Estudo de resistência da bactéria Escherichia Coli a antibióticos em infecções urinárias na população da Região Autónoma da Madeira

As infecções do tracto urinário (ITU) são doenças infecciosas comuns e distinguem-se em dois grandes grupos: o das infecções do tracto urinário superior e o das infecções do tracto urinário inferior. O principal agente etiológico envolvido nas ITU é a bactéria Escherichia coli (E. coli), representando 80-95% dos invasores do tracto urinário na população em geral. É mais comum entre os adultos do sexo feminino, principalmente com actividade sexual, embora as crianças, mulheres grávidas e idosos também apresentam grande susceptibilidade. Paralelamente, a problemática da resistência aos antimicrobianos é um tema actual e muito debatido internacionalmente. Como tal, o presente estudo teve como principal objectivo contribuir para a identificação fiável da bactéria E. coli em infecções urinárias bem como a determinação do seu perfil de resistência a antibióticos. Os dados apresentados referem-se a um estudo efectuado entre Outubro de 2008 e Junho de 2009 no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Castro Fernandes – MMC. Foram analisadas 6522 amostras de urina, das quais 390 corresponderam a uroculturas positivas. Verificou-se que o sexo feminino tem uma maior propensão para infecções urinárias, havendo uma tendência para o aumento das ITU com a idade. Na interpretação da cultura revelou-se importante a informação dada pelo exame cultural acerca do número de leucócitos. Concluiu-se que nas uroculturas cujo número de colónias foi superior a 105 com menos de três espécies de colónias diferentes na cultura, o número de leucócitos foi superior a 30 milhares de células por μL, o que sugere a existência de infecção urinária. No estudo do perfil de sensibilidade da bactéria E. coli isolada, para a família dos betalactâmicos (Ampicilina (AMP), Amoxicilina/Ácido Clavulânico (AMC), Piperacilina/Tazobactam (PIP/TZP)), família das cefalosporinas (Cefalotina (KF), Cefuroxima (CXM), Cefuroxima Acetil (CA), Cefotaxima (CTX), Ceftazidima (CAZ), Cefepima (FEP)), família dos aminoglicosídeos (Amicacina (AM), Gentamicina (GM), Tobramicina (TOB)) e para as nitrofurantoínas (F), verificou-se uma grande sensibilidade e pouca resistência em termos quantitativos, mas para a família das quinolonas (Ciprofloxacina (CIP), Levofloxacina (LEV), Norfloxacina (NOR)) e para os Trimetoprim/Sulfametoxazol (TMP/SMX) verificou-se resistências quantitativamente superiores aos das famílias anteriormente referidas, sugerindo valores convergentes aos da tendência europeia. Foram identificados famílias de fenótipos tais como: os beta-lactâmicos, os aminoglicosídeos, quinolonas, tetraciclinas, furanos e trimetoprim/sulfamidas.E. coli é um microganismo cujo fenótipo selvagem não tem resistências intrínsecas. Todas as resistências são adquiridas. Actualmente, a realização dos antibiogramas para E. coli tornou-se fundamental tendo em vista os factores ecológicos, genéticos, ambientais e pelo facto de que mais isolados são resistentes à maioria dos antibióticos. Como conclusão, este estudo permitirá alertar para um problema sério que é uma grande ameaça à Saúde Pública.

Influência da vermiculita expandida na resistência à compressão e reologia de pastas cimentantes de poços de petróleo

Several problems related to the loss of hydraulic seal in oilwells, causing gas migration and/or contamination of the production zone by water, have been reported. The loss of the hydraulic seal is a consequence of cracks which can be occasioned either by the invasion of gas during the wait on cement or by the expansion of the casing causing the fracture of the cement sheath. In case of the pressure of the formation is higher than the pressure in the annulus, gas can migrate into the slurry and form microannulus, which are channels where gas migrates after the cement is set. Cracks can be also occasioned by the fracture of the cement sheath when it does not withstand the thermal and dynamic loads. In reservoirs where the oil is heavy, steam water injection operation is required in order to get the oil flowing. This operation increases the temperature of the casing, and then it expands and causes the fracture of the cement sheath in the annulus. When the failures on the cement are detected, remedial cementing is required, which raise costs caused by the interventions. Once the use of cement in the construction civil sector is older than its use in the petroleum sector, it is common to bring technologies and solutions from the civil construction and apply them on the petroleum area. In this context, vermiculite, a mineral-clay widely encountered in Brazil, has been used, on its exfoliated form, in the civil construction, especially on the manufacture of lights and fireproof concretes with excellent thermal and acoustical properties. It has already been reported in scientific journals, studies of the addition of exfoliated vermiculite in Portland cements revealing good properties related to oilwell cementing operations. Thus, this study aimed to study the rheological behavior, thickening time, stability and compressive strength of the slurries made of Portland cement and exfoliated vermiculite in 5 different compositions, at room temperature and heated. The results showed that the compressive strength decreased with the addition of exfoliated vermiculite, however the values are still allowed for oiwell cementing operations. The thickening time of the slurry with no exfoliated vermiculite was 120 min and the thickening time of the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite was 98 min. The stability and the rheological behavior of the slurries revealed that the exfoliated vermiculite absorbed water and therefore increased the viscosity of the slurries, even though increasing the factor cement-water. The stability experiment carried out at 133 ºF showed that, there was neither sedimentation nor reduction of the volume of the cement for the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite. Thus, the addition of exfoliated vermiculite accelerates the set time of the cement and gives it a small shrinkage during the wait on cement, which are important to prevent gas migration

Incorporação de resíduo cerâmico para prevenção da retrogressão da resistência de cimentos de poços de petróleo submetidos à injeção de vapor

Steam injection is the most used thermal recovery method of oil nowadays because of the high degree of development of the technique that allows high recovery factors. However, injection of superheated steam into the reservoir affects the entire structure of the well, including the cemented layer that presents a retrogression of compressive strength and increases the permeability due to formation of more crystalline and denser phases at temperatures above 110 °C. These changes result in failures in the cement that favor the entrance of formation fluids into the annulus space resulting in unsafe operations and restrictions in the economic life of the well. But the strength retrogression can be prevented by partial replacement of cement by silica-based materials that reduce the CaO/SiO2 ratio of cement slurries changing the trajectory of the reactions, converting those deleterious phases in phases with satisfactory mechanical strength and permeability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of a ceramic waste material rich in silica in partial and total substitution of a mineral additive used to fight the strength retrogression of cement slurries subjected to high temperatures. The evaluation was made by compression, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). The samples were submitted to a cycle of low temperature (38 °C) for 28 days and a cycle of low temperature followed by exposure to 280 ºC and 1000 psi by 3 days. The results showed that slurries with additions of up to 30% of the waste material are not enough to prevent the strength retrogression, while slurries with additions of the waste material combined with silica flour in various proportions produced hydrated products of low Ca/Si ratios that maintained the compressive strength at satisfactory levels

Avaliação da corrosão em dutos por técnica gravimétrica e de resistência elétrica

With the increasing of demand for natural gas and the consequent growth of the pipeline networks, besides the importance of transport and transfer of oil products by pipeline, and when it comes to product quality and integrity of the pipeline there is an important role regarding to the monitoring internal corrosion of the pipe. This study aims to assess corrosion in three pipeline that operate with different products, using gravimetric techniques and electrical resistance. Chemical analysis of residues originated in the pipeline helps to identify the mechanism corrosive process. The internal monitoring of the corrosion in the pipelines was carried out between 2009 and 2010 using coupon weight loss and electrical resistance probe. Physico-chemical techniques of diffraction and fluorescence X-rays were used to characterize the products of corrosion of the pipelines. The corrosion rate by weight loss was analyzed for every pipeline, only those ones that has revealed corrosive attack were analyzed located corrosion rate. The corrosion potential was classified as low to pipeline gas and ranged from low to severe for oil pipelines and the pipeline derivatives. Corrosion products were identified as iron carbonate, iron oxide and iron sulfide

Efeito da adição de cargas minerais leves na resistência mecânica de grautes para cimentação de poços offshore

The preparation of cement slurries for offshore well cementing involves mixing all solid components to be added to the mixing water on the platform. The aim of this work was to study the formulation of pre-prepared dry mixtures, or grouts, for offshore oilwell cementing. The addition of mineral fillers in the strength of lightweight grouts applied for depths down to 400 m under water depths of 500 m was investigated. Lightweight materials and fine aggregates were selected. For the choice of starting materials, a study of the pozzolanic activity of low-cost fillers such as porcelain tile residue, microsilica and diatomaceous earth was carried out by X-ray diffraction and mechanical strength tests. Hardened grouts containing porcelain tile residue and microsilica depicted high strength at early ages. Based on such preliminary investigation, a study of the mechanical strength of grouts with density 1.74 g/cm3 (14.5 lb/gal) cured initially at 27 °C was performed using cement, microsilica, porcelain tile residue and an anti-foaming agent. The results showed that the mixture containing 7% of porcelain tile residue and 7% of microsilica was the one with the highest compressive strength after curing for 24 hours. This composition was chosen to be studied and adapted for offshore conditions based on testes performed at 4 °C. The grout containing cement, 7% of porcelain tile residue, 7% of active silica and admixtures (CaCl2), anti-foaming and dispersant resulted satisfactory rheology and mechanical strength after curing for 24 hours of curing