Nuclear stopping and compression in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies

The nuclear stopping and the radial flow are investigated with an isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics (IQMD) model for Ni + Ni and Pb + Pb from 0.4 to and 1.2 GeV/u. The expansion velocity as well as the degree of nuclear stopping are higher in the heavier system at all energies. The ratio between the flow energy and the total available energy in center of mass of the colliding systems exhibits a positive correlation to the degree of nuclear stopping. The maximum density (rho(max)) achieved in the compression is comparable to the hydrodynamics prediction only if the non-zero collision time effect is taken into account in the later. Due to the partial transparency, the growing of the maximum density achieved in the central region of the fireball with the increase of beam energy becomes gradually flat in the 1 GeV/u energy regime. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Probing high-density behavior of symmetry energy from pion emission in heavy-ion collisions

Within the framework of the improved isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics (ImIQMD) model, the emission of pion in heavy-ion collisions in the region 1 A GeV as a probe of nuclear symmetry energy at supra-saturation densities is investigated systematically, in which the pion is considered to be mainly produced by the decay of resonances Delta(1232) and N*(1440). The total pion multiplicities and the pi(-)/pi(+) yields are calculated for selected Skyrme parameters SkP, SLy6. Ska and SIB, and also for the cases of different stiffness of symmetry energy with the parameter SLy6. Preliminary results compared with the measured data by the FOPI Collaboration favor a hard symmetry energy of the potential term proportional to (rho/rho(0))(gamma s) with gamma(s) = 2. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

PROBING THE SYMMETRY ENERGY AT SUPRA-SATURATION DENSITIES FROM PION EMISSION IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS

Within the framework of the improved isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics (ImIQMD) model, the emission of pion in heavy-ion collisions in the region 1 A GeV as a probe of nuclear symmetry energy at supra-saturation densities is investigated systematically, in which the pion is considered to be mainly produced by the decay of resonances Delta(1232) and N*(1440). The pi(-)/pi(+) yields are calculated for selected Skyrme parameters SkP, SLy6, Ska and SIII, and also for the cases of different stiffness of symmetry energy with the parameter SLy6. Preliminary results compared with the measured data by the FOPI collaboration favor a hard symmetry energy of the potential term proportional to (rho/rho(0))(gamma s) with gamma(s) = 2.

高温下碳离子在316L不锈钢中辐照损伤电子显微镜分析

用51.4 MeV的碳离子，在500 ℃的温度下辐照了两个316L不锈钢样品，峰剂量分别达到34dpa(3.15 * 10~(17) ions/cm~2)和124dpa(1.14 * 10~(18) ions/cm~2)。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察了离子入射面的形貌和横截面试样中的空洞肿胀。提出了用SEM观测空洞肿胀的新方法并在原理上论证了通过SEM观测来推测空洞肿胀及空洞大小分布的可行性。得出了空洞面积肿胀在数值上等于体积肿胀的结论，并推导了由SEM观测的空洞切口大小分布计算空洞大小分布的公式。通过横截面试样的扫描电镜照片，测量了横截面空洞切口直径和面积肿胀随离子注入深度的变化关系；通过横截面试样的透射电镜照片，测量了样品内部的空洞大小分布。用TRIM计算机程序计算了位移损伤分布，并将它与空洞面积肿胀在深度方向上的分布进行了比较

结缕草种群年龄结构的研究(英文)

本文用世代的方法对辽宁省岫岩县天然结缕草种群的年龄结构进行了研究。结果表明:结缕草无性系种群分蘖株的最高龄级为3龄。在生长季中均以1龄蘖为主,各月比例均占95%以上。2龄、3龄的分蘖株数量很少。因此,结缕草为增长型种群。芽的年龄构成以0龄根茎芽为主,芽数量基本为分蘖株数量的30%-40%,休眠前芽数量增加,这保证了来年种群分蘖数量的稳定。1龄蘖的生物量在整个生长季中的变化动态是:从4-7月呈递增趋势,在7月末达到最高点,然后下降。图1表3参9。

近40年沈阳城市森林春季物候与全球气候变暖的关系

1960—2005年期间,沈阳气候受全球气候变暖的影响,年平均气温总体呈上升趋势,气温升幅为0.96℃,但以1982年为界,1960—1982年为偏冷阶段,气温降幅最大值为1.95℃;1983—2005年为偏暖阶段,气温升幅最大值为1.60℃。一年四季气温处于上升阶段,以冬、春季气温升幅最大,分别为2.3℃和1.35℃。城市森林主要树种的春季物候期,在气候偏冷阶段,春季物候期出现较晚,而在偏暖阶段,春季物候期提前发生。同时,物候春季开始日期与结束日期有密切的同步相关性,并与物候季节节奏的长短呈负相关。树木萌动期早晚与冬季和早春气温高低呈显著的负相关,冬春季气温越高,芽萌动越提前。展叶早晚主要受展叶前的春季气温高低的影响,与冬季气温相关性不显著。始花前2—8旬,特别是2—4旬气温对始花期影响最显著。寒冷指数(CI)与树木芽萌动期、展叶始期呈显著正相关,而与开花始期相关性不显著。预测了CO2倍增和气温升高条件下,沈阳城市森林主要树种的萌动期、展叶始期和开花始期分别提前40.41、43.08和24.13d。

利用CENTURY模型研究东北黑土有机碳的动态变化Ⅰ.自然状态下土壤有机碳的积累

应用CENTURY模型 ,对自然状态下的黑土有机碳库进行了模拟 .结果表明 ,在自然状态下 ,黑土有机碳库经历了一个由快到慢的增长过程 ,经过长时间积累 ,趋向于稳定状态 .0～ 2 0cm表层土壤有机碳总量最后稳定在 7914 72～ 116 72 78g·m-2 .黑土有机碳从北向南总的趋势是逐渐降低 .达到稳定状态时 ,活性土壤有机碳库、慢分解土壤有机碳库和惰性土壤有机碳库分别占土壤全碳的 3 36 %～ 4 6 2 %、5 0 5 4 %～ 5 5 4 7%和 36 4 7%～ 4 1 95 % ,可见慢分解和惰性组分库的增长对土壤有机碳库的积累起到了重要作用 .模型模拟结果与已发表的实测结果比较接近 ,可以为进一步研究开垦后黑土有机碳变化提供依据 .

水土保持科研与管理专家王万忠研究员

王万忠研究员 ,男 ,生于 1 95 2年 ,陕西省临潼县人。 1 976年毕业于陕西师范大学地理系 ,分配到中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所工作至今。 1 988年担任科研处处长 ,1 991年任中国科学院黄土项目办公室副主任 ,1 994年 9月 ,以高级访问学者身份赴日本东京大学、宫崎大学访问 ,1 995年任副所长 ,现任西北农林科技大学党委副书记 ,硕士研究生导师。王万忠研究员 ,长期从事土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究工作 ,曾主持国家“八五”攻关专题“黄土高原区域水土保持与农业发展综合研究”,国家“九五”攻关子专题“水土保持效益区域性评估及主体措施配置”,中国科学院知识创新项目子专题“高强度治理下黄土高原水土流失预测”以及“中国降雨侵蚀力研究”等项目。其中国家“八五”攻关专题“黄土高原区域水土保持与农业发展综合研究”获 1 998年中国科学院科技进步二等奖 ,他本人也被国家计委、国家科委及财政部授予“八五”国家科技攻关先进个人 ,受到江泽民总书记的接见。出版专著 2部 ,参编专著 2部 ,发表论文 2 0余篇 ,其中专著《黄土高原降雨侵蚀产沙与黄河输沙》、《黄土高原降雨侵蚀产沙数据图集》,以及论文“黄土地区...

香港植物水分生理学和水土保持专家 张建华博士

张建华 ,男 ,1 95 6年出生于江苏省金坛县 ,1 982年毕业于江苏农学院 (现为扬州大学 )农学系农学专业。 1 985年赴英国进修 ,1 988年在英国兰卡斯特大学获博士学位 ,1 988— 1 991年在该校受聘继续做博士后研究员。一直从事植物根土关系及缺水条件下根系感知土壤缺水信号传递研究工作。已在国内、外学术刊物上发表论文 70余篇 ,其中 SCI期刊论文 5 0余篇 ,并被国际上许多同行专家多次引用 ,受邀撰写综述1 0余篇 ,参加各类国际会议 2 0余次 ,特别是受《Annual Review of Plant Physiologyand Molecular Biology》编辑部邀请 ,与导师合作发表综述 (1 991 )文章 ,以自己的系统研究为基础 ,对植物感知土壤干旱信号及其生长发育调节做了详细评述 ,是根源信号理论体系建立的代表性论文 ,构成了目前根信号理论体系的基础 ,被认为是该研究领域最为重要的论文。现已被国内外多种教科书引用和介绍。另外在国际著名植物生理学家 W.J.Davies指导下 ,在英国兰卡斯特大学攻读博士期间于 1 987年在植物学界享有盛誉的《Journal o...

盐酸酸溶硫铁矿烧渣的最佳工艺条件

硫铁矿烧渣是硫酸生产过程中产生的固体废物,其综合利用的关键步骤是铁的浸提.盐酸酸溶硫铁矿烧渣是一种有效的浸提铁的工艺,具体做法是将硫铁矿烧渣与一定浓度盐酸混合加入到搪瓷反应釜中,在一定温度下反应一定时间,沉淀过滤得到浸提液.本文以铁浸提率和浸提液中游离酸为指标,通过实验确定了最佳工艺条件.结果表明,影响铁浸提率的工艺因素按重要性排列顺序为:盐酸质量分数>硫铁矿烧渣与盐酸质量比>温度>反应时间;影响游离酸的工艺因素按重要性排列顺序为:硫铁矿烧渣与盐酸质量比>反应时间>温度>盐酸质量分数;综合考虑上述因素,在提高浸提率的同时保证较低的游离酸,确定盐酸酸溶硫铁矿烧渣的最佳工艺条件为:盐酸质量分数30%,硫铁矿烧渣与盐酸质量比为0.35∶1,温度95℃,反应时间1.5h.该工艺设备及流程简单,成本低,铁浸提率较高且浸提过程不产生新污染物,可综合利用硫铁矿烧渣,具有较好的经济效益和环境效益.

Potential CO2 Emission Reduction by Development of Non-Grain-Based Bioethanol in China

Assessment of the potential CO2 emission reduction by development of non-grain-based ethanol in China is valuable for both setting up countermeasures against climate change and formulating bioethanol policies. Based on the land occupation property, feedstock classification and selection are conducted, identifying sweet sorghum, cassava, and sweet potato as plantation feedstocks cultivated from low-quality arable marginal land resources and molasses and agricultural straws as nonplantation feedstocks derived from agricultural by-products. The feedstock utilization degree, CO2 reduction coefficient of bioethanol, and assessment model of CO2 emission reduction potential of bioethanol are proposed and established to assess the potential CO2 emission reduction by development of non-grain-based bioethanol. The results show that China can obtain emission reduction potentials of 10.947 and 49.027 Mt CO2 with non-grain-based bioethanol in 2015 and 2030, which are much higher than the present capacity, calculated as 1.95 Mt. It is found that nonplantation feedstock can produce more bioethanol so as to obtain a higher potential than plantation feedstock in both 2015 and 2030. Another finding is that developing non-grain-based bioethanol can make only a limited contribution to China's greenhouse gas emission reduction. Moreover, this study reveals that the regions with low and very low potentials for emission reduction will dominate the spatial distribution in 2015, and regions with high and very high potentials will be the majority in 2030.

Facile electrochemical approach to fabricate hierarchical flowerlike gold micro structures: Electrodeposited superhydrophobic surface

A templateless, surfactantless, electrochemical approach is proposed to directly fabricate hierarchical flowerlike gold microstructures (HFGMs) on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. The as-prepared HFGMs have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry.

Counterions in polyelectrolyte multilayers: A vehicle for introducing functionalities

Counterions present at the surface of polyelectrolyte multilayers were utilized for the introduction of charged species into the multilayer via ion exchange. A typical polyelectrolyte multilayer film with Na+ counterions in the outermost layer was immersed in an AgNO3 aqueous solution and the rapid ion-exchange process was complete within 1 min. The silver ions thus introduced were then reduced in situ and silver nanoparticles were produced at the surface of the multilayer assembly. This example demonstrates that the counterions naturally occurring in every polyelectrolyte multilayer film can be a convenient vehicle for the introduction of various functionalities to the film.

Organic photovoltaic cells with near infrared absorption spectrum

Organic photovoltaic cells with a strong absorption spectrum in the near infrared region were fabricated with the structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/zinc phthalocynine (ZnPc)/lead phthalocynine (PbPc)/C-60/Al. PbPc has a broad and strong absorption, while the organic films of PbPc/C-60 showed an additional new absorption peak at 900 nm. The absorption in the near infrared region can harvest more photons to invert into photocurrent. Moreover, the introduction of ZnPc thin layer between ITO and PbPc further improved the new absorption peak and the collection of hole carriers at the electrode ITO, which increased the power conversion efficiencies to 1.95% and short-circuit current density to 9.1 mA/cm(2) under AM 1.5 solar spectrum.