Disseny d'agents físics: inclusió de capacitats específiques per a l'avaluació de l'eficiència d'accions

L'experiència de l'autor en la temàtica d'agents intel·ligents i la seva aplicació als robots que emulen el joc de futbol han donat el bagatge suficient per poder encetar i proposar la temàtica plantejada en aquesta tesi: com fer que un complicat robot pugui treure el màxim suc de l'autoconeixement de l'estructura de control inclosa al seu propi cos físic, i així poder cooperar millor amb d'altres agents per optimitzar el rendiment a l'hora de resoldre problemes de cooperació. Per resoldre aquesta qüestió es proposa incorporar la dinàmica del cos físic en les decisions cooperatives dels agents físics unificant els móns de l'automàtica, la robòtica i la intel·ligència artificial a través de la noció de capacitat: la capacitat vista com a entitat on els enginyers de control dipositen el seu coneixement, i a la vegada la capacitat vista com la utilitat on un agent hi diposita el seu autoconeixement del seu cos físic que ha obtingut per introspecció. En aquesta tesi es presenta l'arquitectura DPAA que s'organitza seguint una jerarquia vertical en tres nivells d'abstracció o mòduls control, supervisor i agent, els quals presenten una estructura interna homogènia que facilita les tasques de disseny de l'agent. Aquests mòduls disposen d'un conjunt específic de capacitats que els permeten avaluar com seran les accions que s'executaran en un futur. En concret, al mòdul de control (baix nivell d'abstracció) les capacitats consisteixen en paràmetres que descriuen el comportament dinàmic i estàtic que resulta d'executar un controlador determinat, és a dir, encapsulen el coneixement de l'enginyer de control. Així, a través dels mecanismes de comunicació entre mòduls aquest coneixement pot anar introduint-se als mecanismes de decisió dels mòduls superiors (supervisor i agent) de forma que quan els paràmetres dinàmics i estàtics indiquin que pot haver-hi problemes a baix nivell, els mòduls superiors es poden responsabilitzar d'inhibir o no l'execució d'algunes accions. Aquest procés top-down intern d'avaluació de la viabilitat d'executar una acció determinada s'anomena procés d'introspecció. Es presenten diversos exemples per tal d'il·lustrar com es pot dissenyar un agent físic amb dinàmica pròpia utilitzant l'arquitectura DPAA com a referent. En concret, es mostra tot el procés a seguir per dissenyar un sistema real format per dos robots en formació de comboi, i es mostra com es pot resoldre el problema de la col·lisió utilitzant les capacitats a partir de les especificacions de disseny de l'arquitectura DPAA. Al cinquè capítol s'hi exposa el procés d'anàlisi i disseny en un domini més complex: un grup de robots que emulen el joc del futbol. Els resultats que s'hi mostren fan referència a l'avaluació de la validesa de l'arquitectura per resoldre el problema de la passada de la pilota. S'hi mostren diversos resultats on es veu que és possible avaluar si una passada de pilota és viable o no. Encara que aquesta possibilitat ja ha estat demostrada en altres treballs, l'aportació d'aquesta tesi està en el fet que és possible avaluar la viabilitat a partir de l'encapsulament de la dinàmica en unes capacitats específiques, és a dir, és possible saber quines seran les característiques de la passada: el temps del xut, la precisió o inclòs la geometria del moviment del robot xutador. Els resultats mostren que la negociació de les condicions de la passada de la pilota és possible a partir de capacitats atòmiques, les quals inclouen informació sobre les característiques de la dinàmica dels controladors. La complexitat del domini proposat fa difícil comparar els resultats amb els altres treballs. Cal tenir present que els resultats mostrats s'han obtingut utilitzant un simulador fet a mida que incorpora les dinàmiques dels motors dels robots i de la pilota. En aquest sentit cal comentar que no existeixen treballs publicats sobre el problema de la passada en què es tingui en compte la dinàmica dels robots. El present treball permet assegurar que la inclusió de paràmetres dinàmics en el conjunt de les capacitats de l'agent físic permet obtenir un millor comportament col·lectiu dels robots, i que aquesta millora es deu al fet que en les etapes de decisió els agents utilitzen informació relativa a la viabilitat sobre les seves accions: aquesta viabilitat es pot calcular a partir del comportament dinàmic dels controladors. De fet, la definició de capacitats a partir de paràmetres dinàmics permet treballar fàcilment amb sistemes autònoms heterogenis: l'agent físic pot ser conscient de les seves capacitats d'actuació a través de mecanismes interns d'introspecció, i això permet que pugui prendre compromisos amb altres agents físics.

Modelling, control and supervision for a class of hybrid systems

The aim of this thesis is to narrow the gap between two different control techniques: the continuous control and the discrete event control techniques DES. This gap can be reduced by the study of Hybrid systems, and by interpreting as Hybrid systems the majority of large-scale systems. In particular, when looking deeply into a process, it is often possible to identify interaction between discrete and continuous signals. Hybrid systems are systems that have both continuous, and discrete signals. Continuous signals are generally supposed continuous and differentiable in time, since discrete signals are neither continuous nor differentiable in time due to their abrupt changes in time. Continuous signals often represent the measure of natural physical magnitudes such as temperature, pressure etc. The discrete signals are normally artificial signals, operated by human artefacts as current, voltage, light etc. Typical processes modelled as Hybrid systems are production systems, chemical process, or continuos production when time and continuous measures interacts with the transport, and stock inventory system. Complex systems as manufacturing lines are hybrid in a global sense. They can be decomposed into several subsystems, and their links. Another motivation for the study of Hybrid systems is the tools developed by other research domains. These tools benefit from the use of temporal logic for the analysis of several properties of Hybrid systems model, and use it to design systems and controllers, which satisfies physical or imposed restrictions. This thesis is focused in particular types of systems with discrete and continuous signals in interaction. That can be modelled hard non-linealities, such as hysteresis, jumps in the state, limit cycles, etc. and their possible non-deterministic future behaviour expressed by an interpretable model description. The Hybrid systems treated in this work are systems with several discrete states, always less than thirty states (it can arrive to NP hard problem), and continuous dynamics evolving with expression: with Ki ¡ Rn constant vectors or matrices for X components vector. In several states the continuous evolution can be several of them Ki = 0. In this formulation, the mathematics can express Time invariant linear system. By the use of this expression for a local part, the combination of several local linear models is possible to represent non-linear systems. And with the interaction with discrete events of the system the model can compose non-linear Hybrid systems. Especially multistage processes with high continuous dynamics are well represented by the proposed methodology. Sate vectors with more than two components, as third order models or higher is well approximated by the proposed approximation. Flexible belt transmission, chemical reactions with initial start-up and mobile robots with important friction are several physical systems, which profits from the benefits of proposed methodology (accuracy). The motivation of this thesis is to obtain a solution that can control and drive the Hybrid systems from the origin or starting point to the goal. How to obtain this solution, and which is the best solution in terms of one cost function subject to the physical restrictions and control actions is analysed. Hybrid systems that have several possible states, different ways to drive the system to the goal and different continuous control signals are problems that motivate this research. The requirements of the system on which we work is: a model that can represent the behaviour of the non-linear systems, and that possibilities the prediction of possible future behaviour for the model, in order to apply an supervisor which decides the optimal and secure action to drive the system toward the goal. Specific problems can be determined by the use of this kind of hybrid models are: - The unity of order. - Control the system along a reachable path. - Control the system in a safe path. - Optimise the cost function. - Modularity of control The proposed model solves the specified problems in the switching models problem, the initial condition calculus and the unity of the order models. Continuous and discrete phenomena are represented in Linear hybrid models, defined with defined eighth-tuple parameters to model different types of hybrid phenomena. Applying a transformation over the state vector : for LTI system we obtain from a two-dimensional SS a single parameter, alpha, which still maintains the dynamical information. Combining this parameter with the system output, a complete description of the system is obtained in a form of a graph in polar representation. Using Tagaki-Sugeno type III is a fuzzy model which include linear time invariant LTI models for each local model, the fuzzyfication of different LTI local model gives as a result a non-linear time invariant model. In our case the output and the alpha measure govern the membership function. Hybrid systems control is a huge task, the processes need to be guided from the Starting point to the desired End point, passing a through of different specific states and points in the trajectory. The system can be structured in different levels of abstraction and the control in three layers for the Hybrid systems from planning the process to produce the actions, these are the planning, the process and control layer. In this case the algorithms will be applied to robotics ¡V a domain where improvements are well accepted ¡V it is expected to find a simple repetitive processes for which the extra effort in complexity can be compensated by some cost reductions. It may be also interesting to implement some control optimisation to processes such as fuel injection, DC-DC converters etc. In order to apply the RW theory of discrete event systems on a Hybrid system, we must abstract the continuous signals and to project the events generated for these signals, to obtain new sets of observable and controllable events. Ramadge & Wonham¡¦s theory along with the TCT software give a Controllable Sublanguage of the legal language generated for a Discrete Event System (DES). Continuous abstraction transforms predicates over continuous variables into controllable or uncontrollable events, and modifies the set of uncontrollable, controllable observable and unobservable events. Continuous signals produce into the system virtual events, when this crosses the bound limits. If this event is deterministic, they can be projected. It is necessary to determine the controllability of this event, in order to assign this to the corresponding set, , controllable, uncontrollable, observable and unobservable set of events. Find optimal trajectories in order to minimise some cost function is the goal of the modelling procedure. Mathematical model for the system allows the user to apply mathematical techniques over this expression. These possibilities are, to minimise a specific cost function, to obtain optimal controllers and to approximate a specific trajectory. The combination of the Dynamic Programming with Bellman Principle of optimality, give us the procedure to solve the minimum time trajectory for Hybrid systems. The problem is greater when there exists interaction between adjacent states. In Hybrid systems the problem is to determine the partial set points to be applied at the local models. Optimal controller can be implemented in each local model in order to assure the minimisation of the local costs. The solution of this problem needs to give us the trajectory to follow the system. Trajectory marked by a set of set points to force the system to passing over them. Several ways are possible to drive the system from the Starting point Xi to the End point Xf. Different ways are interesting in: dynamic sense, minimum states, approximation at set points, etc. These ways need to be safe and viable and RchW. And only one of them must to be applied, normally the best, which minimises the proposed cost function. A Reachable Way, this means the controllable way and safe, will be evaluated in order to obtain which one minimises the cost function. Contribution of this work is a complete framework to work with the majority Hybrid systems, the procedures to model, control and supervise are defined and explained and its use is demonstrated. Also explained is the procedure to model the systems to be analysed for automatic verification. Great improvements were obtained by using this methodology in comparison to using other piecewise linear approximations. It is demonstrated in particular cases this methodology can provide best approximation. The most important contribution of this work, is the Alpha approximation for non-linear systems with high dynamics While this kind of process is not typical, but in this case the Alpha approximation is the best linear approximation to use, and give a compact representation.

Biblioteca escolar em rede e sua contribuição para novas práticas de aprendizagem

Este trabalho visa refletir sobre o contributo das Bibliotecas Escolares e dos seus recursos para a construção do conhecimento na escola. No contexto da sociedade de informação e das novas tecnologias, destacamos o papel da Biblioteca Escolar enquanto recurso multifuncional de aprendizagem. Trata-se, assim, de um trabalho de reflexão, cuja intenção consiste em reconhecer a necessidade de, na atual sociedade de informação, nos empenharmos na criação de uma nova cultura educativa, de um novo paradigma que promova a supervisão, o conhecimento e a aprendizagem na biblioteca escolar e a partir dela. A escola, o conhecimento e a nova aprendizagem, hoje em dia, estão dentro da biblioteca. A escola deve ser para uma aprendizagem ao longo da vida e não para uma aprendizagem ao longo da escola. A biblioteca escolar é mais do que uma sala com livros, revistas, CD-ROMs, computadores e recursos da Web. A biblioteca escolar é um lugar onde os alunos aprendem como aprender, é um centro multifuncional em rede que estimula a façanha, a realização do aluno e a aprendizagem ao longo da vida dos off campus. O professor bibliotecário deve ser o supervisor, o coordenador, o consultor e avaliador da biblioteca, enquanto centro de informação multifuncional de recursos em rede, de aprendizagem ou, simplesmente, centro cognitivo de apoio ao conhecimento.

O discurso supervisivo : a relação entre o desenvolvimento moral e o desejo de auto-atualização

O objetivo desta apresentação é tentar ligar o desenvolvimento moral ao desejo de autoatualização no âmbito do discurso supervisivo. Assim, pretendemos revelar que as relações, nomeadamente as relações de poder, nas interações supervisor (es) – docente (s) não são simétricas, pois são moldadas pelas ideologias, que são sistemas de cognição social (Van Dijk, 1997) específicas de cada grupo envolvido nessa interação, e que podem promover ou limitar o desenvolvimento moral e o desejo de auto–atualização dos elementos do grupo mais fraco em termos de poder. O enquadramento teórico terá como base o Modelo de Desenvolvimento Moral de Kohlberg (1973, 1976), a Hierarquia de Necessidades Básicas de Maslow (1970) e o postulado pela Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD). Um extrato de uma interação supervisiva será apresentado, analisado e interpretado segundo o esquema proposto por Fairclough (1989), no seu livro intitulado Language and Power.

O trabalho colaborativo da equipa técnico-pedagógica de um centro novas oportunidades

O trabalho da equipa técnico-pedagógica dos centros novas oportunidades deve assentar em práticas colaborativas, de modo a nortear-se pelo rigor e pela qualidade do serviço pois, só assim, se poderá realizar um acompanhamento adequado dos adultos. Alguns adultos referem que ao longo do processo de reconhecimento, validação e certificação de competências não tiveram o acompanhamento adequado por parte de alguns elementos da equipa técnico-pedagógica e, nesse sentido, considerámos que seria importante investigar se tal acontece, e daí a questão geral da nossa investigação - Como é que a equipa técnico-pedagógica pode promover o trabalho colaborativo de modo a realizar um acompanhamento adequado ao candidato? Efetivamente, só através do trabalho colaborativo, por parte da equipa, o adulto poderá ter um acompanhamento adequado pois “a complexidade dos problemas exige trabalho em equipa decorrente da assunção de projectos comuns.” (Alarcão e Tavares, 2003, p. 132). Assim, e tendo sempre por objetivo a implementação de boas práticas, levámos a cabo esta investigação, de natureza qualitativa, assente num estudo de caso, recorrendo também a dados de natureza quantitativa, de modo a analisar a importância do trabalho colaborativo no seio da equipa técnico-pedagógica dos centros novas oportunidades. Os resultados do nosso estudo permitem-nos concluir que as práticas colaborativas da equipa técnico-pedagógica do centro novas oportunidades, por nós investigado, não se encontram ainda devidamente consolidadas, mas os momentos de partilha e de reflexão já são uma realidade, pelo que a equipa tem plena consciência que é deste modo que deve nortear o seu trabalho. Assim, os dados obtidos apontam para a necessidade da equipa promover o trabalho colaborativo, intensificando os momentos de reflexão, envolvendo todos os elementos, onde se partilhem materiais, procedimentos e estratégias, de modo a desenvolver a capacidade crítica e auto-reflexiva. O coordenador tem um papel fundamental, enquanto supervisor e elemento dinamizador deste processo, devendo ser capaz de motivar a equipa a trabalhar deste modo, visando um acompanhamento adequado do candidato ao longo do processo de reconhecimento, validação e certificação de competências.

A supervisão da formação contínua de professores para o cumprimento das metas do projeto educativo

O professor representa um importante papel na escola, enquanto pessoa e profissional, como professor ou supervisor. Para que se mantenha atualizado nas funções que desempenha, revela-se fundamental a frequência de ações de formação contínua, ao longo de toda a vida profissional. O projeto educativo de escola é considerado, legalmente, um dos documentos de importância estratégica para a escola e nele deverá constar a questão da formação contínua de professores. Por esse motivo, este projeto pretende investigar, no contexto particular de uma escola, de que modo as necessidades de formação do pessoal docente estão previstas no projeto educativo e de que modo as mesmas são posteriormente articuladas com o plano de formação, para se constituírem como uma resposta formativa eficaz. Da análise de conteúdo efetuada concluiu-se que o projeto educativo não prevê a formação do pessoal docente, não estão implementadas práticas de supervisão no campo da formação e não há qualquer articulação deste documento com o plano de formação. A formação prevista no plano de formação também não prepara os professores para responderem às metas definidas no projeto educativo e, para colmatar esse facto, foi construído um plano de ação de formação sobre o tema da indisciplina, situação identificada como a mais problemática para a escola resolver.

Socialização e Satisfação nos diferentes tipos de estágios

O objectivo do presente estudo é perceber se a satisfação de estagiários é influenciada por alguma das dimensões da medida de estabelecimento de relações, especialmente da socialização. A amostra é constituída por 144 participantes, 52 do sexo masculino e 92 do sexo feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 19 e os 45 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram os seguintes: Estabelecimento de Relações propostas por Ashford e Black, que é constituída por três subescalas (socialização, relação com o orientador e estabelecimento de redes sociais), e a segunda foi a da Satisfação Global com o Trabalho propostas por Hackman e Oldham Os resultados revelaram que a satisfação é influenciado por algumas das dimensões da medida de estabelecimento de relações, assim quanto maior for a socialização do individuo maior será a satisfação no trabalho, maior será o bem-estar vivido no trabalho ou na situação do trabalho, sendo maior o seu empenho em relação à organização e ao seu estágio.

Implementación de una metodología de evaluación de la gestión del gobierno corporativo en la banca privada ecuatoriana

En los últimos años se ha hecho más notable la necesidad de disponer de un “buen gobierno corporativo” escándalos corporativos sobre todo en los EEUU mostraron la necesidad de atacar problemas tales como la falta de separación de funciones, conflictos de interés, información insuficiente a los accionistas y entidades de control, falta de auditoria independiente, control interno insuficiente, falta de registros contables adecuados, falta de prácticas adecuadas de riesgos, entre los más importantes, lo cual nos lleva a tener la convicción de que una adecuada evaluación por parte del supervisor bancario de la calidad en la gestión y administración disminuye sustancialmente la posibilidad de registrar pérdidas. Por lo antes expuesto, desde el punto de vista del supervisor bancario ecuatoriano, es necesario contar con una metodología que le permita al Jefe de Equipo de una supervisión bancaria una vez concluida una auditoría integral, determinar la calidad de la gestión del gobierno corporativo de un banco privado ecuatoriano, para lo cual en la presente tesis se analizá el concepto, definiciones y principios de gobierno corporativo (GC) en América Latina y en Ecuador, se estudian los principales elementos de Gobierno Corporativo a analizar en un banco, con los cuales se proponé una herramienta metodológica informática que permita obtener una objetiva “evaluación”, entendiéndose como tal, a la determinación de si la Junta de Accionistas, el Directorio y la administración de una entidad bancaria cumple primeramente con los requisitos previos para administrar, considerando el “fit and prooper” (honestidad e integridad, competencia, habilidad operacional, adecuadas practicas financieras), así como, producto de la evaluación de la gestión y administración de los riesgos de la entidad, determinar si los mismos son identificados, medidos, controlados y monitoreados conforme su propio perfil de riesgo, traducido en una calificación asociada a la calidad de dicha gestión y administración, para determinar medidas de acción adecuadas, logrando que la supervisión del organismo de control sea oportuna y preventiva.

Supervisión bancaria

El presente trabajo tiende a examinar el control que ejerce el estado en el sistema financiero por medio de la Superintendencia de Bancos, entidad a la cual se le asigna el rol de la vigilancia y control de las entidades que operan en el sector financiero. Para ello ha sido necesario establecer la evolución y los cambios que se han ido presentando tanto en lo referente a las actividades u operaciones en el contexto financiero y nacidas de ellas las nuevas tendencias en las que ha debido incursionar la supervisión, pasando de la banca especializada a la multibanca hasta llegar a la estructura actual y la nueva dirección hacia la que apunta el sistema financiero, generado por la internalización y la globalización de la economía, procesos dentro de los cuales surgen nuevos elementos que gravitan directamente sobre el sistema financiero, generados de su propia evolución y por lo tanto requieren de nuevos instrumentos y mecanismos que hagan posible la organización de los mismos dentro del marco regulador y de control. Es por ello que igualmente se analiza la normativa vigente para determinar si se enmarca dentro de las exigencias de la actividad contemporánea como la estructura orgánico-funcional del ente supervisor y su actuar dentro del campo financiero tanto de las instituciones públicas cuanto de las privadas.

Inserción laboral de personas con discapacidad y su impacto en la medición del clima organizacional y desempeño en el Banco Pichincha

La presente investigación pretende vincular el conocimiento impartido en la Maestría de Desarrollo y gestión del talento Humanos en el ámbito laboral, cuyo objeto de estudio es el comportamiento del ser humano en el ámbito de las organizaciones. La compañía o entidad financiera debe tener un estricto apego al cumplimiento con la ley de inserción laboral, vigente en el país desarrollo el presente plan de inserción laboral, para personas con discapacidad, equivalente a 249 colaboradores que es el 4% del total de su nómina, pero este proceso no solo debe contener resultados numéricos, lo más importante es conocer cómo se sienten estas personas luego de ser contratadas, medido por le medio de una encuesta que medirá su satisfacción en la organización su puesto de trabajo, en una encuesta de 87 preguntas llamada ICAO (Índice de Calidad de ambiente organizacional) estos resultados deben ser analizados y sabremos qué nivel de satisfacción les da el trabajar en esta institución. Luego debemos conocer el punto de vista institucional es decir, como la organización, que acoge a estas personas evalúa el desempeño de las mismas en sus cargos, funciones y desempeño individual, que lo mediremos con una evaluación de desempeño realizado por el supervisor llamado “Ranking”, esta metodología permite recibir información del supervisor. Con estos dos factores analizaremos la inserción laborar de este grupo para conocer el nivel de satisfacción de personas con discapacidad y el de la organización que los acoge.

What kind of European Banking Union? Bruegel Policy Contribution [2012/12?]June 25, 2012

This paper discusses the creation of a European Banking Union. First, we discuss questions of design. We highlight seven fundamental choices that decision makers will need to make: Which EU countries should participate in the banking union? To which categories of banks should it apply? Which institution should be tasked with supervision? Which one should deal with resolution? How centralised should the deposit insurance system be? What kind of fiscal backing would be required? What governance framework and political institutions would be needed? In terms of geographical scope, we see the coverage of the banking union of the euro area as necessary and of additional countries as desirable, even though this would entail important additional economic difficulties. The system should ideally cover all banks within the countries included, in order to prevent major competitive and distributional distortions. Supervisory authority should be granted either to both the ECB and a new agency, or to a new agency alone. National supervisors, acting under the authority of the European supervisor, would be tasked with the supervision of smaller banks in accordance with the subsidiarity principle. A European resolution authority should be established, with the possibility of drawing on ESM resources. A fully centralized deposit insurance system would eventually be desirable, but a system of partial reinsurance may also be envisaged at least in a first phase. A banking union would require at least implicit European fiscal backing, with significant political authority and legitimacy. Thus, banking union cannot be considered entirely separately from fiscal union and political union. The most difficult challenge of creating a European banking union lies with the short-term steps towards its eventual implementation. Many banks in the euro area, and especially in the crisis countries, are currently under stress and the move towards banking union almost certainly has significant distributional implications. Yet it is precisely because banks are under such stress that early and concrete action is needed. An overarching principle for such action is to minimize the cost to the tax payers. The first step should be to create a European supervisor that will anchor the development of the future banking union. In parallel, a capability to quickly assess the true capital position of the system’s most important banks should be created, for which we suggest establishing a temporary European Banking Sector Task Force working together with the European supervisor and other authorities. Ideally, problems identified by this process should be resolved by national authorities; in case fiscal capacities would prove insufficient, the European level would take over in the country concerned with some national financial participation, or in an even less likely adverse scenario, in all participating countries at once. This approach would require the passing of emergency legislation in the concerned countries that would give the Task Force the required access to information and, if necessary, further intervention rights. Thus, the principle of fiscal responsibility of respective member states for legacy costs would be preserved to the maximum extent possible, and at the same time, market participants and the public would be reassured that adequate tools are in place to address any eventuality.

Innovative use of e-portfolio for personal development

iLearn is a quasi-Web 2.0 tool developed in Blackboard to help users with Personal Development Planning (PDP). This paper describes a case study on how the innovative use of mobile digital technology in iLearn e-Portfolio for developing reflective portfolios for PDP benefits the users, who are training to be professionals in construction management and surveying, The e-Portfolio tool benefits users as it enables them to create and share portfolios, record achievements and reflections that support future job applications and promotion. Users find it beneficial because they can make use of iLearn e-Portfolio to keep academic records and achievements, activities and interests, work experience, reflective practice, employer information and some other useful resources, and also to tailor their CV and covering letters including evidence to support their CV, transferable skills and selling points. Useful information for preparing for an interview, reflecting after an event and any thoughts and evaluation can be kept in iLearn e-Portfolio. Keeping assessment and feedback records in iLearn e-Portfolio enables learners to know their progress, to identify any gaps they need to fill to develop their study practices and areas for development. The key points from the feedback on the assignments and assessments are beneficial for future improvement. The reflections on the tasks and how they make use of the advice are particularly useful to improve their overall performance. In terms of pedagogical benefits, the “Individual Learner Profile” records and reviews evidence in verbal communication, basic and higher academic skills, time management, numeracy skill and IT skills, learners become increasingly aware of their own strengths and any weaker areas that may require development. The e-Portfolio also provides opportunity for them to reflect on the experience and skills they have gained whilst participating in activities outside their studies. As the iLearn e-Portfolio is a reflective practice tool, it is consistent with the principle of Schon's reflective practitioner to reframe problems and to explore the consequences of actions. From the users’ feedback, for those who engage regularly in iLearn, they are better able to set agendas for their supervision meetings and provide their supervisor with a unique record of their achievements, skills and attributes which help them writing effective references for them. They make the most of their learning experience in general. They also enhance their transferable skills and employability overall. The iLearn e-Portfolio prepares them for the workplace including continuing professional development. Users are aware of their transferable skills, evidence of the skills and skill level, including award or accreditation, and their personal reflection on their transferable skills. It is beneficial for them to be aware of their transferable skills, to produce evidence of the skills and skills level such as award and accreditation, and to record their personal reflection on their transferable skills. Finally, the innovative use of mobile digital technology in iLearn e-Portfolio for developing reflective portfolios for PDP will improve their employability.

Doctoral supervision of colleagues: peeling off the veneer of satisfaction and competence

The nexus of teaching, administration and research activities engaged in by academic staff in higher education means that each individual plays a multitude of roles in relation to colleagues, producing inevitable tensions. One role relationship that epitomizes this extraordinary juggling task is that of doctoral supervisor/supervisee, when both are academic staff in the same institution. The last 10 years has seen an upsurge of research interest in doctoral research students, and government and funding bodies have imposed ever more stringent requirements on supervisors. However, staff pairings have been ignored in this literature and research. This article reports on an exploration that seeks to redress this omission by giving voice to the participants (colleague supervisor or research student), allowing them to articulate constructs about what may be unique in the interaction, thus highlighting factors that support or impede success in the enterprise.

Doctoral supervision of colleagues: peeling off the veneer of satisfaction and competence

The nexus of teaching, administration and research activities engaged in by academic staff in higher education means that each individual plays a multitude of roles in relation to colleagues, producing inevitable tensions. One role relationship that epitomizes this extraordinary juggling task is that of doctoral supervisor/supervisee, when both are academic staff in the same institution. The last 10 years has seen an upsurge of research interest in doctoral research students, and government and funding bodies have imposed ever more stringent requirements on supervisors. However, staff pairings have been ignored in this literature and research. This article reports on an exploration that seeks to redress this omission by giving voice to the participants (colleague supervisor or research student), allowing them to articulate constructs about what may be unique in the interaction, thus highlighting factors that support or impede success in the enterprise.

Autonomous intelligent cruise control using a novel multiple-controller framework incorporating fuzzy-logic-based switching and tuning

This paper presents a novel intelligent multiple-controller framework incorporating a fuzzy-logic-based switching and tuning supervisor along with a generalised learning model (GLM) for an autonomous cruise control application. The proposed methodology combines the benefits of a conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, and a PID structure-based (simultaneous) zero and pole placement controller. The switching decision between the two nonlinear fixed structure controllers is made on the basis of the required performance measure using a fuzzy-logic-based supervisor, operating at the highest level of the system. The supervisor is also employed to adaptively tune the parameters of the multiple controllers in order to achieve the desired closed-loop system performance. The intelligent multiple-controller framework is applied to the autonomous cruise control problem in order to maintain a desired vehicle speed by controlling the throttle plate angle in an electronic throttle control (ETC) system. Sample simulation results using a validated nonlinear vehicle model are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the multiple-controller with respect to adaptively tracking the desired vehicle speed changes and achieving the desired speed of response, whilst penalising excessive control action. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.