998 resultados para métodos de preparo do solo
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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The excessive compaction of the soil observed in sod production systems, affects the physical attributes of the soil, which can influence the water infiltration into the soil and hence the rate of soil cover by turfgrasses and time of the sod production. To minimize the effects of soil compacting, some producers use soil preparation equipment that raises the soil on the surface but does not cause excessive roughness which may harm the quality of the sod. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the infiltration rate and soil cover rate due to different management mechanized in the zoysiagrass sod production. The experimental design had random plots and four replications. The treatments consisted of five mechanized managements of soil: witness (without the use of equipment); coulter blade disc harrow used once (1CB), coulter blade disc harrow used twice (2CB), surface chisel used once (1C), surface chisel and coulter blade disc harrow used once (1C + 1CB). The treatments with 2CB and 1C + 1CB provided greater basic water infiltration speed in the soil and higher rate of soil cover by the turfgrass. The rate of soil cover by turfgrass is positively correlated with water infiltration rate at 133 and 226 DAP, demonstrating the influence of managements used in zoysiagrass sod production and the increment in the infiltration rate of water. Soil preparation utilizing coulter blade disc harrow used twice or surface chisel and coulter blade disc harrow used once is recommended under the conditions this study was done.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Globally, increasing demands for biofuels have intensified the rate of land-use change (LUC) for expansion of bioenergy crops. In Brazil, the world\'s largest sugarcane-ethanol producer, sugarcane area has expanded by 35% (3.2 Mha) in the last decade. Sugarcane expansion has resulted in extensive pastures being subjected to intensive mechanization and large inputs of agrochemicals, which have direct implications on soil quality (SQ). We hypothesized that LUC to support sugarcane expansion leads to overall SQ degradation. To test this hypothesis we conducted a field-study at three sites in the central-southern region, to assess the SQ response to the primary LUC sequence (i.e., native vegetation to pasture to sugarcane) associated to sugarcane expansion in Brazil. At each land use site undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected from the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depths. Soil chemical and physical attributes were measured through on-farm and laboratory analyses. A dataset of soil biological attributes was also included in this study. Initially, the LUC effects on each individual soil indicator were quantified. Afterward, the LUC effects on overall SQ were assessed using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). Furthermore, six SQ indexes (SQI) were developed using approaches with increasing complexity. Our results showed that long-term conversion from native vegetation to extensive pasture led to soil acidification, significant depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) and macronutrients [especially phosphorus (P)] and severe soil compaction, which creates an unbalanced ratio between water- and air-filled pore space within the soil and increases mechanical resistance to root growth. Conversion from pasture to sugarcane improved soil chemical quality by correcting for acidity and increasing macronutrient levels. Despite those improvements, most of the P added by fertilizer accumulated in less plant-available P forms, confirming the key role of organic P has in providing available P to plants in Brazilian soils. Long-term sugarcane production subsequently led to further SOC depletions. Sugarcane production had slight negative impacts on soil physical attributes compared to pasture land. Although tillage performed for sugarcane planting and replanting alleviates soil compaction, our data suggested that the effects are short-term with persistent, reoccurring soil consolidation that increases erosion risk over time. These soil physical changes, induced by LUC, were detected by quantitative soil physical properties as well as by visual evaluation of soil structure (VESS), an on-farm and user-friendly method for evaluating SQ. The SMAF efficiently detected overall SQ response to LUC and it could be reliably used under Brazilian soil conditions. Furthermore, since all of the SQI values developed in this study were able to rank SQ among land uses. We recommend that simpler and more cost-effective SQI strategies using a small number of carefully chosen soil indicators, such as: pH, P, K, VESS and SOC, and proportional weighting within of each soil sectors (chemical, physical and biological) be used as a protocol for SQ assessments in Brazilian sugarcane areas. The SMAF and SQI scores suggested that long-term conversion from native vegetation to extensive pasture depleted overall SQ, driven by decreases in chemical, physical and biological indicators. In contrast, conversion from pasture to sugarcane had no negative impacts on overall SQ, mainly because chemical improvements offset negative impacts on biological and physical indicators. Therefore, our findings can be used as scientific base by farmers, extension agents and public policy makers to adopt and develop management strategies that sustain and/or improving SQ and the sustainability of sugarcane production in Brazil.
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The increasing advancement of agriculture makes providing adequate conditions for the growth and development of plants is the primary purpose of soil management systems. Much of the success of PD is attributed to cultural remains left by cover crops that do not require high nitrogen inputs and can thus be used to reduce nitrogen input in the agro- ecosystem. The nitrogen is one of the elements applied in agriculture, it is absorbed in higher quantities and limiting the yield of grain crops such as corn. Thus, there has been the influence of the no-till and conventional tillage combined with different crops of winter cover and bare soil when in succession to corn, on mineral nitrogen content. The experimental work was made at the experimental station of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná - Iapar. The implemented design was blocks at random split plot with three replications in factorial 6 x 2 x 3 x 5. The main plots were as treatment, beyond the bare soil, 5 winter species (ryegrass, vetch, vetch + oat, oat and radish), while in the subplots were used two tillage systems (No-till and conventional tillage). Three collections made were (before management, the urea before and after the urea), these being held in 5 depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm). So a layer 0-5 cm and a que presents increased amount to NH4 + ion. The use of associated PD system in the presence of winter cover crops decreased as NO3 - losses in soil profile.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasilia, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2016.
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Este artigo apresenta o progresso na pesquisa de cultivo mínimo em área de arroz irrigado. É investigado um método de preparo do solo com rolo-faca em áreas de várzea, que é um cilindro com lâminas paralelas usadas para incorporar a palha no solo. A técnica proporciona a antecipação do preparo da terra para a instalação de pastagem durante o inverno e com melhoria no controle de pragas e redução do tempo de preparo e consumo de combustível nas operações. Requerer-se uma menor potência de tração do que métodos convencionais empregando arados e grade.
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2016
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Na maioria dos solos cultivados intensivamente, tem-se observado degradacao, com drástica redução da produtividade e falta de resposta ao preparo do solo e ao uso de agroquimicos. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos sistemas de cultivo do solo sobre as propriedades físico-química e biológica do solo, foram selecionadas 06 propriedades agrícolas irrigadas, com sistemas de cultivo convencional e direto e realizadas análises químicas, físicas e microbiológicas do solo em diferentes profundidades. Os resultados mostraram a ocorrência de camadas compactadas nas profundidades de 10 a 30 cm. Na maioria das áreas de plantio convencional, devido a este fator, ocorreu condições propícias a alta incidência de doenças e redução da população microbiana do solo. Os resultados indicaram que os parâmetros de solo são os melhores indicadores de impacto ambiental dos sistemas agrícolas irrigados. Esses mesmos parâmetros permitem concluir a existência de desequilíbrio biológico gerado pela agricultura convencional, levando a redução da produtividade e aumentando os custos de produção por unidade de área.
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Nos tratores agrícolas, o deslizamento dos rodados ocorre por diversos fatores, entre eles o esforço de tração necessário para deslocar determinado implemento e o tipo de superfície que está em contato com a banda de rodagem dos pneus. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar o deslizamento do rodado de pneus de um trator em diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo na cultura do milho, no município de Bambuí, Estado de Minas Gerais. O experimento foi conduzido a campo, na safrinha outonal de 2011, na Fazenda Varginha, do Instituto Federal Minas Gerais - campus Bambuí, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico. O experimento foi montado em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas, tendo, nas parcelas, as operações, nas subparcelas as marchas e, nas sub-subparcelas, as rotações, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, totalizando 81 unidades experimentais. Os fatores e níveis estudados foram (PC) preparo convencional, (CM) cultivo mínimo e (PD) plantio direto. Para cada tratamento, foram utilizadas três marchas (A2, A3 e B1), em três rotações (1600, 1900 e 2200 rpm). Pelos resultados, conclui-se que, no preparo convencional, o maior índice de deslizamento ocorre na operação de semeadura; no cultivo mínimo, na operação de escarificação e, no plantio direto, na operação de semeadura.
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O uso de programas computacionais no setor agrícola permite atingir objetivos específicos na área. Dentre esses, um dos mais complexos é a seleção adequada de máquinas e implementos agrícolas visando à otimização de operações agrícolas, devido, principalmente, à grande variedade de equipamentos existentes no mercado e a gama de tarefas e situações de trabalho que estas são submetidas no campo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um programa computacional para calcular a potência requerida de máquinas e implementos agrícolas normalmente utilizados na condução de operações de campo, desde o preparo do solo até as operações de implantação de culturas. Desenvolvido em linguagem PHP, o programa computacional baseia-se na norma ASAE D497.4 - Agricultural Machinery Management Data como referência para desenvolvimento de cálculos. A partir do programa desenvolvido, tornou-se possível a execução de tarefas para cálculos de avaliação da demanda de potência de máquinas e implementos agrícolas de forma simplificada pela internet.