«Tout perdre» : causes sociales des problèmes de santé mentale à travers le récit de vie de personnes en situation d’itinérance.

Alors que, dans les années soixante, l’étude des conditions sociales dans leurs conséquences sur la santé mentale semblait une voie d’avenir pour la recherche psychiatrique (Sicot, 2001), il semble que, dans le contexte actuel, elle soit redevenue « hors propos ». Dans ce contexte où la plupart reconnaissent l’hégémonie de l’approche biologique en psychiatrie, quelle place peut être réservée aux conditions sociales pour expliquer l’origine des problèmes de santé mentale? Plusieurs auteurs, issus de la psychiatrie et des sciences humaines, se sont attardés à cette question. De leur avis, certaines conditions sociales, comme celles vécues par les bonnes à tout faire, les assistés sociaux, les immigrants, seraient particulièrement propices au développement de problèmes de santé mentale. Il est proposé dans ce mémoire de se concentrer sur l’impact d’une condition sociale particulière, l’itinérance, sur la santé mentale des personnes qui la vivent. Au terme d’une recension des écrits, des auteurs comme Furtos (2007) ont conclu que l’itinérance, en tant que forme extrême d’exclusion sociale, est à même d’engendrer des problèmes de santé mentale. Toujours avec l’objectif de répondre à la question de l’impact des conditions sociales sur la santé mentale, ce mémoire s’intéresse au point de vue des premières concernées, c’est-à-dire celui des personnes en situation d’itinérance ayant des problèmes de santé mentale. Sur le plan méthodologique, il se fonde sur 10 récits de vie de participants au projet Chez soi, projet de recherche et démonstration sur la santé mentale et l’itinérance de Montréal. Ce mémoire met en lumière les facteurs explicatifs soulignés par les participants au fil de leurs récits de vie et les compare à ceux identifiés dans la littérature se situant dans le courant sociogénétique.

L’efficacité des médicaments en situation réelle dans le traitement des maladies respiratoires et la dualité entre l’assurance médicaments privée et publique face à l’adhésion et la persistance à ces traitements

L’asthme et la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (MPOC) se classent au premier rang parmi les maladies respiratoires les plus fréquentes au Québec. Une mauvaise maîtrise de l’asthme et de la MPOC entraîne d’importantes répercussions sur la santé et la qualité de vie des patients et sur les coûts associés au système de santé canadien, dues à de fréquentes consultations médicales, des visites à l’urgence, des hospitalisations et des décès précoces. Il est donc très important d’évaluer l’usage optimal des médicaments dans le traitement de ces maladies afin de réduire la morbidité et la mortalité Cette thèse vise à comparer dans un premier temps l’efficacité des médicaments en situation réelle dans le traitement de la MPOC sur le taux d’exacerbations et la mortalité puisque les études observationnelles publiées à ce sujet comportaient des biais majeurs dus à une mauvaise mesure de l’exposition au traitement. Ainsi, dans le cadre de cette thèse, deux banques de données administratives québécoises ont été appariées pour créer une cohorte de 36 492 patients âgés de 50 ans ou plus atteints de MPOC (1995-1999) Dans cette cohorte, la théophylline diminuait davantage les exacerbations que les β2-agonistes à longue durée d’action (BALA, RR = 0,89; IC 95 % : 0,84-0,95), mais elle était moins efficace en situation réelle que les corticostéroïdes inhalés (CSI, RR = 1,07; IC 95 % : 1,04-1,10). Un devis cas-témoins niché dans cette cohorte a permis de vérifier que les CSI seuls ou combinés avec un BALA étaient plus efficients pour réduire la mortalité comparativement aux BALA seuls (RR = 0,69; IC 95 % : 0,53-0,88 et RR = 0,73; IC 95 % : 0,56-0,96, respectivement). L’efficacité des CSI dans le traitement de l’asthme pour réduire les exacerbations et la mortalité n’est plus à prouver, cependant la non-adhésion et la non-persistance aux CSI sont grandement problématiques. À notre connaissance, aucune étude n’a évalué l’impact du type d’assurance médicaments sur l'adhésion et la persistance des Québécois aux CSI en raison de l’absence des personnes qui ont une assurance médicaments privée dans la banque de données des services pharmaceutiques de la Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec. Afin de combler ce manque, une des parties intégrantes de cette thèse a été de développer le registre reMed. Par la suite, une cohorte d’utilisateurs de CSI âgés de 20 à 64 ans a été sélectionnée à partir de reMed (2008-2010) et ces sujets ont été appariés à des utilisateurs de CSI sélectionnés à partir de la banque de données des services pharmaceutiques de la Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec (RAMQ). Les résultats de cette dernière étude indiquent que même si l’adhésion était faible dans les deux cohortes, les patients ayant une assurance médicaments privée étaient moins adhérant que les patients couverts par l’assurance médicaments publique de la RAMQ (différence moyenne d’adhésion de -9,7 %; IC 95 % : -13,2 % à -6,5 %). De plus, ces patients couverts par une assurance médicaments privée étaient aussi 52 % plus susceptibles d'arrêter leur traitement de CSI au cours d’une année (HR = 1,52; IC 95 % : 1,16-2,00). En conclusion, selon les travaux de cette thèse, la théophylline peut être considérée comme une thérapie efficace en situation réelle pour prévenir les exacerbations aiguës de la MPOC d’autant plus qu’elle est moins dispendieuse que les traitements en inhalations et que sa formulation orale procurerait, selon la littérature, une meilleure adhésion que les médicaments en inhalation. Quant aux CSI, ils ont un rôle important dans le traitement de l’asthme, mais aussi dans le traitement de la MPOC, puisque selon les résultats de cette thèse, ils procureraient une plus grande diminution du risque d’exacerbations aiguës de la MPOC et de la mortalité par rapport aux autres traitements. Par contre, il a aussi été démontré que l'adhésion et la persistance aux CSI étaient très faibles, particulièrement dans le traitement de l’asthme. Le type d’assurance médicaments serait un facteur déterminant de l’adhésion et de la persistance aux CSI. D’autres études seront nécessaires pour évaluer si les différences d’adhésion et de persistance observées dans cette étude se traduisent par des différences sur l’utilisation et les coûts des soins de santé. De plus, il sera nécessaire d’étudier si les différences observées se limitent aux CSI ou si le type d’assurance médicaments a impact sur la prise d’autres médicaments indiqués dans le traitement des maladies chroniques.

Evaluation of effectiveness of the project ‘Caring caregivers of persons in disability situation’. Bogotá - second semester of 2007

The present paper presents the results of a transversal descriptive study which intended to estimate the contribution of the project “Caring for those who take care of people with disabilities” in the areas of: strength of personal and group competences, self care, life project, dexterity in the care process of people with disabilities, and communitarian auto management; that was implemented in 20 urban areas with caregivers of the city of Bogota in the year 2007. The study allowed the nresearches to acknowledge the little change perception that caregivers had in terms of self care, however, the caregivers perceived change in the four areas, although this were not statistically significant in comparison with the general population. There were only significant changes in the communitarian auto management area in 30% of the population. As a result, it is proposed that more extensive, continuous, and sustainable processes are implemented and that this process arises from contention spaces which can be created with the caregivers, from which they can be motivated to participate in other ´processes of collective and individual changes. Also there’s a need to rely on facilitators (professionals and change agents) who have stronger competences on the how to be and the how to interact competences, because there’s a need to manage the psychosocial components in this group of people. Also, we must make organizational processes and the social networks stronger, this is: collective actions are required, because disability is a social fact, and so, the individual issues are just a moment in the process of inclusion of the person with disability, his family and caregiver.

Situation assessment through multi-modal sensing of dynamic environments to support cognitive robot control

Awareness of emerging situations in a dynamic operational environment of a robotic assistive device is an essential capability of such a cognitive system, based on its effective and efficient assessment of the prevailing situation. This allows the system to interact with the environment in a sensible (semi)autonomous / pro-active manner without the need for frequent interventions from a supervisor. In this paper, we report a novel generic Situation Assessment Architecture for robotic systems directly assisting humans as developed in the CORBYS project. This paper presents the overall architecture for situation assessment and its application in proof-of-concept Demonstrators as developed and validated within the CORBYS project. These include a robotic human follower and a mobile gait rehabilitation robotic system. We present an overview of the structure and functionality of the Situation Assessment Architecture for robotic systems with results and observations as collected from initial validation on the two CORBYS Demonstrators.

The phenomenon of ageing and the situation of older persons in the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

THE PRESENT OF THE READING: BEAUTY AND CONTRADICTION

This article examines the metaphor of reading and new reading in Guimaraes Rosa's last book, Tutameia (1967), with a reading of the story "Desenredo". In the first part we discuss some theoretical issues concerning the place of the reader according to Wolfgang Iser and then show the singular place of the reader - metaphor of the activity of reading and fiction of an enunciative situation.

Isatin-Schiff base copper(II) complexes-A DFT study of the metal-ligand bonding situation

Herein, we report results of calculations based on density functional theory (BP86/TZVP) of a set of isatin-Schiff base copper(II) and related complexes, 1-12, that have shown significant pro-apoptotic activity toward diverse tumor cells. The interaction of the copper(II) cation with different ligands has been investigated at the same level of theory. The strength and character of the Cu(II)-L bonding was characterized by metal-ligand bond lengths, vibrational frequencies, binding energies, ligand deformation energies, and natural population analysis. The metal-ligand bonding situation was also characterized by using two complementary topological approaches, the quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules (QTAIM) and the electron localization function (ELF). The calculated electronic g-tensor and hyperfine coupling constants present significant agreement with the EPR experimental data. The calculated parameters pointed to complex 10 as the most stable among the isatin-Schiff base copper(II) species, in good agreement with experimental data that indicate this complex as the most reactive in the series. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012

Tradition, Change and Variation : Past and Present Trends in Public Old-age Care

The general aim of this dissertation is to describe and analyse how public old-age care in Sweden has developed and changed during the last century. The study applies a provider perspective on how care has been planned and professionally carried out. A broader social policy perspective, studying old-age care at central/national as well as local/municipal level, is also developed. A special focus is directed at the large local variation in care and services for the elderly. The empirical base is comprised of official documents and other public sources, survey data from interviews with elderly recipients of public old-age care, and official statistics on publicly financed and controlled old-age care and services. Study I addresses the development of old-age care in Sweden during the twentieth century by studying an important occupation in this field – the supervisors and their professional roles, tasks and working conditions. Throughout, the roles of supervisors have followed the prevailing official policy on the proper way to provide care for elderly people in Sweden; from poor relief at the beginning of the 1900s, via a generous level of services in the 1960s and 1970s, to today’s restricted and economy-controlled mode of operation. Study II describes and compares two main forms of public old-age care in Sweden today, home help services and institutional care. The care-load found in home-based care was comparable to and sometimes even larger than in service-homes and other institutions, indicating that large care needs among elderly people in Sweden today can be met in their homes as well as in institutional settings. Studies III and IV analyse the local variation in public old-age care in Sweden. During the last decades there has been an overall decline in home help services. The coverage of home help for elderly people shows large differences between municipalities throughout this period, and the relative variation has increased. The local disparity seems to depend more on historical factors, e.g., previous coverage rates, than on the present municipal situation in levels of need or local economy and politics. In an introductory part the four papers are linked together by an outline of the demographic situation and the social policy model for old-age care in Sweden. Trends that have been apparent over time, e.g. professionalisation and market orientation, are traced and discussed. Conflicts between prevailing ideologies are analysed, in regards to for instance home-based and institution-based care, social and medical culture, and local and central levels of decision-making. ’Welfare municipality’, ‘path dependency’, and ‘decentralisation’ are suggested as a conceptual framework for describing the large and increasing local variations in old-age care. Finally, implications of the four studies with regard to old-age care policy and further research are discussed.

Demographic situation in operative medicine in Switzerland - time to react?

Objective: The decreasing proportion of physicians of Swiss origin and the increasing number of part-time jobs in operative medicine might lead to a shortage of physicians in operative disciplines in Switzerland. The objective of the present study was to analyze the current demographic situation in operative medicine in Switzerland. Methods: During the summer of 2011, a 19-item anonymous electronic questionnaire was mailed to all directors of departments in operative medicine in Switzerland. The questionnaire was designed to gather data about the characteristics of the participating departments, the demographics (including the appointment (consultant, attending or resident), the proportion of female and foreign physicians, the latter’s origin, and the number of part-time jobs with a working time between 20 and 90%), and the proportion of vacant posts. Results: Of 775 questionnaires mailed to all directors of departments in operative medicine in Switzerland, 183 (24%) were returned. Overall, 40% were female, and 42% foreign physicians. The proportion of part-time jobs amounted to 17%. Vacant posts were found in 2%. Conclusions: An expansion of study places at the medical universities and of the incentives for the incumbents in operative medicine is necessary to avert a shortage of physicians in Switzerland.

Assessing Difficulties in Career Decision Making Among Swiss Adolescents with the German My Vocational Situation Scale

Assessing problems in career decision making among adolescents is important for career guidance and research. The present study is the first to investigate among Swiss adolescents the factor structure and convergent validity in relation to personality of the German-language adaptation of the My Vocational Situation Scale. Two preliminary studies (N = 217) suggested that using a 5-point Likert scale response format would increase scale reliability. The confirmatory factor analyses in the main study with two cohorts (n = 341, eighth grade; n = 303, eleventh grade) confirmed that four main factors, which assess problems with identity, decision making, information, and perceived barriers, underlie the data. The barriers factor was differentiated into aspired vocation and personal situation. Construct validity was supported by significant relationships between favorable personality characteristics (emotional stability, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, generalized self-efficacy, and internal locus of control) and fewer problems. The results suggest that the vocational identity and barriers scales can be fruitfully applied to research on and the practice of career counseling with adolescents.

Identifying observable criteria defining a critical situation involving football fans: an expert focus group study

Critical situations (CSs) involving football fans is a well-researched phenomenon with most studies examining factors leading to an escalation of violence (e.g. Braun & Vliegenthart, 2008). However, research so far has fallen short of analysing CSs that do not escalate (e.g. Hylander & Guvå, 2010) as well as establishing observable criteria that constitute such CSs. Granström et al. (2009), for instance, put forward a definition of a CS describing such situations as characterised by a discrepancy between peace and war-making behaviours between police and demonstrators. Still, this definition remains vague and does not provide concrete, defining criteria that can be identified on site. The present study looks beyond fans’ violent acts per se and focuses on these situations with a potentially – but not necessarily - violent outcome. The aim of this preliminary study is to identify observable criteria defining such a CS involving football fans. This focus group comprised of five experts working with football fans in the German-speaking area of Switzerland who discussed observable characteristics of a CS. Inductive content analysis led to the identification of specific criteria such as, “arrest of a fan”, “insufficient distance (<30m) between fans and police” and “fans mask themselves”. These criteria were then assigned to four phases of a CS highlighting the dynamic aspect of this phenomenon: Antecedents, Causes, Reactions, Consequence. Specifically, Causes, Reactions and Consequences are observable on site, while Antecedents include relevant, background information directly influencing a CS. This study puts forward a working definition of a CS that can facilitate the assessment of actual situations in the football context as well as for further research on fan violence prevention and control. These results also highlight similarities with studies investigating fan violence in other European countries while acknowledging unique characteristics of the Swiss German fan culture.

The global initiative to eradicate polio- A review of Nigeria's situation

Poliomyelitis is one of the worlds remaining vaccine preventable infectious diseases. In 1988 the World Health Assembly in its general assembly resolved to eradicate polio in the year 2000 and the Global Initiative to Eradicate Polio was launched. ^ This initiative sprang from the successful eradication of smallpox from the world in the year 1979, and the World Health Organization sought to eradicate polio from the world's populations by the year 2000. ^ Several years have passed since this objective was launched, and while some advances have been made, the goal of global eradication remains elusive. At this present time (2007), only four countries are considered polio endemic regions (areas in which the transmission of wild poliovirus has never been truncated). These countries are Nigeria, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. ^ This descriptive study seeks to examine the process and progress of polio eradication worldwide, with particular emphasis on the polio eradication efforts in Nigeria, problems encountered and progress that has been made towards attaining this goal. ^ The methodology of this study is an extensive examination of documentation and data from the Global Initiative to Eradicate Poliomyelitis (GPEI), the World Health Organization through the World Health Organization Library Information Service (WHOLIS), UNICEF, the Centers for Disease Control and related peer reviewed journals. ^

Enhancing Evacuation Plans with a Situation Awareness System Based on End-User Knowledge Provision.

Recent disasters have shown that having clearly defined preventive procedures and decisions is a critical component that minimizes evacuation hazards and ensures a rapid and successful evolution of evacuation plans. In this context, we present our Situation-Aware System for enhancing Evacuation Plans (SASEP) system, which allows creating end-user business rules that technically support the specific events, conditions and actions related to evacuation plans. An experimental validation was carried out where 32 people faced a simulated emergency situation, 16 of them using SASEP and the other 16 using a legacy system based on static signs. From the results obtained, we compare both techniques and discuss in which situations SASEP offers a better evacuation route option, confirming that it is highly valuable when there is a threat in the evacuation route. In addition, a study about user satisfaction using both systems is presented showing in which cases the systems are assessed as satisfactory, relevant and not frustrating.

La relation entre le climat scolaire, le contexte scolaire et l'adoption des différents rôles lors d’une situation de violence scolaire

Le sujet de la présente étude est la violence scolaire, phénomène complexe et polysémique qui préoccupe légitimement le monde de l’éducation depuis plus de trente ans. À partir des analyses factorielles exploratoires, analyses de variance factorielle et finalement analyses multivariées de covariance, cette recherche vise plus précisément à dégager la relation entre le climat scolaire, le contexte scolaire et les différents rôles adoptés par les élèves du niveau secondaire lors d’une situation de violence scolaire. Les données de la présente étude ont été collectées par Michel Janosz et son équipe pendant l’année 2010, dans quatre établissements éducatifs provenant d’une commission scolaire de la grande région de Montréal. L’échantillon de départ est composé de 1750 élèves qui fréquentent des classes ordinaires et spéciales du premier et deuxième cycle du secondaire âgés entre 10 et 18 ans. Pour fins d’analyse, deux petites écoles ainsi que les classes spéciales ont été retirées. Il demeure donc 1551 élèves dans l’échantillon initial analysé. Les résultats des analyses permettent de constater d’une part, la relation significative existante entre les dimensions du climat scolaire et l’adoption des différents rôles lors d’une situation de violence scolaire, les climats d’appartenance et de sécurité étant les plus importants, et d’autre part d’observer des différences dans les perceptions que les élèves ont de la violence scolaire selon le niveau et selon l’école.

Turkey after the start of negotiations with the European Union - foreign relations and the domestic situation, Part II. OSW Report, July 2008

The Centre for Eastern Studies has decided to embark on the project entitled 'Turkey after the start of negotiations with the European Union - foreign relations and the domestic situation' for two major reasons: the start of the accession negotiations between Ankara and the European Union in October 2005, and the significant part which Turkey plays in western Eurasia (the Caucasus, the countries in the basins of the Black and Caspian Seas, the Middle East and the Balkans) which We wish to present our readers our second report discussing Turkey's relations with Central Asia, the Caucasus and Russia, the aspect of Turkish foreign policy regarding the Black Sea, and the role of Turkey as a transit country for oil and gas from the Middle East and the Caspian regions. The evaluation of Turkey's standpoint and potential regarding the aforementioned issues is especially important, considering the tensions existing in Turkey's relations with the EU and the USA, as well as the West's increasing engagement in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Black Sea regions. In this process, Ankara may play the role of a significant ally for the West. However, it may just as readily play the role of its rival, who could co-operate with other countries and may seriously frustrate the implementation of the EU and US' goals. The Report was developed between autumn 2006 and autumn 2007, over which time the project participants searched for publicly available documents in Poland, Turkey, EU countries and the USA, and went on five research trips to Central Asia, Russia, Turkey and Caucasus, where they met local analysts, officials and researchers.