Developmental changes in DNA methylation of the two tobacco pollen nuclei during maturation

Changes in DNA methylation during tobacco pollen development have been studied by confocal fluorescence microscopy using a monoclonal anti-5-methylcytosine (anti-m5C) antibody and a polyclonal anti-histone H1 (anti-histone) antibody as an internal standard. The specificity of the anti-m5C antibody was demonstrated by a titration series against both single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA substrates in either the methylated or unmethylated forms. The antibody was found to show similar kinetics against both double- and single-stranded DNA, and the fluorescence was proportional to the amount of DNA used. No signal was observed with unmethylated substrates. The extent of methylation of the two pollen nuclei remained approximately constant after the mitotic division that gave rise to the vegetative and generative nuclei. However, during the subsequent development of the pollen, the staining of the generative nucleus decreased until it reached a normalized value of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} \begin{equation*}\frac{1}{5}\end{equation*}\end{document} of that of the vegetative nucleus. The use of a confocal microscope makes these data independent of possible focusing artefacts. The anti-histone antibody was used as a control to show that, while the antibody staining directed against 5-methylcytosine changed dramatically during pollen maturation, the histone signal did not. We observed the existence of structural dimorphism amongst tobacco pollen grains, the majority having three pollen apertures and the rest with four. However, the methylation changes observed occurred to the same extent in both subclasses.

Artigos e possessivos na história do português paulista

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo articular um estudo do determinante diante das formas possessivas com base em um corpus histórico jornalístico composto de anúncios e cartas de leitores e redatores extraídos de jornais paulistas do século XIX. Focalizamos as formas possessivas seu/seus/sua/suas pré-nominais, observando a presença versus ausência do artigo definido e seus diferentes contextos. Nossas hipóteses buscaram resolver algumas questões teóricas relacionadas à estrutura do DP possessivo no PB, entre elas a da opcionalidade aparente do determinante e a da variação na realização de Número no interior da estrutura. Desenvolvemos respostas e análises às questões a partir da associação de dois quadros teóricos: a teoria dos Princípios & Parâmetros (CHOMSKY 1981, 1986) incluindo alguns refinamentos do Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2004), e os pressupostos elaborados dentro da Sociolinguística Variacionista (cf. WEINREICH, LABOV e HERZOG (WLH) (1968); LABOV (1972, 1994, 2000)). Consideramos também estudos posteriores que conciliaram a mudança paramétrica internalista da língua (ROBERTS (2007)) com fatores extragramaticais que determinam o percurso das formas linguísticas no tempo histórico (KROCH (1989, 1994, 2000)). Para o estudo da estrutura do DP possessivo usamos a análise sobre os Bare Nouns de Cyrino & Espinal (2014). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a média geral de ausência do determinante diante de DPs possessivos se manteve a mesma nos dois períodos analisados, configurando uma variação estável. Concluímos que não houve, portanto, indícios de oscilação no uso de uma ou outra variante que pudesse demonstrar o avanço de uma delas em detrimento de outra.

A Discursive Perspective on China's Global Politics of Climate Change, 1992-2013

This dissertation investigates China’s recent shift in its climate change policy with a refined discourse approach. Methodologically, by adopting a neo-Gramscian notion of hegemony, a generative definition of discourse and an ontological pluralist position, the study constructs a theoretical framework named “discursive hegemony” that identifies the “social forces” for enabling social change and focuses on the role of discursive mechanisms via which the forces operate and produce effects. The key empirical finding of this study was that it was a co-evolution of conditions that shaped the outcome as China’s climate policy shift. In examining the case, a before-after within-case comparison was designed to analyze the variations in the material, institutional, and ideational conditions, with methods including interviews, conventional narrative/text analysis and descriptive statistics. Specifically, changes in energy use, the structure of decision-making body, and the narratives about sustainable development reflected how the above three types of social force processed in China in the first few years of the 21st century, causing the economic development agenda to absorb the climate issue, and turning the policy frame for the latter from mainly a diplomatic matter to a potential opportunity for better-quality growth. With the discursive operation of the “Science-based development”, China’s energy policy has been a good example of the Chinese understanding of sustainability characterized by economic primacy, ecological viability and social green-engineering. This way of discursive evolution, however, is a double-edged sword that has pushed forward some fast, top-down mitigation measures on the one hand, but has also created and will likely continue creating social and ecological havoc on the other hand. The study makes two major contributions. First and on the empirical level, because China is an international actor that was not expected to cooperate on the climate issue according to major IR theories, this study would add one critical case to the studies on global (environmental) governance and the ideational approach in the IR discipline. Second and on the theory-building level, the model of discursive hegemony can be a causally deeper mode of explanation because it traces the process of co-evolution of social forces.

A conceptual map about alternating current circuits

Teachers are deeply concerned on how to be more effective in our task of teaching. We must organize the contents of our specific area providing them with a logical configuration, for which we must know the mental structure of the students that we have in the classroom. We must shape this mental structure, in a progressive manner, so that they can assimilate the contents that we are trying to transfer, to make the learning as meaningful as possible. In the generative learning model, the links before the stimulus delivered by the teacher and the information stored in the mind of the learner requires an important effort by the student, who should build new conceptual meanings. That effort, which is extremely necessary for a good learning, sometimes is the missing ingredient so that the teaching-learning process can be properly assimilated. In electrical circuits, which we know are perfectly controlled and described by Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's two rules, there are two concepts that correspond to the following physical quantities: voltage and electrical resistance. These two concepts are integrated and linked when the concept of current is presented. This concept is not subordinated to the previous ones, it has the same degree of inclusiveness and gives rise to substantial relations between the three concepts, materializing it into a law: The Ohm, which allows us to relate and to calculate any of the three physical magnitudes, two of them known. The alternate current, in which both the voltage and the current are reversed dozens of times per second, plays an important role in many aspects of our modern life, because it is universally used. Its main feature is that its maximum voltage is easily modifiable through the use of transformers, which greatly facilitates its transfer with very few losses. In this paper, we present a conceptual map so that it is used as a new tool to analyze in a logical manner the underlying structure in the alternate current circuits, with the objective of providing the students from Sciences and Engineering majors with another option to try, amongst all, to achieve a significant learning of this important part of physics.

Bakteriologie des weiblichen Genitalkanales,

Mode of access: Internet.

Beitrag zu der Entwicklung der männlichen Genitalien bei Lepidopteren.

Mode of access: Internet.

Beiträge zur Morphologie und Morphogenie des männlichen Genitalapparates der Rhopaloceren.

Vita.

Vergleichende Untersuchung der Sauerstoffversorgumg in den Insectenovarien.

Abdruck aus den Zoologischen Jahrbüchern. Abt. f. allgem. Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere. 32. Bd. 2. Heft.

Diseases of women : a manual of gynecology designed especially for the use of students and general practitioners /

Mode of access: Internet.

The pathology, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of women, including the diagnosis of pregnancy,

Mode of access: Internet.

The diseases of the genital organs of domestic animals /

Includes index.

The male genitalia of orthopteroid insects.

Mode of access: Internet.

Der Neben-Eierstock des Weibes : das längst vermisste Seitenstück der Neben-Hoden des Mannes entdeckt : ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungs-Geschichte der Genitalien und zur Aufklärung der Zwitterbildungen beim Menschen und den Säugethieren.

Mode of access: Internet.

Organes de nutrition & de reproduction chez les vertébrés.

Mode of access: Internet.

Mortality from cancer of genital organs among Illinois residents, 1969-71 and 1979-81 : a vital statistics special report /

Caption title.