Iatrogeeniset laryngeaalihermovauriot kilpirauhaskirurgiassa Tyksissä vuonna 2011 - insidenssi ja altistavat tekijät

Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää iatrogeenisten eli hoidon aiheuttamien laryngeaalihermovaurioiden insidenssi kilpirauhaskirurgisilla potilailla Tyksissä vuonna 2011 sekä mahdolliset hermovauriolle altistavat tekijät. Tutkimushypoteesina on, että tutkimusaineistosta on mahdollisesti osoitettavissa laryngeaalihermovaurioille altistava, preoperatiivinen tekijä. Yhtäältä tutkimus toimii laryngeaalihermovaurioiden insidenssiä kartoittavana instrumenttina kilpirauhaskirurgisilla potilailla Tyksissä. Toisaalta tutkimuksessa mahdolliset esille tulevat laryngeaalihermovaurion riskitekijät saattavat vaikuttaa hoitokäytäntöihin ja näin ollen vähentää iatrogeenisia laryngeaalihermovaurioita tulevaisuudessa. Tutkimuksen aineistona on Tyksissä vuonna 2011 kirurgisesti leikatut kilpirauhaspotilaat eli sekä kilpirauhas- että lisäkilpirauhaspotilaat. Tutkimuksessa suoritettiin sähköisen potilastietojärjestelmän tietokantahaku käyttäen kilpirauhaskirurgisia toimenpidekoodeja, jonka tuloksena oli vuonna 2011 Tyksissä leikatut kilpirauhaspotilaat. Jokaiselta potilaalta kirjattiin sähköisestä potilastietojärjestelmästä systemaattisesti mahdollinen laryngeaalihermovaurion aiheuttama äänihuulihalvaus sekä tämän tutkimuksen kannalta oleelliset muuttujat. Tilastollinen analyysi suoritettiin JMP Pro 12 -ohjelmalla. Vuonna 2011 Tyksissä leikattiin 221 kilpirauhaskirurgista potilasta. Laryngeaalihermovaurioiden insidenssi oli 7,4 prosenttia, josta pysyviä oli 4,6 ja ohimeneviä 2,8 prosenttia. Aikaviive leikkauksesta hermovauriodiagnoosin oli pitkä, keskimäärin 102 päivää ja mediaani 51 päivää. Uusintaleikkaus oli merkittävin tilastollisesti merkitsevä hermovaurion riskitekijä. Aineistossa huomiota kiinnitti leikkausten aikainen alhainen recurrens-hermon visualisaatioprosentti – recurrens-hermoista visualisoitiin 71 prosenttia niissä leikkauksissa, joissa kirjallisuudessa visualisaation katsotaan olevan erittäin tärkeää. Kirurgeilla, joiden leikkausten seurauksena aiheutui huomattavasti enemmän hermovaurioita, oli potilasaineiston suhteen hermovauriolle alttiimman iäkkäämmän potilasmateriaalin sekä laajempien leikkausten painottuminen.

Elämä omin kuvin ja sanoin. Omaelämäkerrallisuus, identiteetti ja subjekti Ulli Lustin sarjakuvassa Heute ist der letzte Tag vom Rest deines Lebens

Ulli Lustin omaelämäkerrallinen Heute ist der letzte Tag vom Rest deines Lebens (2009) (suom. Tänään on loppuelämäsi viimeinen päivä, 2013) on 2000-luvun kansainvälisesti menestynein saksankielinen sarjakuva. 1980-luvulle sijoittuva teos kuvaa nuoren punkkari-Ullin vaiheikasta matkaa Wienistä Italiaan ja sen halki. Matkakertomus syvenee kasvukertomukseksi, sillä matkan tapahtumat saavat Ullin tarkastelemaan maailmaa ja itseään uusin silmin. Teos edustaa taidesarjakuvaa viime vuosikymmeninä hallinnutta elämäkerrallisen ja dokumentaarisen sarjakuvan kautta. Fiktion rajojen ylittäminen on nähty pyrkimyksenä laajentaa sarjakuvan ilmaisurepertuaaria ja vahvistaa sarjakuvan arvostusta kulttuurin kentällä. Ei-fiktiivisen sarjakuvan aalto on vaikuttanut myös sarjakuvatutkimukseen, jonka piirissä elämäkerrallisuus ja dokumentaarisuus ovat tämän hetken tutkituimpia ilmiöitä. Tutkielmani asettuu osaksi omaelämäkerrallisen sarjakuvan tutkimusta, mutta pyrin huomioimaan analyysissani myös modernin omaelämäkerran laajemman, aina modernin ajan alkuun ulottuvan kirjoittamisen ja tutkimisen perinteen. Tarkastelen erityisesti sitä, miten teos kertoo omaelämäkerrallisen tarinan ja miten se käsittelee omaelämäkertalajille keskeisiä identiteetin, itseymmärryksen ja autonomisen toimijuuden kysymyksiä. Yhdistän sarjakuvailmaisun analyysin tutkielmassani kulttuurihistorialliseen ja sosiologiseen otteeseen. Ymmärrän sarjakuvan omalakisena ilmaisumuotonaan, mutta hyödynnän analyysissani tarpeen mukaan myös kirjallisuuden ja elokuvan tutkimusta. Osoitan tutkielmassani, että teoksen monimuotoinen kerronta korostaa sekä omaelämäkerran kykyä käsitellä erityisiä ja henkilökohtaisia kokemuksia että sen kykyä kurottaa kohti kulttuurien jaettuja ymmärtämisen ja kokemisen tapoja. Ullin identiteetti kiinnittyy teoksessa 1980-luvun vastakulttuureihin, joita kuvataan dokumentaarisen tarkasti. Subjektiivista kokemusmaailmaa, joka kulkee kerronnassa historiallisen todellisuuden rinnalla, lähestytään puolestaan ekspressiivisin ilmaisukeinon. Teoksen lähtökohtana ovat tekijän henkilökohtaiset kokemukset, mutta kerronta punoo tarinan kulttuurimme yhteisiin kertomusmalleihin ja myytteihin. Omaelämäkerrallinen tarina tarjoaa keinon käsitellä tekijän minuuden lisäksi myös historiallis-sosiaalista todellisuutta ja maailmasta kertomisen tapoja. Tässä piilee omaelämäkerran poliittinen potentiaali, jota myös Lustin teos hyödyntää kommentoidessaan sukupuolten välistä epätasa-arvoa.

Standardized electrical tests for electrical equipment in road vehicles Case: Visedo Oy PowerMASTER M-frame

Electrical road vehicles were common at the begin of the 20th century but internal combustion engines took a victory from electrical motors in road vehicles. The acknowledgement of the environment, and the price and the availability of the crude oil are reasons for the comeback of the electrical vehicles. Advancement in industrial technology and political atmosphere in EU as the directive 20--20--20, which consists of reducing fossil emission, increasing renewable energy and increasing the energy efficiency, have made the electrification popular again. In this thesis tests based on standard ISO 16750--2 electrical loads for electrical equipment in road vehicles are made for Visedo Oy's PowerMASTER M-frame power electronics device. This device is designed for mainly drive trains in mobile work machines and marine vessels but can be used in other application in its power range which also includes road vehicles. The functionality of the device is tested with preliminary tests which act as a framework for the tests based on standards.

Analyse selbsterregter Strömungsfelder im Verdichter-Leitrad durch Kopplung von Particle Image Velocimetry und Hitzdrahtanemometrie mittels Fast Fourier Transformation

Der Einsatz der Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) zur Analyse selbsterregter Strömungsphänomene und das dafür notwendige Auswerteverfahren werden in dieser Arbeit beschrieben. Zur Untersuchung von solchen Mechanismen, die in Turbo-Verdichtern als Rotierende Instabilitäten in Erscheinung treten, wird auf Datensätze zurückgegriffen, die anhand experimenteller Untersuchungen an einem ringförmigen Verdichter-Leitrad gewonnen wurden. Die Rotierenden Instabilitäten sind zeitabhängige Strömungsphänomene, die bei hohen aerodynamischen Belastungen in Verdichtergittern auftreten können. Aufgrund der fehlenden Phaseninformation kann diese instationäre Strömung mit konventionellen PIV-Systemen nicht erfasst werden. Die Kármánsche Wirbelstraße und Rotierende Instabilitäten stellen beide selbsterregte Strömungsvorgänge dar. Die Ähnlichkeit wird genutzt um die Funktionalität des Verfahrens anhand der Kármánschen Wirbelstraße nachzuweisen. Der mittels PIV zu visualisierende Wirbeltransport erfordert ein besonderes Verfahren, da ein externes Signal zur Festlegung des Phasenwinkels dieser selbsterregten Strömung nicht zur Verfügung steht. Die Methodik basiert auf der Kopplung der PIV-Technik mit der Hitzdrahtanemometrie. Die gleichzeitige Messung mittels einer zeitlich hochaufgelösten Hitzdraht-Messung ermöglicht den Zeitpunkten der PIV-Bilder einen Phasenwinkel zuzuordnen. Hierzu wird das Hitzdrahtsignal mit einem FFT-Verfahren analysiert, um die PIV-Bilder entsprechend ihrer Phasenwinkel zu gruppieren. Dafür werden die aufgenommenen Bilder auf der Zeitachse der Hitzdrahtmessungen markiert. Eine systematische Analyse des Hitzdrahtsignals in der Umgebung der PIV-Messung liefert Daten zur Festlegung der Grundfrequenz und erlaubt es, der markierten PIV-Position einen Phasenwinkel zuzuordnen. Die sich aus den PIV-Bildern einer Klasse ergebenden Geschwindigkeitskomponenten werden anschließend gemittelt. Aus den resultierenden Bildern jeder Klasse ergibt sich das zweidimensionale zeitabhängige Geschwindigkeitsfeld, in dem die Wirbelwanderung der Kármánschen Wirbelstraße ersichtlich wird. In hierauf aufbauenden Untersuchungen werden Zeitsignale aus Messungen in einem Verdichterringgitter analysiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass zusätzlich Filterfunktionen erforderlich sind. Im Ergebnis wird schließlich deutlich, dass die Übertragung der anhand der Kármánschen Wirbelstraße entwickelten Methode nur teilweise gelingt und weitere Forschungsarbeiten erforderlich sind.

Experimentelle Untersuchung der rotierenden Instabilität im Axialverdichtergitter

Die Strömung in Turboverdichtern ist geprägt von instationären Effekten. Ziel dieser experimentellen Arbeit ist die zeitlich aufgelöste Darstellung eines dieser Effekte: der rotierenden Instabilität. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein Phänomen, das dem Auftreten von rotierender Ablösung vorausgeht und bereits im stabilen Arbeitsbereich auftritt. Das bessere Verständnis der rotierenden Instabilität bietet somit auch einen Ansatz zur Klärung der Ursachen, die zu rotierender Ablösung führen. Zur Durchführung der zeitlich aufgelösten Untersuchung wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine Messmethodik vorgestellt, welche erstmals bei der Strömungsuntersuchung in Turbomaschinen Anwendung findet. Die Methodik basiert auf simultanen Messungen mittels konventionellem PIV und zeitlich hochaufgelöster Hitzdrahtanemometrie. Über die Frequenzanalyse des Hitzdrahtsignals ist es im Postprocessing möglich, die einzelnen PIV-Bilder gemäß ihres Phasenwinkel zu ordnen. Dieser statistische Ansatz ermöglicht die Darstellung und Analyse der zeitlichen Entwicklung von rotierender Instabilität über einer Schwingungsperiode.

Bubble Behavior in a Taylor Vortex

We present an experimental study on the behavior of bubbles captured in a Taylor vortex. The gap between a rotating inner cylinder and a stationary outer cylinder is filled with a Newtonian mineral oil. Beyond a critical rotation speed (ω[subscript c]), Taylor vortices appear in this system. Small air bubbles are introduced into the gap through a needle connected to a syringe pump. These are then captured in the cores of the vortices (core bubble) and in the outflow regions along the inner cylinder (wall bubble). The flow field is measured with a two-dimensional particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) system. The motion of the bubbles is monitored by using a high speed video camera. It has been found that, if the core bubbles are all of the same size, a bubble ring forms at the center of the vortex such that bubbles are azimuthally uniformly distributed. There is a saturation number (N[subscript s]) of bubbles in the ring, such that the addition of one more bubble leads eventually to a coalescence and a subsequent complicated evolution. Ns increases with increasing rotation speed and decreasing bubble size. For bubbles of non-uniform size, small bubbles and large bubbles in nearly the same orbit can be observed to cross due to their different circulating speeds. The wall bubbles, however, do not become uniformly distributed, but instead form short bubble-chains which might eventually evolve into large bubbles. The motion of droplets and particles in a Taylor vortex was also investigated. As with bubbles, droplets and particles align into a ring structure at low rotation speeds, but the saturation number is much smaller. Moreover, at high rotation speeds, droplets and particles exhibit a characteristic periodic oscillation in the axial, radial and tangential directions due to their inertia. In addition, experiments with non-spherical particles show that they behave rather similarly. This study provides a better understanding of particulate behavior in vortex flow structures.

Dynamics of convectively driven banded jets in the laboratory

The banded organization of clouds and zonal winds in the atmospheres of the outer planets has long fascinated observers. Several recent studies in the theory and idealized modeling of geostrophic turbulence have suggested possible explanations for the emergence of such organized patterns, typically involving highly anisotropic exchanges of kinetic energy and vorticity within the dissipationless inertial ranges of turbulent flows dominated (at least at large scales) by ensembles of propagating Rossby waves. The results from an attempt to reproduce such conditions in the laboratory are presented here. Achievement of a distinct inertial range turns out to require an experiment on the largest feasible scale. Deep, rotating convection on small horizontal scales was induced by gently and continuously spraying dense, salty water onto the free surface of the 13-m-diameter cylindrical tank on the Coriolis platform in Grenoble, France. A “planetary vorticity gradient” or “β effect” was obtained by use of a conically sloping bottom and the whole tank rotated at angular speeds up to 0.15 rad s−1. Over a period of several hours, a highly barotropic, zonally banded large-scale flow pattern was seen to emerge with up to 5–6 narrow, alternating, zonally aligned jets across the tank, indicating the development of an anisotropic field of geostrophic turbulence. Using particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques, zonal jets are shown to have arisen from nonlinear interactions between barotropic eddies on a scale comparable to either a Rhines or “frictional” wavelength, which scales roughly as (β/Urms)−1/2. This resulted in an anisotropic kinetic energy spectrum with a significantly steeper slope with wavenumber k for the zonal flow than for the nonzonal eddies, which largely follows the classical Kolmogorov k−5/3 inertial range. Potential vorticity fields show evidence of Rossby wave breaking and the presence of a “hyperstaircase” with radius, indicating instantaneous flows that are supercritical with respect to the Rayleigh–Kuo instability criterion and in a state of “barotropic adjustment.” The implications of these results are discussed in light of zonal jets observed in planetary atmospheres and, most recently, in the terrestrial oceans.

The role of protecting groups in the formation of organogels through a nano-fibrillar network formed by self-assembling terminally protected tripeptides

A series of eight synthetic self-assembling terminally blocked tripeptides have been studied for gelation. Some of them form gels in various aromatic solvents including benzene, toluene, xylene, and chlorobenzene. It has been found that the protecting groups play an important role in the formation of organogels. It has been observed that, if the C-terminal has been changed from methyl ester to ethyl ester the gelation property does not change significantly (keeping the N-terminal protecting group same), while the change of the protecting group from ethyl ester to isopropyl ester completely abolishes the gelation property. Similarly, keeping the identical C-terminal protecting group (methyl ester) the results of the gelation study indicate that the substitution of N-terminal protection Boc-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl) to Cbz-(benzyloxycarbonyl) does change the gelation property insignificantly, while the change from Boc- to pivaloyl (Piv-) or acetyl (Ac-) group completely eliminates the gelation property. Morphological studies of the dried gels of two of the peptides indicate the presence of an entangled nano-fibrillar network that might be responsible for gelation. FTIR studies of the gels demonstrate that an intermolecular hydrogen bonding network is formed during gelation. Results of X-ray powder diffraction studies for these gelator peptides in different states (dried gels, gel, and bulk solids) reflected that the structure in the wet gel is distinctly different from the dried gel and solid state structures. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of a non-gelator peptide, which is structurally similar to the gelator molecules reveal that the peptide forms an antiparallel beta-sheet structure in crystals. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Particle image velocimetry measurements of turbulent flow within outdoor and indoor urban scale models and flushing motions in urban canopy layers

We investigate the spatial characteristics of urban-like canopy flow by applying particle image velocimetry (PIV) to atmospheric turbulence. The study site was a Comprehensive Outdoor Scale MOdel (COSMO) experiment for urban climate in Japan. The PIV system captured the two-dimensional flow field within the canopy layer continuously for an hour with a sampling frequency of 30 Hz, thereby providing reliable outdoor turbulence statistics. PIV measurements in a wind-tunnel facility using similar roughness geometry, but with a lower sampling frequency of 4 Hz, were also done for comparison. The turbulent momentum flux from COSMO, and the wind tunnel showed similar values and distributions when scaled using friction velocity. Some different characteristics between outdoor and indoor flow fields were mainly caused by the larger fluctuations in wind direction for the atmospheric turbulence. The focus of the analysis is on a variety of instantaneous turbulent flow structures. One remarkable flow structure is termed 'flushing', that is, a large-scale upward motion prevailing across the whole vertical cross-section of a building gap. This is observed intermittently, whereby tracer particles are flushed vertically out from the canopy layer. Flushing phenomena are also observed in the wind tunnel where there is neither thermal stratification nor outer-layer turbulence. It is suggested that flushing phenomena are correlated with the passing of large-scale low-momentum regions above the canopy.

Family language policy in the Chinese community in Singapore: a question of balance?

This paper focuses on the language shift phenomenon in Singapore as a consequence of the top-town policies. By looking at bilingual family language policies it examines the characteristics of Singapore’s multilingual nature and cultural diversity. Specifically, it looks at what languages are practiced and how family language policies are enacted in Singaporean English-Chinese bilingual families, and to what extend macro language policies – i.e. national and educational language policies influence and interact with family language policies. Involving 545 families and including parents and grandparents as participants, the study traces the trajectory of the policy history. Data sources include 2 parts: 1) a prescribed linguistic practices survey; and 2) participant observation of actual negotiation of FLP in face-to-face social interaction in bilingual English-Chinese families. The data provides valuable information on how family language policy is enacted and language practices are negotiated, and what linguistic practices have been changed and abandoned against the background of the Speaking Mandarin Campaign and the current bilingual policy implemented in the 1970s. Importantly, the detailed face-to-face interactions and linguistics practices are able to enhance our understanding of the subtleties and processes of language (dis)continuity in relation to policy interventions. The study also discusses the reality of language management measures in contrast to the government’s ‘separate bilingualism’ (Creese & Blackledge, 2011) expectations with regard to ‘striking a balance’ between Asian and Western culture (Curdt-Christiansen & Silver 2013; Shepherd, 2005) and between English and mother tongue languages (Curdt-Christiansen, 2014). Demonstrating how parents and children negotiate their family language policy through translanguaging or heteroglossia practices (Canagarajah, 2013; Garcia & Li Wei, 2014), this paper argues that ‘striking a balance’ as a political ideology places emphasis on discrete and separate notions of cultural and linguistic categorization and thus downplays the significant influences from historical, political and sociolinguistic contexts in which people find themselves. This simplistic view of culture and linguistic code will inevitably constrain individuals’ language expression as it regards code switching and translanguaging as delimited and incompetent language behaviour.

Ferramenta computacional para a medição de campos de velocidade utilizando processamento digital de imagens

A proposta deste trabalho, consiste na elaboração de uma ferramenta computacional para a medição de campos de velocidades em escoamentos com baixas velocidades (< 0,5 m/s) utilizando o processamento digital de imagens. Ao longo dos anos, inúmeras técnicas foram desenvolvidas com este objetivo. Para cada tipo de aplicação, uma técnica se aplica com maior ou menor eficiência do que outras. Para o caso de estudos em fluídos transparentes, onde o escoamento pode ser visualizado, técnicas que utilizam processamento digital de imagens vêm ganhando um grande impulso tecnológico nos últimos anos. Este impulso, é devido a fatores como: câmaras vídeo filmadoras de última geração, dispositivos de aquisição de imagens e componentes de processamento e armazenamento de dados cada vez mais poderosos. Neste contexto, está a velocimetria por processamento de imagens de partículas cuja sigla é PIV (particle image velocimetry). Existem várias formas de se implementar um sistema do tipo PIV. As variantes dependem, basicamente, do equipamento utilizado. Para sua implementação é necessário, inicialmente, um sistema de iluminação que incide em partículas traçadoras adicionadas ao fluido em estudo. Após, as partículas em movimento são filmadas ou fotografadas e suas imagens adquiridas por um computador através de dispositivos de captura de imagens. As imagens das partículas são então processadas, para a obtenção dos vetores velocidade. Existem diferentes formas de processamento para a obtenção das velocidades. Para o trabalho em questão, devido às características dos equipamentos disponíveis, optou-se por uma metodologia de determinação da trajetória de partículas individuais, que, apesar de limitada em termos de módulo de velocidade, pode ser aplicada a muitos escoamentos reais sob condições controladas Para validar a ferramenta computacional desenvolvida, imagens ideais de partículas foram simuladas como se estivessem em escoamento, através do deslocamento conhecido de vários pixels. Seguindo o objetivo de validação, foi utilizada ainda uma imagem real de partículas, obtida com o auxílio de um plano de iluminação de luz coerente (LASER) e câmaras de vídeo tipo CCD. O programa desenvolvido foi aplicado em situações de escoamento real e os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios dentro da escala de velocidades inicialmente presumida.

Projeto e implementação de um sistema de instrumentação eletro-eletrônica para caracterização de escoamentos através de processamento digital de imagens

Historicamente, devido à incompreensibilidade dos fenômenos físicos envolvidos, diversas técnicas de análise experimental de escoamentos foram desenvolvidas. Inicialmente, estas técnicas consistiam em uma simples visualização do escoamento em questão. Visava-se com isto produzir a intuição física a respeito do sistema físico para que futuras teorias pudessem ser formuladas. No entanto, nos anos posteriores, tornou-se necessária a criação de técnicas quantitativas. Neste segmento, a evolução tecnológica da eletrônica propiciou que técnicas intrusivas e não intrusivas fossem criadas. Tal processo culminou com o surgimento da microeletrônica, quando sensores eletrônicos de imagem puderam ser fabricados. Assim, técnicas não intrusivas de velocimetria através de processamento digital de imagens tornaram-se referência, possibilitando a medição de campos de velocidade do escoamento em análise. Tais técnicas são atualmente utilizadas não apenas no meio acadêmico, na investigação da turbulência, como na indústria, em projetos de engenharia que envolvam alta tecnologia. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma metodologia para a concepção de um sistema de velocimetria de 2 dimensões por processamento digital de imagens. Para tanto, o sistema de velocimetria foi dividido em duas partes, sendo os equipamentos bem como os conceitos físicos envolvidos em cada uma analisados e descritos Por fim, projetou-se e implementou-se um sistema de velocimetria de 2 dimensões através de processamento digital de imagens, modo PIV. A sua validação foi efetuada sobre um escoamento altamente turbulento interno a um duto circular, cuja solução é conhecida e exaustivamente estudada no decorrer dos anos. O resultado obtido se apresentou totalmente satisfatório e demonstrou a grande importância atual de tal técnica de medição.

Solução Geral de Sistema Linear

Quando a matriz de um sistema linear se encontra na forma escalonada reduzida por linhas é fácil escrever sua solução nesse sistema. Assim, esta videoaula explica como obter a solução geral apresentando as metodologias que serão usadas dependendo de cada caso e as maneiras distintas de achar uma solução geral de um sistema.

Desenvolvimento da cultura do feijoeiro submetida a dois sistemas de manejo de irrigação e de cultivo

A cultura do feijoeiro apresenta elevada importância no contexto agrícola nacional. Além de ser uma cultura que atende às características da agricultura familiar, também é cultivada em áreas extensivas com alta tecnologia. Pesquisas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento do feijoeiro frente às variantes edafoclimáticas regionais vêm assumindo papel de destaque, principalmente por se tratar de uma planta sensível tanto ao déficit quanto ao excesso hídrico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a cultura do feijoeiro de 'inverno' submetida a dois métodos de manejo de irrigação, em pivô central, um via solo por meio de tensiômetros, outro via clima por meio do tanque Classe 'A', em dois sistemas de plantio, convencional e direto, no primeiro ano. Foram avaliados o índice de área foliar (IAF), massa seca total (MS) de plantas e a variação do potencial mátrico de água no solo. Concluiu-se que os manejos de irrigação e os sistemas de plantio não resultaram em diferenças no IAF e nem no acúmulo de matéria seca total ao longo do ciclo da cultura; o manejo da irrigação por tensiometria acarretou maior variação no potencial mátrico de água no solo do que o método via clima por meio do tanque Classe 'A'.

Induction of the acrosome reaction test to in vitro estimate embryo production in Nelore cattle

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)