Vertical transport and exchange of materials in the upper waters of the oceans (VERTEX): introduction to the program, hydrographic conditions and major component fluxes during VERTEX I

This paper introduces VERTEX, a multi-disciplinary research program dealing with various aspects of particle transport in the upper, high-energy layers (0-2000 m) of the ocean. Background information is presented on hydrography, biological composition of trapped particulates, and major component fluxes observed on a cruise off central California (VERTEX I). Organic C fluxes measured with two trap systems are compared with several other estimates taken from the literature. The intent of this overview paper is to provide a common setting in an economical manner, and avoid undue repetition of background and ancillary information in subsequent publications. (PDF is 43 pages).

A gestão estratégica na Câmara dos Deputados : análise do uso da comunicação para a implantação do planejamento estratégico

A escolha e a definição de um modelo gerencial a ser implantando em qualquer organização passam, obrigatoriamente, pela anuência da sua alta administração. Trata-se da adoção de um novo posicionamento diante do ambiente em que a instituição está inserida, de uma nova relação desta com seus públicos envolvidos e, sobretudo, do fomento político e financeiro para estas mudanças. Esta nova postura pode ser categoricamente definida como uma decisão vertical descendente visando alcançar determinados objetivos para a instituição. No entanto, além da natureza de "ordem" da diretoria, a participação e o envolvimento do corpo funcional, sobretudo nos primeiros estágios do processo, podem indicar a viabilidade ou não de implantação deste novo modelo escolhido. Ademais, a implantação de um modelo gerencial moderno é uma escolha fundamental e arriscada em qualquer ambiente, sobretudo no setor público. Angariar o apoio dos servidores a partir da uma estratégia de comunicação é fundamental para o sucesso desta decisão. Afinal, mais que um acessório, a comunicação e, sobretudo, a Comunicação Organizacional, devem ser vistas como fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de uma nova cultura organizacional. Diminuindo as resistências, reduzindo os atritos e levando a um ambiente ágil, participativo e aberto a novos desafios, torna-se mais fácil a aceitação de novas ideias no ambiente laboral. Oficialmente, a Câmara dos Deputados iniciou o processo de implantação de um novo modelo de posicionamento estratégico, baseado no BSC (Balanced Score Card), com a publicação do Ato da Mesa 56, em 8 de dezembro de 2009, que definiu a estrutura de implantação e as atribuições das áreas envolvidas com a Gestão Estratégica. A partir deste momento, uma série de ações de divulgação e promoção do Planejamento foi realizada, mas nenhuma sondagem sobre todo o universo de servidores da Casa foi realizada deste então. Torna-se, portanto, indispensável avaliar como o servidor da Câmara se vê e como ele concebe o Planejamento estratégico da Instituição. Este trabalho possui como objetivo principal identificar, com o uso de ferramentas estatísticas, qual a imagem do Planejamento Estratégico adotado junto aos servidores e de que maneira o corpo funcional se relaciona com este novo modelo administrativo. A pesquisa se pautou nas seguintes questões: (a) como se processa a implantação de um modelo gerencial numa instituição centenária como a Câmara dos Deputados? (b) quais os reflexos, ações e consequências desta decisão? (c) como o corpo funcional lida com esta nova realidade? (d) qual o papel da Comunicação neste processo? Durante 45 dias foram aplicados 148 questionários com diferentes categorias funcionais de servidores, além de 20 entrevistas com os gerentes de programas e projetos e representantes dos escritórios setoriais de gestão estratégica. O propósito foi envolver os diferentes segmentos que atuam com o Planejamento Estratégico: Escritórios Setoriais, Coordenadores de Programas e Projetos e os Servidores comuns da Instituição. A pesquisa indica que a falta de uma política específica de comunicação do Planejamento Estratégico, a resistência do servidor ao novo modelo e, sobretudo, o uso de um discurso fictício de aprovação do Planejamento Estratégico são entraves muito fortes que ao longo prazo podem inviabilizar a sua efetiva implantação. Os resultados obtidos demonstram ainda que muito ainda é necessário ser feito para que as expectativas da alta cúpula, os projetos definidos pelas áreas estratégicas e o apoio do corpo funcional andem no mesmo ritmo.

A rational fraction polynomials model to study vertical dynamic wheel-rail interaction

This paper presents a model designed to study vertical interactions between wheel and rail when the wheel moves over a rail welding. The model focuses on the spatial domain, and is drawn up in a simple fashion from track receptances. The paper obtains the receptances from a full track model in the frequency domain already developed by the authors, which includes deformation of the rail section and propagation of bending, elongation and torsional waves along an infinite track. Transformation between domains was secured by applying a modified rational fraction polynomials method. This obtains a track model with very few degrees of freedom, and thus with minimum time consumption for integration, with a good match to the original model over a sufficiently broad range of frequencies. Wheel-rail interaction is modelled on a non-linear Hertzian spring, and consideration is given to parametric excitation caused by the wheel moving over a sleeper, since this is a moving wheel model and not a moving irregularity model. The model is used to study the dynamic loads and displacements emerging at the wheel-rail contact passing over a welding defect at different speeds.

Pressure Drop Studies of Gas-Liquid Bubbly Flow in Vertical Upward Pipeline

This paper describes the experimental and theoretical studies of gas-liquid bubbly flow in vertical upward pipeline carried out at Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Bubbly flow in a vertical pipe with a 3 m long and 5 cm inner diameter plexiglass pipe was experimentally investigated, and studies carried out on the relationship between superficial velocities of the liquid and gas phases and pressure gradient is described. The developed drift-flux model applied to gas-liquid bubbly flow is presented, and the results are compared against the experimental data measured by ours in air/water vertical pipes.

The distribution of cirripeds and gastropods on plain vertical rock surfaces in the upper intertidal and splash zones

This is a student paper done for a University of California Berkeley Zoology class. Since UCB didn't have its own marine lab at the time, it rented space at Hopkins Marine Station where this work was done. Cadet Hand earned his Ph.D. from Berkeley and went on to become Director of the Bodega Marine Laboratory. Donald Putnam Abbott also earned his Ph.D. from Berkeley and later became a Stanford professor at Hopkins Marine Station. (PDF contains 26 pages)

Effect of Pipe Diameter on Flow Pattern Transition in Vertical Oil Water Flows

This paper investiges the effect of pipe diameter on flow pattern transition boundary in oil water vertical flows, and proposes a model to determine the maximum inner diameter (D_{infty s}) of a pipe in which the slug flow would not occur When pipe inner diameter D>D_{infty s}, only bubble flow exists, while D

Seasonal, horizontal, and vertical distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll a in the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Ecosystem

The broad scale features in the horizontal, vertical, and seasonal distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll a on the northeast U.S. continental shelf are described based on 57,088 measurements made during 78 oceanographic surveys from 1977 through 1988. Highest mean water column chlorophyll concentration (Chlw,) is usually observed in nearshore areas adjacent to the mouths of the estuaries in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), over the shallow water on Georges Bank, and a small area sampled along the southeast edge of Nantucket Shoals. Lowest Chlw «0.125 ug l-1) is usually restricted to the most seaward stations sampled along the shelf-break and the central deep waters in the Gulf of Maine. There is at least a twofold seasonal variation in phytoplankton biomass in all areas, with highest phytoplankton concentrations (m3) and highest integrated standing stocks (m2) occurring during the winter-spring (WS) bloom, and the lowest during summer, when vertical density stratification is maximal. In most regions, a secondary phytoplankton biomass pulse is evident during convective destratification in fall, usually in October. Fall bloom in some areas of Georges Bank approaches the magnitude of the WS-bloom, but Georges Bank and Middle Atlantic Bight fall blooms are clearly subordinate to WS-blooms. Measurements of chlorophyll in two size-fractions of the phytoplankton, netplankton (>20 um) and nanoplankton «20 um), revealed that the smaller nanoplankton are responsible for most of the phytoplankton biomass on the northeast U.S. shelf. Netplankton tend to be more abundant in nearshore areas of the MAB and shallow water on Georges Bank, where chlorophyll a is usually high; nanoplankton dominate deeper water at the shelf-break and deep water in the Gulf of Maine, where Chlw is usually low. As a general rule, the percent of phytoplankton in the netplankton size-fraction increases with increasing depth below surface and decreases proceeding offshore. There are distinct seasonal and regional patterns in the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a and percent netplankton, as revealed in composite vertical profiles of chlorophyll a constructed for 11 layers of the water column. Subsurface chlorophyll a maxima are ubiquitous during summer in stratified water. Chlorophyll a in the subsurface maximum layer is generally 2-8 times the concentration in the overlying and underlying water and approaches 50 to 75% of the levels observed in surface water during WS-bloom. The distribution of the ratio of the subsurface maximum chlorophyll a to surface chlorophyll a (SSR) during summer parallels the shelfwide pattern for stability, indexed as the difference in density (sigma-t) between 40 m and surface (stability 40. The weakest stability and lowest SSR's are found in shallow tidally-mixed water on Georges Bank; the greatest stability and highest SSR's (8-12:1) are along the mid and outer MAB shelf, over the winter residual water known as the "cold band." On Georges Bank, the distribution of SSR and the stability40 are roughly congruent with the pattern for maximum surface tidal current velocity, with values above 50 cms-1 defining SSR's less than 2:1 and the well-mixed area. Physical factors (bathymetry, vertical mixing by strong tidal currents, and seasonal and regional differences in the intensity and duration of vertical stratification) appear to explain much of the variability in phytoplankton chlorophyll a throughout this ecosystem. (PDF file contains 126 pages.)

Vertical and seasonal distribution of phytoplankton in the Shen Reservoir Plateau State, Nigeria

The phytoplankton distribution of the Shen Reservoir, Bukuru in the Jos Plateau, Nigeria was monitored at 6 depths. Higher floral abundance occurred within the upper 00-03 meters with highest values at the first 1 meter. Bacillariophyceae and Dinophyceae recorded higher values in March-April with lower values in July and January respectively. Phytoplankton were most abundant in the rainy season. Secchi disc transparency was lowest in the peak of the rainy season (July) due to higher levels of suspended matter resulting from the increased run-off from surrounding farmlands of allochthonous materials as well as higher levels of phytoplankton population arising from the former factor. The low water temperature of December/January 15 degree C plus or minus 2 degree C might have depressed growth among the major groups of plankters but enhanced rapid multiplication of the Chlorophyta, Trachelomonas which showed a bloom at this season