989 resultados para ethanol production yeasts
Resumo:
El topinambur pertenece a la familia de las Asteráceas, es una especie originaria de América del Norte, de la que fundamentalmente se aprovechan sus tubérculos; tiene gran potencial como alimento, materia prima para productos industriales y producción de biocombustibles. En Argentina no hay cultivares de topinambur registrados. Sin embargo hay documentación y testimonios del ingreso de distintas variedades al país a principios del siglo XX. El objetivo de esta tesis fue caracterizar el germoplasma de topinambur que se cultiva, a pequeña escala, en distintas regiones de la Argentina. Se formó una colección de trabajo con introducciones provenientes de 5 provincias del país (Río Negro, Chubut, Buenos Aires, Mendoza y Córdoba), y se condujeron ensayos experimentales en dos ambientes de la provincia de Mendoza. Se evaluaron caracteres morfológicos (altura de plantas, dimensiones y ángulo de inserción de hojas, tamaño de tubérculos), fenológicos (emergencia, inicio, fin y duración de floración, senescencia del cultivo) y rendimiento. Se detectaron diferencias morfológicas que permitieron agrupar a las introducciones en dos grupos, correspondiendo uno a introducciones de tubérculos rojos y el otro a introducciones de tubérculos blancos. Se valoró la aptitud hortícola de las introducciones mediante evaluación sensorial; se realizó una prueba de preferencia y percepción de distintos aspectos de la hortaliza (color, olor, sabor y textura), consumida cruda. El nivel de aceptación general de la hortaliza fue bueno. Se evaluó el potencial industrial (obtención de inulina y producción de etanol). Se determinó por HPLC el contenido de inulina de cada introducción, que varió de 18.07 a 22.95 % y se estimó el potencial para producir etanol a partir de los hidratos de carbono fermentables de los tubérculos, que llegó a 4.934 litros por ha, aunque sin diferencias entre introducciones.
Resumo:
Helianthus tuberosus L. produce tubérculos ricos en hidratos de carbono fermentables que pueden ser usados para producir etanol. Para el destino energético el cultivo puede ser regado con aguas residuales urbanas. La densidad poblacional en un cultivo de topinambur afecta los parámetros de crecimiento y rendimiento. Se evaluó el efecto de la densidad de plantación sobre el rendimiento de tubérculos. Se compararon 6 tratamientos de densidad, combinando 2 espaciamientos entre hileras (0,70 y 0,80 m) y 3 espaciamientos entre plantas en la hilera (0,30; 0,40 y 0,50 m), generando stands desde las 25.000 a 47.600 plantas/ha. Se presentaron los mayores rendimientos con distancias entre plantas en la hilera de 0,30 ó 0,40 m; no se presentaron diferencias en respuesta a la distancia entre hileras. Los componentes del rendimiento (rendimiento de tubérculos por planta, número de tubérculos por planta y tamaño medio de los tubérculos) respondieron a cambios en la densidad generados por la distancias entre plantas y fueron indiferentes a la variación de distancia entre hileras. La altura de las plantas, el número de tallos principales, el porcentaje de MS y de SS en los tubérculos no se modificaron ante variaciones de densidad.
Resumo:
La pataca (Helianthus tuberosus L.) es una especie de cultivo con un alto potencial en la producción de hidratos de carbono de reserva en forma de polifructanos, especialmente inulina, que se acumulan temporalmente en los tallos en forma de polisacáridos para translocarse posteriormente a los tubérculos, donde son almacenados. Aunque tradicionalmente el producto de interés del cultivo son los tubérculos, que acumulan gran cantidad de hidratos de carbono fermentables (HCF) cuando se recogen al final del ciclo de desarrollo, en este trabajo se pretende evaluar el potencial de la pataca como productor de HCF a partir de los tallos cosechados en el momento de máximo contenido en HCF, mediante un sistema de cultivo plurianual. Se han realizado los siguientes estudios: i) Determinación del momento óptimo de cosecha en ensayos con 12 clones ii) Potencial del cultivo plurianual de la pataca en términos de producción anual de biomasa aérea y de HCF en cosechas sucesivas, iii) Ensayos de conservación de la biomasa aérea, iv) Estimación de los costes de las dos modalidades de cultivo de pataca para producción de HCF y v) Estimación de la sostenibilidad energética de la producción de bioetanol mediante la utilización de los subproductos. Para la determinación del momento óptimo de la cosecha de la biomasa aérea se ensayaron 12 clones de diferente precocidad en Madrid; 4 tempranos (Huertos de Moya, C-17, Columbia y D-19) y 8 tardíos (Boniches, China, K-8, Salmantina, Nahodka, C-13, INIA y Violeta de Rennes). El máximo contenido en HCF tuvo lugar en el estado fenológico de botón floral-flor que además coincidió con la máxima producción de biomasa aérea. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, la cosecha de los clones tempranos se debería realizar en el mes de julio y en los clones tardíos en septiembre, siendo éstos últimos más productivos. La producción media más representativa entre los 12 clones, obtenida en el estado fenológico de botón floral fue de 23,40 t ms/ha (clon INIA), con un contenido medio en HCF de 30,30 % lo que supondría una producción potencial media de 7,06 t HCF/ha. La producción máxima en HCF se obtuvo en el clon Boniches con 7,61 t/ha y 22,81 t ms/ha de biomasa aérea. En el sistema de cultivo plurianual la cantidad de tallos por unidad de superficie aumenta cada año debido a la cantidad de tubérculos que van quedando en el terreno, sobre todo a partir del 3er año, lo que produce la disminución del peso unitario de los tallos, con el consiguiente riesgo de encamado. El aclareo de los tallos nacidos a principios de primavera mediante herbicidas tipo Glifosato o mediante una labor de rotocultor rebaja la densidad final de tallos y mejora los rendimientos del cultivo. En las experiencias de conservación de la biomasa aérea se obtuvo una buena conservación por un período de 6 meses de los HCF contenidos en los tallos secos empacados y almacenados bajo cubierta. Considerando que el rendimiento práctico de la fermentación alcohólica es de 0,5 l de etanol por cada kg de azúcar, la producción potencial de etanol para una cosecha de tallos de 7,06 t de HCF/ha sería de 3.530 l/ha. El bagazo producido en la extracción de los HCF de la biomasa aérea supondría 11,91 t/ha lo que utilizado para fines térmicos supone más de 3 veces la energía primaria requerida en el proceso de producción de etanol, considerando un poder calorífico inferior de 3.832,6 kcal/kg. Para una producción de HCF a partir de la biomasa aérea de 7,06 t/ha y en tubérculos al final del ciclo de 12,11 t/ha, los costes de producción estimados para cada uno de ellos fueron de 184,69 €/t para los HCF procedentes de la biomasa aérea y 311,30 €/t para los de tubérculos. Como resultado de este trabajo se puede concluir que la producción de HCF a partir de la biomasa aérea de pataca en cultivo plurianual, es viable desde un punto de vista técnico, con reducción de los costes de producción respecto al sistema tradicional de cosecha de tubérculos. Entre las ventajas técnicas de esta modalidad de cultivo, cabe destacar: la reducción de operaciones de cultivo, la facilidad y menor coste de la cosecha, y la posibilidad de conservación de los HCF en la biomasa cosechada sin mermas durante varios meses. Estas ventajas, compensan con creces el menor rendimiento por unidad de superficie que se obtiene con este sistema de cultivo frente al de cosecha de los tubérculos. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) (JA) is a crop with a high potential for the production of carbohydrates in the form of polyfructans, especially inulin, which are temporarily accumulated in the stems in the form of polysaccharides. Subsequently they are translocated to the tubers, where they are finally accumulated. In this work the potential of Jerusalem artichoke for fermentable carbohydrates from stems that are harvested at their peak of carbohydrates accumulation is assessed as compared to the traditional cultivation system that aims at the production of tubers harvested at the end of the growth cycle. Tubers are storage organs of polyfructans, namely fermentable carbohydrates. Studies addressed in this work were: i) Determination of the optimum period of time for stem harvesting as a function of clone precocity in a 12-clone field experiment; ii) Study of the potential of JA poly-annual crop regarding the annual yield of aerial biomass and fermentable carbohydrates (HCF) over the years; iii) Tests of storage of the aerial biomass, iv) Comparative analysis of the two JA cultivation systems for HCF production: the poly-annual system for aerial biomass harvesting versus the annual cultivation system for tubers and v) Estimation of the energy sustainability of the bioethanol production by using by-products of the production chain. In order to determine the best period of time for aerial biomass harvesting twelve JA clones of different precocity were tested in Madrid: four early clones (Huertos de Moya, C-17, Columbia and D-19) and eight late clones (Boniches, China, K-8 , Salmantina, Nahodka, C-13, INIA and Violeta de Rennes). Best time was between the phenological stages of floral buds (closed capitula) and blossom (opened capitula), period in which the peak of biomass production coincides with the peak of HCF accumulation in the stems. According to the results, the early clones should be harvested in July and the late ones in September, being the late clones more productive. The clone named INIA was the one that exhibited more steady yields in biomass over the 12 clones experimented. The average potential biomass production of this clone was 23.40 t dm/ha when harvested at the floral buds phenological stage; mean HCF content is 30.30%, representing 7.06 t HCF/ha yield. However, the highest HCF production was obtained for the clone Boniches, 7.61 t HCF/ha from a production of 22.81 t aerial biomass/ha. In the poly-annual cultivation system the number of stems per unit area increases over the years due to the increase in the number of tubers that are left under ground; this effect is particularly important after the 3rd year of the poly-annual crop and results in a decrease of the stems unit weight and a risk of lodging. Thinning of JA shoots in early spring, by means of an herbicide treatment based on glyphosate or by means of one pass with a rotary tiller, results in a decrease of the crop stem density and in higher crop yields. Tests of biomass storing showed that the method of keeping dried stems packed and stored under cover results in a good preservation of HCF for a period of six months at least. Assuming that the fermentation yield is 0.5 L ethanol per kg sugars and a HCF stem production of 7.06 t HCF/ha, the potential for bioethanol is estimated at 3530 L/ha. The use of bagasse -by-product of the process of HCF extraction from the JA stems- for thermal purposes would represent over 3 times the primary energy required for the industrial ethanol production process, assuming 11.91 t/ha bagasse and 3832.6 kcal/kg heating value. HCF production costs of 7.06 t HCF/ha yield from aerial biomass and HCF production costs of 12.11 t HCF/ha from tubers were estimated at 184.69 €/t HCF and 311.30 €/t HCF, respectively. It can be concluded that the production of HCF from JA stems, following a poly-annual cultivation system, can be feasible from a technical standpoint and lead to lower production costs as compared to the traditional annual cultivation system for the production of HCF from tubers. Among the technical advantages of the poly-annual cultivation system it is worth mentioning the reduction in crop operations, the ease and efficiency of harvesting operations and the possibility of HCF preservation without incurring in HCF losses during the storage period, which can last several months. These advantages might compensate the lower yield of HCF per unit area that is obtained in the poly-annual crop system, which aims at stems harvesting, versus the annual one, which involves tubers harvesting.
Resumo:
El presente trabajo de Tesis describe la posibilidad de modular la fermentación alcohólica utilizando bloqueadores metabólicos como furfural, o-vainillina, ácido cinámico, glicolaldehído, p-benzoquinona y cobre; para controlar la producción de etanol. El redireccionamiento de la ruta glicolítica en Saccharomyces cerevisiae favorece el descenso del grado alcohólico gracias al aumento de la producción de metabolitos secundarios de interés enológico. La primera parte de la Tesis presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre estudios previos en los que se ha evaluado el efecto de los diferentes bloqueadores metabólicos en la producción de etanol durante la fermentación alcohólica. La segunda parte muestra los resultados experimentales de producción de etanol obtenidos con los bloqueadores metabólicos, observándose una amplia variabilidad en su efecto en función de la naturaleza química de cada bloqueador y de la naturaleza del medio fermentativo utilizado. Finalmente, la tercera parte del trabajo muestra el efecto de los bloqueadores metabólicos sobre los parámetros colorimétricos y la producción de metabolitos secundarios, observándose un importante efecto en la producción de glicerina y en algunos de los compuestos volátiles fermentativos. La principal aplicación de esta tecnología basada en la utilización de bloqueadores metabólicos sería la elaboración de vinos con una menor graduación alcohólica a partir de uva procedente de zonas cálidas. ABSTRACT This thesis describes the possibility of modulating the alcoholic fermentation using metabolic blockers such as furfural, o-vanillin, cinnamic acid, glycolaldehyde, p-benzoquinone and copper. The controlled production of ethanol by redirecting of the glycolytic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is achieved through diverting some of the carbohydrates away from alcohol production into the formation of glycolytic intermediates of interest to the winemaking industry. The first part of this work shows a literature review on previous studies about the effect of different metabolic blockers in order to reduce the ethanol production during alcoholic fermentation. The second part deals about the experimental results of ethanol production obtained with the metabolic blockers, showing a wide variation in the inhibitory effect depending on the chemical nature of each blocker and the nature of the fermentation medium used. Finally, the third part discussed about the effect of the metabolic blockers on colorimetric parameters and production of secondary metabolites, showing a significant effect on the production of glycerol and in some of the volatile fermentative compounds. The main application of this technology based on the use of metabolic blockers could lie in the preparation of reduced-alcohol wines from grapes grown in hot climate regions.
Resumo:
Apesar de ser considerado um combustível sustentável, o etanol, produzido a partir da cana de açúcar, deixa um passivo de grandes proporções durante seu processo produtivo, a vinhaça, que vem sendo depositada nas próprias lavouras de cana de açúcar. É gerada na proporção de 12 litros para cada litro de etanol produzido em média, sendo rica em diversos nutrientes, os quais podem ser aproveitados para diversos fins como, por exemplo, meio de cultivo para microalgas. A presente pesquisa avaliou em uma primeira etapa a clarificação da vinhaça por um processo de coagulação com auxílio de um polímero catiônico, seguida de uma etapa de microfiltração tangencial em filtro de fibras ocas, o que permitiu uma redução superior a 77% para a cor aparente, de 99% para a turbidez e de 20% para a DQO, facilitando a utilização deste efluente para o cultivo de microalgas. Numa segunda etapa, foi avaliado o cultivo da microalga Chlorella vulgaris, em escala de bancada e operação em batelada, em meio preparado a partir da diluição da vinhaça em água de poço profundo, obtendo um aumento na biomassa produzida, determinado em termos de clorofila-a, em concentrações de vinhaça inferiores a 7,5% utilizando inóculo da ordem de 106 indivíduos. Tais dados permitiram a realização de ensaios de cultivo em escala contínua, com fotobiorreatores em escala piloto, gerando assim a biomassa utilizada nas próximas fases do estudo, que avaliaram a separação da biomassa gerada pelo processo de flotação por ar dissolvido. Os ensaios inicialmente realizados em escala de bancada e operados em batelada permitiram identificar as condições ótimas de operação, as quais foram então avaliadas em um flotador operando em fluxo contínuo. Tal flotador permitiu a obtenção de um lodo com teor de sólidos superior a 2%, o qual foi submetido à um processo final de desaguamento por centrifugação. Os ensaios de desaguamento, permitiram verificar que a utilização do mesmo polímero utilizado na etapa de clarificação permite a obtenção de um lodo mais estável, quando comparado com a não utilização de produto químico, na dosagem de polímero catiônico de 6 g.kg-1. A conclusão deste trabalho permitiu verificar a possibilidade de utilização da vinhaça como meio de cultivo de microalgas, reduzindo assim um dos impactos causados pela produção de etanol. Além disso foi possível verificar o potencial da FAD, para o espessamento de biomassa produzido em fotobiorreatores.
Resumo:
Globally, increasing demands for biofuels have intensified the rate of land-use change (LUC) for expansion of bioenergy crops. In Brazil, the world\'s largest sugarcane-ethanol producer, sugarcane area has expanded by 35% (3.2 Mha) in the last decade. Sugarcane expansion has resulted in extensive pastures being subjected to intensive mechanization and large inputs of agrochemicals, which have direct implications on soil quality (SQ). We hypothesized that LUC to support sugarcane expansion leads to overall SQ degradation. To test this hypothesis we conducted a field-study at three sites in the central-southern region, to assess the SQ response to the primary LUC sequence (i.e., native vegetation to pasture to sugarcane) associated to sugarcane expansion in Brazil. At each land use site undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected from the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depths. Soil chemical and physical attributes were measured through on-farm and laboratory analyses. A dataset of soil biological attributes was also included in this study. Initially, the LUC effects on each individual soil indicator were quantified. Afterward, the LUC effects on overall SQ were assessed using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). Furthermore, six SQ indexes (SQI) were developed using approaches with increasing complexity. Our results showed that long-term conversion from native vegetation to extensive pasture led to soil acidification, significant depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) and macronutrients [especially phosphorus (P)] and severe soil compaction, which creates an unbalanced ratio between water- and air-filled pore space within the soil and increases mechanical resistance to root growth. Conversion from pasture to sugarcane improved soil chemical quality by correcting for acidity and increasing macronutrient levels. Despite those improvements, most of the P added by fertilizer accumulated in less plant-available P forms, confirming the key role of organic P has in providing available P to plants in Brazilian soils. Long-term sugarcane production subsequently led to further SOC depletions. Sugarcane production had slight negative impacts on soil physical attributes compared to pasture land. Although tillage performed for sugarcane planting and replanting alleviates soil compaction, our data suggested that the effects are short-term with persistent, reoccurring soil consolidation that increases erosion risk over time. These soil physical changes, induced by LUC, were detected by quantitative soil physical properties as well as by visual evaluation of soil structure (VESS), an on-farm and user-friendly method for evaluating SQ. The SMAF efficiently detected overall SQ response to LUC and it could be reliably used under Brazilian soil conditions. Furthermore, since all of the SQI values developed in this study were able to rank SQ among land uses. We recommend that simpler and more cost-effective SQI strategies using a small number of carefully chosen soil indicators, such as: pH, P, K, VESS and SOC, and proportional weighting within of each soil sectors (chemical, physical and biological) be used as a protocol for SQ assessments in Brazilian sugarcane areas. The SMAF and SQI scores suggested that long-term conversion from native vegetation to extensive pasture depleted overall SQ, driven by decreases in chemical, physical and biological indicators. In contrast, conversion from pasture to sugarcane had no negative impacts on overall SQ, mainly because chemical improvements offset negative impacts on biological and physical indicators. Therefore, our findings can be used as scientific base by farmers, extension agents and public policy makers to adopt and develop management strategies that sustain and/or improving SQ and the sustainability of sugarcane production in Brazil.
Resumo:
A obtenção de etanol a partir de rotas alcoolquímicas consagradas gera resíduos com potencial de aproveitamento, tanto em outros setores produtivos como no ciclo produtivo do próprio combustível. Este é o caso de torta de filtro e vinhaça. A vinhaça em particular costuma ser devolvida ao campo com o intuito de ajustar teores nutricionais do solo no cultivo da cana. No entanto, estudos ambientais destacam que esta alternativa traz efeitos negativos sobre os meios receptores (água e solo), condição que abre a perspectiva para exploração de usos alternativos dessas substâncias. Este estudo se propôs a contribuir para o tema ao avaliar de forma sistêmica o desempenho ambiental de duas alternativas de reaproveitamento de vinhaça: (i) reuso no campo em processos de fertirrigação, alternativa consolidada no Brasil, e (ii) reuso da fração líquida da vinhaça em etapas diversas do processo industrial de obtenção de etanol. Em qualquer das situações fez-se uso da técnica de Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida - ACV para proceder tal verificação. A análise ambiental da prática de reuso de vinhaça e torta para fertirrigação foi conduzida a partir da comparação de cenários que consideraram a forma de suprimento de nutrientes para a cana e o método de colheita. A avaliação de impactos ocorreu em dois níveis: quanto ao consumo de recursos, a partir de Primary Energy Demand (PED); e em termos de emissões para o ambiente por meio da elaboração do Perfil Ambiental. Uma Análise de Sensibilidade foi também realizada para verificar o efeito de oscilações dos teores de Nitrogênio (N), Fósforo (P) e Potássio (K) na composição da vinhaça sobre os resultados obtidos, caso da primeira alternativa. Concluiu-se para esse caso que a substituição parcial de fertilizantes químicos por vinhaça traz aumento da Demanda de Energia Primária global para ambos os métodos de colheita. Em termos de Perfil Ambiental, a comparação entre cenários das mesmas práticas de manejo mostrou que a troca de adubos por vinhaça e torta é positiva para o desempenho ambiental do etanol por reduzir impactos quanto a Mudanças Climáticas (CC), Acidificação Terrestre (TA) e Toxicidade Humana (HT). Por outro lado, o tratamento de vinhaça para reposição de água na etapa industrial resultou em aumento global das contribuições para as categorias acima mencionadas além de incrementos para Eutrofização de água doce (FEut) e Ecotoxicidade de água doce (FEC), a despeito de ser constatada a redução de 45% quanto a Depleção de água (WD). Os aumentos no impacto se deveram principalmente aos efeitos negativos causados durante a produção do CaO usado no processo de tratamento da vinhaça. No entanto, a substituição deste insumo por NaOH só representou melhora em termos de CC. Pode-se concluir que a reutilização de vinhaça e de torta de filtro como complemento nutricional para o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar resultou em uma alternativa mais adequada de reaproveitamento do que o se este fluído fosse reutilizado para suprir parte da demanda hídrica de processo, mesmo quando o consumo de água na etapa industrial tenha inexoravelmente se reduzido a partir da implantação dessa medida.
Resumo:
O modelo brasileiro de utilização de recursos provenientes de biomassa pode ser considerado como referência na utilização em substituição da matriz energética. Dentre eles o etanol vem se destacando como uma fonte de bioenergia cada vez mais utilizada, principalmente na frota de veículos, tal incentivo vem sendo sedimentado ao longo de quase quatro décadas desde a primeira crise do petróleo com a implantação do PROALCOOL até o desenvolvimento e a aplicação da tecnologia de carros bicombustíveis conhecidos como veículos flex, que hoje representam aproximadamente 90% dos automóveis vendidos. O presente trabalho buscará identificar a existência de uma relação entre os indicadores de produção de automóveis, o aumento de produção de etanol e as variáveis macroeconômicas pelos índices de INCC, IPCA e IGP-M que são amplamente conhecidos e reconhecidos pelo governo, empresários e população. Foi utilizada a técnica multivariada de regressão e correlação com auxilio do oftware SPSS. Os resultados sugerem que existe uma correlação entre os índices macroeconômicos mais baixos e o aumento da produção de automóveis e de etanol.
Resumo:
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae predominantly ferments glucose to ethanol at high external glucose concentrations, irrespective of the presence of oxygen. In contrast, at low external glucose concentrations and in the presence of oxygen, as in a glucose-limited chemostat, no ethanol is produced. The importance of the external glucose concentration suggests a central role for the affinity and maximal transport rates of yeast's glucose transporters in the control of ethanol production. Here we present a series of strains producing functional chimeras between the hexose transporters Hxt1 and Hxt7, each of which lias distinct glucose transport characteristics. The strains display a range of decreasing glycolytic rates resulting in a proportional decrease in ethanol production. Using these strains, we show for the first time that at high glucose levels, the glucose uptake capacity of wild-type S. cerevisiae does not control glycolytic flux during exponential batch growth. In contrast, our chimeric Hxt transporters control the rate of glycolysis to a high degree. Strains whose glucose uptake is mediated by these chimeric transporters will undoubtedly provide a powerful tool with which to examine in detail the mechanism underlying the switch between fermentation and respiration in S. cerevisiae and will provide new tools for the control of industrial fermentations.
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The present work investigated the potential of different residual lignocellulosic materials generated in rural and urban areas (coconut fibre mature, green coconut shell and mature coconut shell), and vegetable cultivated in inhospitable environments (cactus) aimed at the production of ethanol, being all materials abundant in the Northeast region of Brazil. These materials were submitted to pretreatments with alkaline hydrogen peroxide followed by sodium hydroxide (AHP-SHP), autohydrolysis (AP), hydrothermal catalyzed with sodium hydroxide (HCSHP) and alkali ethanol organosolv (AEOP). These materials pretreated were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis and strategies of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and saccharification and fermentation semi-simultaneous (SSSF) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis and Pichia stipitis. It was also evaluated the presence of inhibitory compounds (hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, acetic acid, formic acid and levulinic acid) and seawater during the fermentative process. Materials pretreated with AHP-SHP have resulted in delignification of the materials in a range between 54 and 71%, containing between 51.80 and 54.91% of cellulose, between 17.65 and 28.36% of hemicellulose, between 7.99 and 10.12% of lignin. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the conversions in glucose between 68 and 76%. Conversion yields in ethanol using SSF and SSSF for coconut fibre mature pretreated ranged from 0.40 and 0.43 g/g, 0.43 and 0.45 g/g, respectively. Materials pretreated by AP showed yields of solids between 42.92 and 92.74%, containing between 30.65 and 51.61% of cellulose, 21.34 and 41.28% of lignin. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in glucose conversions between 84.10 and 92.52%. Proceeds from conversion into ethanol using green coconut shell pretreated, in strategy SSF and SSSF, were between 0.43 and 0.45 g/g. Coconut fibre mature pretreated by HCSHP presented solids yields between 21.64 and 60.52%, with increased in cellulose between 28.40 and 131.20%, reduction of hemicellulose between 43.22 and 69.04% and reduction in lignin between 8.27 and 89.13%. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the conversion in glucose of 90.72%. Ethanol yields using the SSF and SSSF were 0.43 and 0.46 g/g, respectively. Materials pretreated by AEOP showed solid reductions between 10.75 and 43.18%, cellulose increase up to 121.67%, hemicellulose reduction up to 77.09% and lignin reduced up to 78.22%. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the conversion of glucose between 77.54 and 84.27%. Yields conversion into ethanol using the SSF and SSSF with cactus pretreated ranged from 0.41 and 0.44 g/g, 0.43 and 0.46 g/g, respectively. Fermentations carried out in bioreactors resulted in yields and ethanol production form 0.42 and 0.46 g/g and 7.62 and 12.42 g/L, respectively. The inhibitory compounds showed negative synergistic effects in fermentations performed by P. stipitis, Z. mobilis and S. cerevisiae. Formic acid and acetic acid showed most significant effects among the inhibitory compounds, followed by hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural and levulinic acid. Fermentations carried out in culture medium diluted with seawater showed promising results, especially for S. cerevisiae (0.50 g/g) and Z. mobilis (0.49 g/g). The different results obtained in this study indicate that lignocellulosic materials, pretreatments, fermentative processes strategies and the microorganisms studied deserve attention because they are promising and capable of being used in the context of biorefinery, aiming the ethanol production.
Resumo:
In Brazil many types of bioproducts and agroindustrial waste are generated currently, such as cacashew apple bagasse and coconut husk, for example. The final disposal of these wastes causes serious environmental issues. In this sense, waste lignocellulosic content, as the shell of the coconut is a renewable and abundant raw material in which its use has an increased interest mainly for the 2nd generation ethanol production. The hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars such as glucose and xylose is catalysed by a group of enzymes called cellulases. However, the main bottleneck in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is the significant deactivation of the enzyme that shows irreversible adsorption mechanism leading to reduction of the cellulose adsorption onto cellulose. Studies have shown that the use of surfactants can modify the surface property of the cellulose therefore minimizing the irreversible binding. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of chemical and biological surfactants during the hydrolysis of coconut husk which was subjected to two pre-treatment in order to improve the accessibility of the enzymes to the cellulose, removing this way, part of the lignin and hemicellulose present in the structure of the material. The pre-treatments applied to coconut bagasse were: Acid/Alkaline using 0.6M H2SO4 followed by 1M NaOH, and the one with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide at a concentration of 7.35% (v/v) and pH 11.5. Both the material no treatment and pretreated were characterized using analysis of diffraction X-ray (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and methods established by NREL. The influence of both surfactants, chemical and biological, was used at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the concentrations equal to the CMC. The application of pre-treatment with coconut residue was efficient for the conversion to glucose, as well as for the production of total reducing sugars, it was possible to observe that the pretreatment fragmented the structure as well as disordered the fibers. Regarding XRD analysis, a significant increase in crystallinity index was observed for pretreated bagasse acid/alkali (51.1%) compared to the no treatment (31.7%), while that for that treated with PHA, the crystallinity index was slightly lower, around 29%. In terms of total reducing sugars it was not possible to observe a significant difference between the hydrolysis carried out without the use of surfactant compared to the addition of Triton and rhamnolipid. However, by observing the conversions achieved during the hydrolysis, it was noted that the best conversion was using the rhamnolipíd for the husk pretreated with acid/alkali, reaching a value of 33%, whereas using Triton the higher conversion was 23.8%. The coconut husk is a residue which can present a high potential to the 2nd generation ethanol production, being the rhamonolipid a very efficient biosurfactant for use as an adjuvant in the enzymatic process in order to act on the material structure reducing its recalcitrance and therefore improving the conditions of access for enzymes to the substrate increasing thus the conversion of cellulose to glucose.
Resumo:
In Brazil many types of bioproducts and agroindustrial waste are generated currently, such as cacashew apple bagasse and coconut husk, for example. The final disposal of these wastes causes serious environmental issues. In this sense, waste lignocellulosic content, as the shell of the coconut is a renewable and abundant raw material in which its use has an increased interest mainly for the 2nd generation ethanol production. The hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars such as glucose and xylose is catalysed by a group of enzymes called cellulases. However, the main bottleneck in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is the significant deactivation of the enzyme that shows irreversible adsorption mechanism leading to reduction of the cellulose adsorption onto cellulose. Studies have shown that the use of surfactants can modify the surface property of the cellulose therefore minimizing the irreversible binding. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of chemical and biological surfactants during the hydrolysis of coconut husk which was subjected to two pre-treatment in order to improve the accessibility of the enzymes to the cellulose, removing this way, part of the lignin and hemicellulose present in the structure of the material. The pre-treatments applied to coconut bagasse were: Acid/Alkaline using 0.6M H2SO4 followed by 1M NaOH, and the one with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide at a concentration of 7.35% (v/v) and pH 11.5. Both the material no treatment and pretreated were characterized using analysis of diffraction X-ray (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and methods established by NREL. The influence of both surfactants, chemical and biological, was used at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the concentrations equal to the CMC. The application of pre-treatment with coconut residue was efficient for the conversion to glucose, as well as for the production of total reducing sugars, it was possible to observe that the pretreatment fragmented the structure as well as disordered the fibers. Regarding XRD analysis, a significant increase in crystallinity index was observed for pretreated bagasse acid/alkali (51.1%) compared to the no treatment (31.7%), while that for that treated with PHA, the crystallinity index was slightly lower, around 29%. In terms of total reducing sugars it was not possible to observe a significant difference between the hydrolysis carried out without the use of surfactant compared to the addition of Triton and rhamnolipid. However, by observing the conversions achieved during the hydrolysis, it was noted that the best conversion was using the rhamnolipíd for the husk pretreated with acid/alkali, reaching a value of 33%, whereas using Triton the higher conversion was 23.8%. The coconut husk is a residue which can present a high potential to the 2nd generation ethanol production, being the rhamonolipid a very efficient biosurfactant for use as an adjuvant in the enzymatic process in order to act on the material structure reducing its recalcitrance and therefore improving the conditions of access for enzymes to the substrate increasing thus the conversion of cellulose to glucose.
Resumo:
Date of Acceptance: 08/05/2014 Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to Julia Römer for assisting with editing several hundred references. Helmut Haberl gratefully acknowledges funding by the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Global Change Programme), the Austrian Ministry of Science and Research (BMWF, proVision programme) as well as by the EU-FP7 project VOLANTE. Carmenza Robledo-Abad received financial support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs.
Resumo:
Date of Acceptance: 08/05/2014 Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to Julia Römer for assisting with editing several hundred references. Helmut Haberl gratefully acknowledges funding by the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Global Change Programme), the Austrian Ministry of Science and Research (BMWF, proVision programme) as well as by the EU-FP7 project VOLANTE. Carmenza Robledo-Abad received financial support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs.
Resumo:
O bioetanol constitui uma alternativa renovável aos combustíveis fósseis. Contudo, o bioetanol de primeira geração, produzido a partir de matérias-primas alimentares, desencadeou sérios problemas económicos e sociais, pelo que é fundamental encontrar estratégias que permitam a viabilidade comercial do bioetanol de segunda geração, produzido a partir de matérias-primas lenho-celulósicas. O licor de cozimento ao sulfito ácido de árvores folhosas (HSSL) é um subproduto da indústria papeleira que, devido ao seu elevado conteúdo em açúcares, pode ser utilizado como substrato para a produção de bioetanol de segunda geração. No entanto, a maior fração dos açúcares do HSSL é composta por pentoses. Por isso, a fermentação do HSSL é realizada pela levedura Scheffersomyces stipitis, pois esta é capaz de fermentar tanto as hexoses como as pentoses. Todavia, a S. stipitis só produz etanol sob condições microaerófilas, pelo que o maior desafio da produção de bioetanol por S. stipitis reside no estabelecimento das condições ótimas de arejamento. Este trabalho teve assim por objetivo estabelecer uma estratégia de arejamento que permita a eficiente produção de bioetanol a partir de HSSL por S. stipitis C4, a qual é uma estirpe adaptada a este substrato. Deste modo, foram realizados ensaios em Erlenmeyer, de modo a caracterizar o crescimento da S. stipitis C4, e ensaios em biorreator, com vista a estudar a produção de etanol por S. stipitis C4 em duas estratégias de arejamento diferentes. Na primeira estratégia foi usado apenas um único estágio de arejamento, com controlo da tensão de oxigénio dissolvido, DOT (%), e na segunda estratégia foram usados dois estágios de arejamento, com controlo da DOT no primeiro estágio e com restrição de oxigénio no segundo estágio. Nos ensaios em Erlenmeyer com HSSL o crescimento da S. stipitis C4 foi completamente inibido. Por sua vez, nos ensaios em biorreator com um único estágio de arejamento o controlo da DOT não permitiu a produção de etanol. No entanto, nos ensaios com dois estágios de arejamento em meio sintético foi possível produzir etanol de forma eficiente. Nesta estratégia, a utilização de um maior valor de DOT no primeiro estágio de arejamento permitiu aumentar a taxa específica de crescimento máxima e o rendimento em biomassa do primeiro estágio. Para além disso, a utilização de um maior valor de DOT no primeiro estágio também permitiu aumentar a produtividade em etanol durante o segundo estágio de arejamento. Por sua vez, no segundo estágio de arejamento verificou-se que a restrição de oxigénio evitou a reassimilação de etanol pela S. stipitis C4. Deste modo, os melhores resultados para a produção de etanol foram obtidos com controlo da DOT a 50% durante o primeiro estágio e com 0 mLAr.min-1 e 250 rpm durante o segundo estágio de arejamento. A aplicação desta estratégia de arejamento a 60% HSSL/40% meio sintético permitiu obter, no primeiro estágio de arejamento, uma taxa específica de crescimento máxima de 0,17 h-1, o que demonstra que a elevada disponibilidade de oxigénio durante o primeiro estágio aumenta a tolerância da S. stipitis C4 aos inibidores. Para além disso, a taxa volumétrica de produção de etanol e o rendimento em etanol de toda a fermentação foi de respetivamente de 0,03 g.L-1.h-1 e 0,38 g.g-1. Assim, a elevada eficiência de conversão dos açúcares em etanol (74,4%) demostra que a fermentação com dois estágios de arejamento constitui uma estratégia promissora para a produção de bioetanol de segunda geração a partir de HSSL.