仅占6.70％。对于ISSR，疣粒野生稻地区间，地区内和居群内遗传变异的分布比率分别为49.26％、38.070A和12.66％。UPGMA聚类将同一居群内的个体聚为一支，并将居群按来源分为云南和海南两类。由于疣粒野生稻在群落内的分布为典型的metapopulation格局，伴随各聚群（colony）在群落次生演替过程中周转（灭绝与定植）时发生的遗传漂变、建立者效应和居群内强烈的近交是造成其居群内遗传多样性极低的主要原因。 5．利用10个ISSR标记对中国4个疣粒野生稻居群内的无性系生长与基因型遗传多样性进行了分析。在小尺度取样（个体间隔1.0-1.5m）的情况下，所有居群中均检测到明显的无性系生长现象。参与无性系生长的个体百分比在各居群中从25％-60％不等，Simpson多样性指数表明疣粒野生稻居群内的基因型多样性保持在较高水平（0.837-0.958）。尽管如此，AMOVA对居群内遗传变异进行方差剖分的结果表明参与无性生长的个体所含有的变异量平均只占总变异量的16.7%。因此，疣粒野生稻居群内遗传变异的来源主要依靠有性生殖来维持。同时，处于人为中度干扰之下的疣粒野生稻居群不但个体密度较高，其居群遗传多样性也未因此而降低。 6．在假设RAPD在同一种及其近缘种内PCR产物同源性较高的前提下，利用该技术对来自世界的23份O. granulata和O. meyeriana样品进行了遗传多样性分析和系统学研究。在物种水平，O. granulata具有非常高的遗传多样性（多态位点比率达83.54％），表明该物种进化历史中存在大规模居群瓶颈效应的可能性较小。O.gramulata与O. meyeriana各居群的遗传分化与岛屿形成导致的地理隔离之间有密切的关系。基于Nei & Li遗传相似性系数，利用Neighbor-Joining和UPGMA聚类法构建的两个系统树并不完全一致。主坐标分析（PCoA）支持NJ法的结果：来自O.meyeriana的两个样品倾向于聚为一类，并获得bootstrap分析的支持，但它们的遗传变异范围并未超出O. granulata。因此，我们的结果支持将这两个种进行归并。 7．由于疣粒野生稻在物种水平的遗传多样性非常高，变异主要存在于各地区之间，因此要最大程度地维持该物种遗传多样性，使之不发生遗传侵蚀意味着保护应该针对整个物种的分布区进行。对于分布于中国的居群来说，一方面由于变异主要存在于云南和海南两地区之间，另一方面由于地区内和居群内的遗传多样性相对较低，因此，云南和海南应做为中国保护该物种的两个中心。此外，由于一定程度的人为干扰有利于为该物种创造适宜生境，增加其居群密度，且不会致使遗传变异能力下降，因此在实施就地保护时应充分考虑将其与当地的经济开发项目相结合，达到自然保护与地方经济可持续发展的目的。

Tropical forest history of the Ecuadorian Andes over the last 34,000 years: preliminary results from pollen and oxygen isotope analyses of Trident 163-13 from the eastern equatorial Pacific [abstract]

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Pollen from the upper 2.75 m of a core taken 200 km west of the Golfo de Guayaquil, Ecuador (Trident 163-13, 3° S, 84° W, 3,000 m water depth) documents changes in Andean vegetation and climate of the Cordillera Occidental for ~17,000 years before and after the last glacial maximum.

Cruise report: regional assessment of ecosystem condition and stressor impacts along the northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf; NOAA Ship Nancy Foster NF-10-09-RACOW (August 13-21, 2010)

This cruise report is a summary of a field survey conducted along the continental shelf of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), encompassing 70,062 square kilometers of productive marine habitats located between the Mississippi Delta and Tampa Bay, August 13–21, 2010 on NOAA Ship Nancy Foster Cruise NF-10-09-RACOW. Synoptic sampling of multiple ecological indicators was conducted at each of 50 stations throughout these waters using a random probabilistic sampling design. At each station samples were collected for the analysis of benthic community structure and composition; concentrations of chemical contaminants (metals, pesticides, TPHs, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs) in sediments and target demersal biota; sediment toxicity; nutrient and chlorophyll levels in the water column; and other basic habitat characteristics such as depth, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, CDOM fluorescence, sediment grain size, and organic carbon content. Discrete water samples were collected just below the sea surface, in addition to any deeper subsurface depths where there was an occurrence of suspicious CDOM fluorescence signals, and analyzed for total BTEX/TPH and carcinogenic PAHs using immunoassay test kits. Other indicators of potential value from a human-dimension perspective were also recorded, including presence of any vessels, oil rigs, surface trash, visual oil sheens in sediments or water, marine mammals, or noxious/oily sediment odors. The overall purpose of the survey was to collect data to assess the status of ecosystem condition and potential stressor impacts throughout the region, based on these various indicators and corresponding management thresholds, and to provide this information as a baseline for determining how such conditions may be changing with time. In addition to the original project goals, both the scientific scope and general location of this project are relevant to addressing potential ecological impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. While sample analysis is still ongoing, a few preliminary results and observations are reported here. A final report will be completed once all data have been processed.

Cruise report: summer 2009 Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve ecological characterization (June 7 - June 13, 2009)

This cruise report is a summary of a field survey conducted within the Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (SINERR), located on the Georgia coastline, June 7 – June 13, 2009. Multiple indicators of ecological condition and human dimensions were sampled synoptically at each of 30 stations throughout SINERR using a random probabilistic sampling design. Samples were collected for the analysis of benthic community structure and composition; concentrations of chemical contaminants (metals, pesticides, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs) in sediments and target demersal biota; nutrient and chlorophyll levels in the water column; bacterial contaminants in the water column; and other basic habitat characteristics such as depth, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total suspended solids, pH, sediment grain size, and organic carbon content. In addition to the fish samples that were collected for analysis of chemical contaminants relative to human-health consumption limits, other human-dimension indicators were sampled as well including presence or absence of fishing gear, vessels, surface trash, and noxious sediment odors. The overall purpose of the survey was to collect data to assess the status of ecosystem condition and potential stressor impacts throughout SINERR, based on these various indicators and corresponding management thresholds, and to provide this information as a baseline for determining how such conditions may be changing with time. While sample analysis is still ongoing a few preliminary results and observations are reported here. A final report will be completed once all data have been processed. The results will provide a comprehensive weight-of-evidence basis for evaluating current condition (aka a “state-of-the-SINEER environmental report”) and serve as a quantitative benchmark for tracking any future changes due to either natural or human disturbances. Another goal of the study is to demonstrate its utility as a possible model for assessing the status of condition at other NEERS sites using similar and consistent methods to promote system-wide regional and national comparisons.

Movements, behavior, and habitat selection of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the eastern equatorial Pacific, ascertained through archival tags

Ninety-six bigeye tuna (88– 134 cm fork length) were caught and released with implanted archival (electronic data storage) tags near fish-aggregating devices (FADs) in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) during April 2000. Twenty-nine fish were recaptured, and the data from twenty-seven tags were successfully downloaded and processed. Time at liberty ranged from 8 to 446 days, and data for 23 fish at liberty for 30 days or more are presented. The accuracy in geolocation estimates, derived from the light level data, is about 2 degrees in latitude and 0.5 degrees in longitude in this region. The movement paths derived from the filtered geolocation estimates indicated that none of the fish traveled west of 110°W during the period between release and recapture. The null hypothesis that the movement path is random was rejected in 17 of the 22 statistical tests of the observed movement paths. The estimated mean velocity was 117 km/d. The fish exhibited occasional deep-diving behavior, and some dives exceeded 1000 m where temperatures were less than 3°C. Evaluations of timed depth records, resulted in the discrimination of three distinct behaviors: 54.3% of all days were classified as unassociated (with a floating object) type-1 behavior, 27.7% as unassociated type-2 behavior, and 18.7% as behavior associated with a floating object. The mean residence time at floating objects was 3.1 d. Data sets separated into day and night were used to evaluate diel differences in behavior and habitat selection. When the fish were exhibiting unassociated type-1 behavior (diel vertical migrations), they were mostly at depths of less than 50 m (within the mixed layer) throughout the night, and during the day between 200 and 300 m and 13° and 14°C. They shifted their average depths in conjunction with dawn and dusk events, presumably tracking the deep-scattering layer as a foraging strategy. There were also observed changes in the average nighttime depth distributions of the fish in relation to moon phase.