Chemical characterization of tin-lead glazed pottery from the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands: initial steps toward a better understanding of Spanish Colonial pottery in Americas

Majolica pottery was the most characteristic tableware produced in Europe during the Medieval and Renaissance periods. Because of the prestige and importance attributed to this ware, Spanish majolica was imported in vast quantities into the Americas during the Spanish Colonial period. A study of Spanish majolica was conducted on a set of 186 samples from the 10 primary majolica production centres on the Iberian Peninsula and 22 sherds from two early colonial archaeological sites on the Canary Islands. The samples were analysed by neutron activation analysis (NAA), and the resulting data were interpreted using an array of multivariate statistical approaches. Our results show a clear discrimination between different production centres, allowing a reliable provenance attribution of the sherds from the Canary Islands.

A produção do salitre no Brasil colonial

This article discusses the processes inherent in the production of salpeter in Colonial Brazil. In the main, the texts seen here present recipes accompanied by chemical explanations of the processes which denote a knowledge of science at the time. Various difficulties confronting the authors, however, prevented an effective contribution to the development of techniques for the production of salpeter. Consequenttly, at the end of the Nineteenth Century, Brazilian rulers are still facing many problems to obtain this precious material.

Sevillian transport jars in early colonial America: the case of Santa María La Antigua del Darién (Colombia)

Within the scope of the TECNOLONIAL (HAR2008-02834/HIST) project, an archaeologi- cal and archaeometric research is being conduct- ed in order to clarify and systematize transport jars production in the Iberian peninsula and their distribution abroad, especially to the Americas, from the 15th to the 17th century. The production centre of Seville, in the Crown of Castile, produced large glazed and unglazed transport jars, called botijas, which were mainly devoted to the Atlantic trade network. The pres- ent study accounts for the first results obtained from an initial sample of 34 transport jars dated around the 15th-16th centuries from the produc- tion centre of Seville and the reception site of Santa María de la Antigua del Darién (gulf of Urabá, Colombia). This latter site is especially significant since it was the first Spanish founda- tion (1510) in continental America that obtained the title of town, and was the seat for the Governor of the new region called Castilla de Oro, as well as for the first diocese. All individuals were analyzed by means of x-ray fluorescence and diffraction analyses and then compared with the majolica production database from Seville. The results enabled us to define the first refer- ence groups for such modern transport jars, and to get a first insight into the jars coming to the Americas in the early 16th century whose prove- nance can be linked to Seville, but not Triana.

Arqueologia biomolecular: passos preliminares para interpretações sobre a origem dos resíduos orgânicos preservados em fragmentos de cerâmica pré-colonial no Brasil

Organic residue analysis of archaeological potsherds is a well-established method for determining the uses of European and North American pottery vessels. In the present work we assess if the organic residues identified in Brazilian potsherd extracts are related to commodity processes (e.g. cooking or surface treatment) or to other non-archaeological sources, using as a model potsherds recovered from the Rio do Meio site (Santa Catarina Island). The potsherd extracts are dominated by saturated fatty acids (Ac16:0, with lower abundances of Ac14:0 and Ac18:0). Our studies provide evidence that the organic residues preserved in the Brazilian archeological potsherds are related to foodstuffs and surface treatment processes of the pottery vessels.

Descrições de técnicas da química na produção de bens de acordo com os relatos dos naturalistas viajantes no Brasil colonial e imperial

European naturalists explored Brazil in long scientific expeditions and published accounts that make up a rich and still largely untapped historiographic source for the understanding of the history of chemistry. The production of indigo dye, the manufacture of limestone, extraction and purification of saltpeter and the production of salt are discussed. Lime was used to whitewash walls and, mixed with whale oil, as cement to glue stones in buildings of the colonial period. It was prepared by burning seashells in specifically designed ovens. Saltpeter was produced by reacting naturally occurring calcium and magnesium nitrate with potassium-rich wood ashes to yield KNO3. NaCl was obtained by evaporating seawater under the sun. Indigo, a native plant, was cultivated and processed to produce the renowned dye, which was exported to Europe.

O fabrico e uso da pólvora no Brasil colonial: o papel de alpoim na primeira metade do século XVIII

Gunpowder played a significant role in colonial Brazil. This reached a climax in the eighteenth century, when the country's large gold output enticed the greed of many. The French invasion of Rio de Janeiro in 1711 made the city's defense even more pressing to the metropolis. Brigadier Alpoim symbolized this reaction. He was a leading Luso-Brazilian engineer of that century, whose multiple activities set him apart in colonial life. These activities included a pioneer role in teaching the manufacture and use of gunpowder, about which he wrote extensively during the first half of the eighteenth century. His work is thus among the first to treat chemical technology in the colony at such an early age.

Alographia dos álkalis... de Frei Conceição Veloso: um manual de química industrial para produção da potassa no Brasil colonial

Potassium carbonate, or potash, was the most important industrial chemical of the 18th century. It was essential for producing glass, soap, saltpeter, dyes, several drugs, and also used for bleaching linens, paper, and sugar. We examine here a book in which Brazilian author José Mariano da Conceição Veloso gathered his translations into Portuguese of English and French articles, letters, patents, and pamphlets with instructions on how to prepare potash. We discuss especially his version of Richard Watson's essay entitled 'Of saline substances', and Veloso's own 'Flora Alographica', a description of the Brazilian plants that could be used to prepare potash.

Poluição por mercúrio em aterros urbanos do período colonial no extremo sul do Brasil

Land reclamation fills in the city of Rio Grande (RS) are polluted by mercury with concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 18.7 mg kg-1. The level of Hg pollution decreases from the oldest landfills of 18th century to recent ones. Mercury distribution along vertical profiles resembles the same for copper, lead, and zinc, what allow supposing that mercury distribution has an autochthonous character. It is suggested that the principal source of mercury pollution was the activities related to animal skin and fair hair treatment, using ancient technology known as "carroting". Similar scenario of environmental risk could be met in other Brazilian cities with similar colonization history.

O viés doméstico no comércio interestadual de produtos florestais no Brasil

Este estudo procurou estimar o efeito doméstico do comércio entre os estados brasileiros, utilizando-se dados sobre as atividades do setor florestal de acordo com a classificação nacional de atividades econômicas fiscais (CNAE-F). Para tanto, fez-se uso de um modelo geral de gravidade, que leva em consideração os efeitos das vantagens comparativas advindos das diferentes dotações de fatores. Os resultados indicaram que o tamanho do mercado tem efeito positivo na razão exportações/importações, com exceção da atividade de silvicultura. O efeito doméstico é maior nas atividades com maior intensidade de capital, apesar de variar entre as diferentes indústrias. A atividade de fabricação de produtos de madeira mostrou-se mão-de-obra intensiva. Os coeficientes estimados permitiram classificar as atividades do setor florestal no Brasil, de maneira geral, como intensivas em capital e produzindo bens de necessidade.

Central African identities and religiosity in colonial Minas Gerais

This study deals with the import of West Central African slaves and their religious practices to Minas Gerais in the eighteenth century. The captaincy of Minas Gerais in the interior of Brazil developed into the world’s largest gold producing region in the beginning of the eighteenth century. The large-scale mining of gold, and later diamonds, was only possible through massive imports of slaves from Africa to Brazil. The first part of this study discusses the Atlantic slave trade in the southern Atlantic world. The discovery of gold in Minas Gerais led to an increasing demand for slaves in Brazil, which was largely met by supplies from Angola. The study analyzes the formation of Central Africans’ identities both in their homelands and in Brazil. Slave identities or “nations” have often been seen as creations of the slave owners. By interpreting major Central African “nations” such as Angola, Congo, and Benguela as regional identities that were tied to the slaves’ origins in Africa, this study offers a new interpretation of what these identities meant for Central Africans in Minas Gerais. The second part of this study concentrates on the religious universe of Central Africans. Processes of cultural creolization affected West Central African societies after the Portuguese landed in the kingdom of Kongo in the late fifteenth century and led to the development of an Atlantic Creole culture. The spread of Catholicism in West Central Africa affected religious life especially in the kingdom of Kongo, in the city of Luanda, and in the Portuguese colony of Angola. Central African religious specialists were often denounced to the authorities in Angola for organizing healing and divination rituals. Diagnosis in these rituals was often made through spirit possession. Central Africans took these healing and divining methods to Minas Gerais, where numerous African religious specialists enjoyed great prominence. In the Brazilian mining region, it was commonplace that African healers served not only the African slave population, but also free whites. In the eighteenth century, Central African popular healers made a significant contribution to the therapeutic arts practiced in Minas Gerais and elsewhere in Brazil.

Condições higiênico-sanitárias no comércio ambulante de alimentos em Pelotas-RS

O comércio de alimentos prontos para o consumo por vendedores ambulantes pode constituir um alto risco para a saúde dos consumidores, visto que as pessoas envolvidas nesta atividade geralmente não tem preparo para a manipulação correta de alimentos. Neste trabalho foram investigadas as condições de preparo e a qualidade higiênico-sanitária de lanches comercializados por vendedores ambulantes em Pelotas. Foram colhidas de 60 estabelecimentos, uma amostra de água, uma da superfície de manuseio e um lanche (cachorro-quente). Nos cachorros-quentes foram realizadas contagens de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas (BAM), Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (STA), coliformes totais (CT), coliformes a 45ºC (CF), e investigada a presença de Salmonella sp. Na água e superfície foram realizadas contagens de BAM, CT e CF. Entre as 60 amostras de cachorros-quentes analisadas, 53%, 48%, 37% e 25% estavam fora do padrão para CT, BAM, STA e CF, respectivamente. Em nenhuma amostra foi detectada a presença de Salmonella. As amostras de água apresentaram apenas 3 (5%) amostras fora do padrão para BAM, e 27% e 23% fora do padrão para CT e CF, respectivamente. Em relação às superfícies, 70% foram consideradas insatisfatórias para contagem de BAM e 68% e 67% para CT e CF. Os resultados sugerem que as condições higiênicas existentes em muitos estabelecimentos não são adequadas, o que se reflete em uma proporção relativamente alta de lanches com qualidade microbiológica insatisfatória para o consumo.

Aplicação experimental de um modelo de conduta de inspeção sanitária no comércio varejista de alimentos

Este trabalho teve por objetivo aplicar um procedimento para diagnóstico e modelo de inspeção higiênico-sanitária em estabelecimentos varejistas de alimentos, no Município de Ibiúna, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e analisar os resultados com vistas a atingir os objetivos da vigilância sanitária. O trabalho foi desenvolvido durante seis meses em 19 estabelecimentos varejistas de alimentos classificados como padarias, restaurantes e açougues, sendo que na primeira inspeção realizou-se o diagnóstico da situação, com a identificação das não conformidades e avaliação das condições higiênico-sanitárias dos estabelecimentos e foi obtida a pontuação média de 64. Após esta etapa iniciaram-se retornos programados aos estabelecimentos pela equipe da vigilância sanitária a fim de verificar a evolução das adequações sanitárias. No diagnóstico e em todos os retornos programados foi aplicado roteiro de inspeção e produção de relatórios detalhados destinados aos proprietários. Todos os manipuladores de alimentos dos estabelecimentos inspecionados foram capacitados em relação a conceitos básicos de higiene em alimentos. Os resultados mostraram que, após três retornos de inspeções em cada estabelecimento, 100% apresentaram-se como satisfatórios, com pontuação média de 90. O modelo de inspeção sanitária aplicado mostrou-se viável para a promoção da segurança alimentar.