Verbal labels selectively bias brain responses to high-energy foods.

The influence of external factors on food preferences and choices is poorly understood. Knowing which and how food-external cues impact the sensory processing and cognitive valuation of food would provide a strong benefit toward a more integrative understanding of food intake behavior and potential means of interfering with deviant eating patterns to avoid detrimental health consequences for individuals in the long run. We investigated whether written labels with positive and negative (as opposed to 'neutral') valence differentially modulate the spatio-temporal brain dynamics in response to the subsequent viewing of high- and low-energetic food images. Electrical neuroimaging analyses were applied to visual evoked potentials (VEPs) from 20 normal-weight participants. VEPs and source estimations in response to high- and low- energy foods were differentially affected by the valence of preceding word labels over the ~260-300 ms post-stimulus period. These effects were only observed when high-energy foods were preceded by labels with positive valence. Neural sources in occipital as well as posterior, frontal, insular and cingulate regions were down-regulated. These findings favor cognitive-affective influences especially on the visual responses to high-energetic food cues, potentially indicating decreases in cognitive control and goal-adaptive behavior. Inverse correlations between insular activity and effectiveness in food classification further indicate that this down-regulation directly impacts food-related behavior.

Plaça de la Biosfera

Canviar el concepte de nus de tràfic per a plaça cívica lligada a l'edifici del Consell Insular. Tota la vegetació amb plantes autòctones i de baix consum d'aigua.

Subjective mental time: the functional architecture of projecting the self to past and future.

Abstract Human experience takes place in the line of mental time (MT) created through 'self-projection' of oneself to different time-points in the past or future. Here we manipulated self-projection in MT not only with respect to one's life events but also with respect to one's faces from different past and future time-points. Behavioural and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging activity showed three independent effects characterized by (i) similarity between past recollection and future imagination, (ii) facilitation of judgements related to the future as compared with the past, and (iii) facilitation of judgements related to time-points distant from the present. These effects were found with respect to faces and events, and also suggest that brain mechanisms of MT are independent of whether actual life episodes have to be re-experienced or pre-experienced, recruiting a common cerebral network including the anteromedial temporal, posterior parietal, inferior frontal, temporo-parietal and insular cortices. These behavioural and neural data suggest that self-projection in time is a fundamental aspect of MT, relying on neural structures encoding memory, mental imagery and self.

Influence of emergence timing of weeds on the establishment of woody natives and ground cover species

Les invasions biològiques són produïdes per espècies transportades per l'home fora de la regió d'origen a altres regions on s'estableixen i expandeixen. Són actualment de les majors causes de perduda de biodiversitat, amb el canvi d'usos del sòl, tret rellevant en zones insulars. Comprendre mecanismes de competència amb les espècies autòctones és clau per gestionar el problema. L’experiment evidencia diferències de creixement de 7 plantes natives australianes (3 espècies d’eucaliptus, 3 espècies d’acàcia, 1 pasturatge natiu), competint intraespecífica (entre mateixa espècie) i interespecíficament (acàcies o eucaliptus convivint amb pasturatge natiu) plantejant tres tractaments (sense males herbes, males herbes i males herbes a posteriori) per definir la naturalesa de la interacció dels diferents tipus funcionals d'espècies. S’analitzen tendències temporals de creixement de plàntules, així com la supervivència. S’ha detectat una moderada correlació entre taxes de creixement d’espècies i mida de la llavor, (p ≈ 0.6), així com una correlació entre la supervivència i la humitat del sòl (p ≈ 0.5); efectes estacionals. A curt termini i en escenari de primavera la convivència amb males herbes reporta creixement nul. Tractaments sense males herbes, presenten major supervivència en escenaris en competència interespecífica. A llarg termini les espècies amb major supervivència són les que conviuen amb pasturatge natiu i sense males herbes, indicant un efecte beneficiós en espècies millor adaptades a la sequera (E. loxophleba).

Functional connectivity of reward processing in the brain

Controversial results have been reported concerning the neural mechanisms involved in the processing of rewards and punishments. On the one hand, there is evidence suggesting that monetary gains and losses activate a similar fronto-subcortical network. On the other hand, results of recent studies imply that reward and punishment may engage distinct neural mechanisms. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we investigated both regional and interregional functional connectivity patterns while participants performed a gambling task featuring unexpectedly high monetary gains and losses. Classical univariate statistical analysis showed that monetary gains and losses activated a similar fronto-striatallimbic network, in which main activation peaks were observed bilaterally in the ventral striatum. Functional connectivity analysis showed similar responses for gain and loss conditions in the insular cortex, the amygdala, and the hippocampus that correlated with the activity observed in the seed region ventral striatum, with the connectivity to the amygdala appearing more pronounced after losses. Larger functional connectivity was found to the medial orbitofrontal cortex for negative outcomes. The fact that different functional patterns were obtained with both analyses suggests that the brain activations observed in the classical univariate approach identifi es the involvement of different functional networks in the current task. These results stress the importance of studying functional connectivity in addition to standard fMRI analysis in reward-related studies.

Proyecto de equipamiento funcional y museístico del museo arqueológico de La Palma

L’objectiu de la proposta és la resolució interior del Museu Arqueològic Benaorita de La Palma (Illes Canàries), així com la redacció del guió i els continguts de la Exposició Permanent, i el disseny de tota la museografia que l’acompanya. La seu, un edifici ja existent construït l’any 2002, es troba en el municipi de Los Llanos de Aridane, a la costa Oest de l’illa.La organització interna del espai preveu que a la Planta Baixa, de 900 m2, se situïn els accessos principals i secundaris, l’Auditori, les oficines i administració, les àrees destinades a usos especialitzats com la Mediateca i la Biblioteca, els tallers didàctics i el gran Vestíbul on es proposa situar la Botiga del Museu i la Cafeteria. El Soterrani, de 213 m2, es destina a Magatzem, àrea de Logística i de Manteniment i espais de Serveis i Instal•lacions.El projecte proposa ubicar a la Planta Pis, de 790 m2, la Exposició Permanent. Aquesta té com a argument temàtic la cultura dels primers pobladors de l’illa, el Poble Benaorita. La narració i organització de l’Exposició s’estructura en 5 grans àrees, cada una de les quals es resol amb un disseny específic en funció del seu tema i continguts. Aquests son els següents:-Territori: en aquesta àrea s’exposen la geologia volcànica, el clima, la diversitat biològica, la fauna i la organització territorial de l’època benaorita.-Hàbitat i Població: en aquesta àrea s’expliquen els orígens, la procedència, la organització social, la organització familiar, la vida domèstica i els tipus d’assentaments dels benaorites.-Tecnologies Instrumentals: aquesta part acull la producció industrial dels primers pobladors de l’illa: les indústries lítiques, ceràmiques, ósees, de treball de la pell, la cistelleria i la fusteria.-Tecnologies Intel•lectuals: en aquesta zona s’exposen i expliquen la ramaderia, l’agricultura, la recol•lecció, la cacera, la gastronomia, la medecina, els esports, la música, la memòria oral, la mesura del temps i la economia de la cultura benaorita.-Espiritualitat i Art. Creeces, Ritus i Cultes: aquesta part acull la simbologia, la espiritualitat, la vivència de la mort i l’imaginari del poble benaorita.La distribució espacial d’aquestes 5 àrees cerca suavitzar la poderosa geometria circular del edifici preexistent per tal d’adaptar-la millor al caràcter profundament naturalista de la cultura benaorita. Per mitjà d’un seguit d’espais ‘moldejats’ segons el contingut dels mateixos, s’estableix un recorregut poc jerarquitzat, que es pot abordar des de diversos punts, sense que per això es modifiqui la comprensió dels 5 grans àmbits i del conjunt de la narració. La utilització de textures i colors, tant en el disseny dels elements i mòduls com en el disseny gràfic, que ens remeten permanentment a la geologia insular, es complementa amb una il•luminació en les parets i el sostre que evoca suaument el cel i el mar, tant omnipresents en la idiosincràsia de l’illa. La idea principal d’aquesta organització és la de aportar al Museu nous mecanismes que facilitin la comunicació i el coneixement d’aquesta cultura prehistòrica, sense per això perdre la profunditat del missatge. Per això, en totes les àrees es produeix una interacció de peces originals, maquetes, imatges, audiovisuals i escrits que contribueixen a la valoració d’una cultura com la de l’illa de La Palma.L’ordre ideal del recorregut, aquell que inicien els visitants que accedeixen des de la planta baixa, comença en la rampa d’accés al primer pis, que es dissenya de manera que evoqui l’arribada a través del mar. Al final de la rampa, unes parets lleugerament corbes serveixen de suport al vídeo d’introducció que projecta imatges dels principals paisatges de la illa. Des d’aquí s’accedeix a l’àrea del Territori, on un tancament quebrat que combina vitrines, imatges i mecanismes mòbils ens permet visualitzar i explorar la divisió territorial, els assentaments, els hàbitats, les rutes i els camins.En la següent zona, la del Hàbitat, s’hi troben els objectes existents en les coves i els poblats benaorites, així com els pannells que complementen amb imatges la vida que en ells s’hi duia a terme.Les Tecnologies Instrumentals i Intel•lectuals s’ubiquen en vitrines i pannells interactius especialment dissenyats per els objectes, imatges i texts que expliciten les activitats d’aquests pobladors primitius de l’illa de la Palma. Finalment, un espai obscur, amb llum puntual sobre els objectes i els texts dels rituals, ens evoca els Petroglifs, on s’exposa i s’explica la vessant espiritual de la cultura benaorita. Abans d’accedir a la rampa de sortida de la exposició, es reserva un espai on es rendeix homenatge als estudiosos d’aquesta cultura primigènia, amb uns expositors on s’ubiquen les publicacions originals dels mateixos i es fa referència a la seva biografia.El projecte proposat, guanyador del concurs, ha estat realitzat al llarg de la primavera i l’estiu del 2007. A més a més dels pannells presentats a la tardor del 2006, s’adjunten algunes imatges del muntatge final de la Exposició Permanent.

Aproximación al estudio del hábitat de la codorniz (Coturnix c. coturnix) en la isla de Tenerife

Aquest estudi s'emmarca en l’Illa de Tenerife realitzant-se sobre l'hàbitat de la Guatlla. El principal objectiu és la construcció d'un model teòric que permeti quantificar la qualitat de l'hàbitat físic i potencial per a la guatlla a l'Illa. Per aconseguir s'utilitzen sistemes d'informació geogràfica (SIG) adaptant metodologies utilitzades per altres autors. Es valida el model final amb l'actual pla insular de caça i finalment es conclou que el model creat és una eina per utilitzar en futures redaccions del pla insular de caça ja que aporta una major precisió que l'actual.

Task-induced deactivation from rest extends beyond the default mode brain network

Activity decreases, or deactivations, of midline and parietal cortical brain regions are routinely observed in human functional neuroimaging studies that compare periods of task-based cognitive performance with passive states, such as rest. It is now widely held that such task-induced deactivations index a highly organized"default-mode network" (DMN): a large-scale brain system whose discovery has had broad implications in the study of human brain function and behavior. In this work, we show that common task-induced deactivations from rest also occur outside of the DMN as a function of increased task demand. Fifty healthy adult subjects performed two distinct functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks that were designed to reliably map deactivations from a resting baseline. As primary findings, increases in task demand consistently modulated the regional anatomy of DMN deactivation. At high levels of task demand, robust deactivation was observed in non-DMN regions, most notably, the posterior insular cortex. Deactivation of this region was directly implicated in a performance-based analysis of experienced task difficulty. Together, these findings suggest that task-induced deactivations from rest are not limited to the DMN and extend to brain regions typically associated with integrative sensory and interoceptive processes.

DNA barcoding of Corsican mayflies (Ephemeroptera) with implications on biogeography, systematics and biodiversity

Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are known to generally present a high degree of insular endemism: half of the 28 species known from Corsica and Sardinia are considered as endemic. We sequenced the DNA barcode (a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene) of 349 specimens from 50 localities in Corsica, Sardinia, continental Europe and North Africa. We reconstructed gene trees of eight genera or species groups representing the main mayfly families. Alternative topologies were built to test if our reconstructions suggested a single or multiple Corsican/Sardinian colonization event(s) in each genus or species group. A molecular clock calibrated with different evolution rates was used to try to link speciation processes with geological events. Our results confirm the high degree of endemism of Corsican and Sardinian mayflies and the close relationship between these two faunas. Moreover, we have evidence that the mayfly diversity of the two islands is highly underestimated as at least six new putative species occur on the two islands. We demonstrated that the Corsican and Sardinian mayfly fauna reveals a complex history mainly related to geological events. The Messinian Salinity Crisis, which is thought to have reduced marine barriers, thus facilitating gene flow between insular and continental populations, was detected as the most important event in the speciation of most lineages. Vicariance processes related to the split and rotation of the Corso-Sardinian microplate had a minor impact as they involved only two genera with limited dispersal and ecological range. Colonization events posterior to the Messinian Salinity Crisis had only marginal effects as we had indication of recent gene flow only in two clades. With very limited recent gene flow and a high degree of endemism, mayflies from Corsica and Sardinia present all the criteria for conservation prioritization.

Approximate Bayesian Computation Reveals the Crucial Role of Oceanic Islands for the Assembly of Continental Biodiversity.

The perceived low levels of genetic diversity, poor interspecific competitive and defensive ability, and loss of dispersal capacities of insular lineages have driven the view that oceanic islands are evolutionary dead ends. Focusing on the Atlantic bryophyte flora distributed across the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, Western Europe, and northwestern Africa, we used an integrative approach with species distribution modeling and population genetic analyses based on approximate Bayesian computation to determine whether this view applies to organisms with inherent high dispersal capacities. Genetic diversity was found to be higher in island than in continental populations, contributing to mounting evidence that, contrary to theoretical expectations, island populations are not necessarily genetically depauperate. Patterns of genetic variation among island and continental populations consistently fitted those simulated under a scenario of de novo foundation of continental populations from insular ancestors better than those expected if islands would represent a sink or a refugium of continental biodiversity. We, suggest that the northeastern Atlantic archipelagos have played a key role as a stepping stone for transoceanic migrants. Our results challenge the traditional notion that oceanic islands are the end of the colonization road and illustrate the significant role of oceanic islands as reservoirs of novel biodiversity for the assembly of continental floras.

Continental faunal exchange and the asymmetrical radiation of carnivores.

Lineages arriving on islands may undergo explosive evolutionary radiations owing to the wealth of ecological opportunities. Although studies on insular taxa have improved our understanding of macroevolutionary phenomena, we know little about the macroevolutionary dynamics of continental exchanges. Here we study the evolution of eight Carnivora families that have migrated across the Northern Hemisphere to investigate if continental invasions also result in explosive diversification dynamics. We used a Bayesian approach to estimate speciation and extinction rates from a substantial dataset of fossil occurrences while accounting for the incompleteness of the fossil record. Our analyses revealed a strongly asymmetrical pattern in which North American lineages invading Eurasia underwent explosive radiations, whereas lineages invading North America maintained uniform diversification dynamics. These invasions into Eurasia were characterized by high rates of speciation and extinction. The radiation of the arriving lineages in Eurasia coincide with the decline of established lineages or phases of climate change, suggesting differences in the ecological settings between the continents may be responsible for the disparity in diversification dynamics. These results reveal long-term outcomes of biological invasions and show that the importance of explosive radiations in shaping diversity extends beyond insular systems and have significant impact at continental scales.

BIO28

Award-winning

Functional connectivity of reward processing in the brain

Controversial results have been reported concerning the neural mechanisms involved in the processing of rewards and punishments. On the one hand, there is evidence suggesting that monetary gains and losses activate a similar fronto-subcortical network. On the other hand, results of recent studies imply that reward and punishment may engage distinct neural mechanisms. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we investigated both regional and interregional functional connectivity patterns while participants performed a gambling task featuring unexpectedly high monetary gains and losses. Classical univariate statistical analysis showed that monetary gains and losses activated a similar fronto-striatallimbic network, in which main activation peaks were observed bilaterally in the ventral striatum. Functional connectivity analysis showed similar responses for gain and loss conditions in the insular cortex, the amygdala, and the hippocampus that correlated with the activity observed in the seed region ventral striatum, with the connectivity to the amygdala appearing more pronounced after losses. Larger functional connectivity was found to the medial orbitofrontal cortex for negative outcomes. The fact that different functional patterns were obtained with both analyses suggests that the brain activations observed in the classical univariate approach identifi es the involvement of different functional networks in the current task. These results stress the importance of studying functional connectivity in addition to standard fMRI analysis in reward-related studies.

Resultados científicos do cruzeiro do Baependi e do Vega à Ilha da Trindade: oceanografia física - contribuição para o conhecimento das características físicas e químicas das águas

In May 1950 a trip was undertaken by the ships "Baependi" and "Vega" to the Trindade Island - 20º30'S and 29º20'W - Approximately 1200 km off the coast of Espirito Santo State. This scientific expedition was realized by the iniciative of the Minister J. A. Lins de Barros. In this expedition the supervisor of the oceanographic works was Prof. W. Besnard, the director of the São Paulo Oceanographic Institute. He brougth home 42 samples of water for study, collected upon the insular terrace of the island, referring to the 15 established stations - see table I - with depths varying between 0 m and 115 m. The physical and chemical properties of them are to be seen on table II. The results obtained were compared with those of the German Expedition to the South Atlantic, 1925/27 ("Meteor"), observed at the stations 157-158-159-163 of profile VI and 168-169-170 of profile VII. The mean results obtaneid by the boats "Baependi" and "Vega" are represented on table IV. We constructed vertical sections - I to VI - of each group of Stations, showing the slope of the insular shelves and, in a general manner, the distribution of salinity. We made also longitudinal section - E, M, I - involving the island and corresponding, respectively, to the groups of stations, the farthest, nearest and intermediary ones. As the number of samples received is reduced and consequently the data obtained are few, no conclusions could be deduced. We made only a commentary supposing that the predominating waters surrounding the island are the same as those coming from the mentioned stations on Profile VI, marked by the "Meteor". No indication authorizes the supposition that waters of the Brazil Current or those of Profile VII of the "Meteor" reach the Trindade Island. On the contrary, its waters must be warm and salted to which Albert Defant (Die Troposphaere, Wiss. Erg. D. Atl. Exp. "Meteor" Band VI, 1 Tel Lief. 3, Berlin, 1936) has referred, as the island is located very near to the limits of the perspective diagram of warm water circulation pointed out. (Kieler Meeresforschungen, Inst. Meereskunde, Universit. Kiel, Band VII, Heft 1, S 24, 1950).