Missing Links in the Proposed EU Data Protection Regulation and Cloud Computing Scenarios: A Brief Overview

Applying location-focused data protection law within the context of a location-agnostic cloud computing framework is fraught with difficulties. While the Proposed EU Data Protection Regulation has introduced a lot of changes to the current data protection framework, the complexities of data processing in the cloud involve various layers and intermediaries of actors that have not been properly addressed. This leaves some gaps in the regulation when analyzed in cloud scenarios. This paper gives a brief overview of the relevant provisions of the regulation that will have an impact on cloud transactions and addresses the missing links. It is hoped that these loopholes will be reconsidered before the final version of the law is passed in order to avoid unintended consequences.

Dynamic Optimization of SLA-Based Services Scaling Rules

Current advanced cloud infrastructure management solutions allow scheduling actions for dynamically changing the number of running virtual machines (VMs). This approach, however, does not guarantee that the scheduled number of VMs will properly handle the actual user generated workload, especially if the user utilization patterns will change. We propose using a dynamically generated scaling model for the VMs containing the services of the distributed applications, which is able to react to the variations in the number of application users. We answer the following question: How to dynamically decide how many services of each type are needed in order to handle a larger workload within the same time constraints? We describe a mechanism for dynamically composing the SLAs for controlling the scaling of distributed services by combining data analysis mechanisms with application benchmarking using multiple VM configurations. Based on processing of multiple application benchmarks generated data sets we discover a set of service monitoring metrics able to predict critical Service Level Agreement (SLA) parameters. By combining this set of predictor metrics with a heuristic for selecting the appropriate scaling-out paths for the services of distributed applications, we show how SLA scaling rules can be inferred and then used for controlling the runtime scale-in and scale-out of distributed services. We validate our architecture and models by performing scaling experiments with a distributed application representative for the enterprise class of information systems. We show how dynamically generated SLAs can be successfully used for controlling the management of distributed services scaling.

A Case for CDN-as-a-Service in the Cloud: A Mobile Cloud Networking Argument

Content Distribution Networks are mandatory components of modern web architectures, with plenty of vendors offering their services. Despite its maturity, new paradigms and architecture models are still being developed in this area. Cloud Computing, on the other hand, is a more recent concept which has expanded extremely quickly, with new services being regularly added to cloud management software suites such as OpenStack. The main contribution of this paper is the architecture and the development of an open source CDN that can be provisioned in an on-demand, pay-as-you-go model thereby enabling the CDN as a Service paradigm. We describe our experience with integration of CDNaaS framework in a cloud environment, as a service for enterprise users. We emphasize the flexibility and elasticity of such a model, with each CDN instance being delivered on-demand and associated to personalized caching policies as well as an optimized choice of Points of Presence based on exact requirements of an enterprise customer. Our development is based on the framework developed in the Mobile Cloud Networking EU FP7 project, which offers its enterprise users a common framework to instantiate and control services. CDNaaS is one of the core support components in this project as is tasked to deliver different type of multimedia content to several thousands of users geographically distributed. It integrates seamlessly in the MCN service life-cycle and as such enjoys all benefits of a common design environment, allowing for an improved interoperability with the rest of the services within the MCN ecosystem.

BitWorker, a Decentralized Distributed Computing System based on BitTorrent

In this paper we present BitWorker, a platform for community distributed computing based on BitTorrent. Any splittable task can be easily specified by a user in a meta-information task file, such that it can be downloaded and performed by other volunteers. Peers find each other using Distributed Hash Tables, download existing results, and compute missing ones. Unlike existing distributed computing schemes relying on centralized coordination point(s), our scheme is totally distributed, therefore, highly robust. We evaluate the performance of BitWorker using mathematical models and real tests, showing processing and robustness gains. BitWorker is available for download and use by the community.

Code and readme of a MATLAB-based graphical user interface program for computing functionals of the geopotential

We present a novel graphical user interface program GrafLab (GRAvity Field LABoratory) for spherical harmonic synthesis (SHS) created in MATLAB®. This program allows to comfortably compute 38 various functionals of the geopotential up to ultra-high degrees and orders of spherical harmonic expansion. For the most difficult part of the SHS, namely the evaluation of the fully normalized associated Legendre functions (fnALFs), we used three different approaches according to required maximum degree: (i) the standard forward column method (up to maximum degree 1800, in some cases up to degree 2190); (ii) the modified forward column method combined with Horner's scheme (up to maximum degree 2700); (iii) the extended-range arithmetic (up to an arbitrary maximum degree). For the maximum degree 2190, the SHS with fnALFs evaluated using the extended-range arithmetic approach takes only approximately 2-3 times longer than its standard arithmetic counterpart, i.e. the standard forward column method. In the GrafLab, the functionals of the geopotential can be evaluated on a regular grid or point-wise, while the input coordinates can either be read from a data file or entered manually. For the computation on a regular grid we decided to apply the lumped coefficients approach due to significant time-efficiency of this method. Furthermore, if a full variance-covariance matrix of spherical harmonic coefficients is available, it is possible to compute the commission errors of the functionals. When computing on a regular grid, the output functionals or their commission errors may be depicted on a map using automatically selected cartographic projection.

Cloud Computing en salud: Sistema para Administrar Imagenes Biomedicas

En el campo de la biomedicina se genera una inmensa cantidad de imágenes diariamente. Para administrarlas es necesaria la creación de sistemas informáticos robustos y ágiles, que necesitan gran cantidad de recursos computacionales. El presente artículo presenta un servicio de cloud computing capaz de manejar grandes colecciones de imágenes biomédicas. Gracias a este servicio organizaciones y usuarios podrían administrar sus imágenes biomédicas sin necesidad de poseer grandes recursos informáticos. El servicio usa un sistema distribuido multi agente donde las imágenes son procesadas y se extraen y almacenan en una estructura de datos las regiones que contiene junto con sus características. Una característica novedosa del sistema es que una misma imagen puede ser dividida, y las sub-imágenes resultantes pueden ser almacenadas por separado por distintos agentes. Esta característica ayuda a mejorar el rendimiento del sistema a la hora de buscar y recuperar las imágenes almacenadas.

Reliability issues related to the usage of Cloud Computing in Critical Infrastructures

The use of cloud computing is extending to all kind of systems, including the ones that are part of Critical Infrastructures, and measuring the reliability is becoming more difficult. Computing is becoming the 5th utility, in part thanks to the use of cloud services. Cloud computing is used now by all types of systems and organizations, including critical infrastructure, creating hidden inter-dependencies on both public and private cloud models. This paper investigates the use of cloud computing by critical infrastructure systems, the reliability and continuity of services risks associated with their use by critical systems. Some examples are presented of their use by different critical industries, and even when the use of cloud computing by such systems is not widely extended, there is a future risk that this paper presents. The concepts of macro and micro dependability and the model we introduce are useful for inter-dependency definition and for analyzing the resilience of systems that depend on other systems, specifically in the cloud model.

Soft-computing based visual control for unmanned vehicles

El objetivo principal de esta Tesis es extender la utilización del “Soft- Computing” para el control de vehículos sin piloto utilizando visión. Este trabajo va más allá de los típicos sistemas de control utilizados en entornos altamente controlados, demonstrando la fuerza y versatilidad de la lógica difusa (Fuzzy Logic) para controlar vehículos aéreos y terrestres en un abanico de applicaciones diferentes. Para esta Tesis se ha realizado un gran número de pruebas reales en las cuales los controladores difusos han manejado una plataforma visual “pan-and-tilt”, un helicoptero, un coche comercial y hasta dos tipos de quadrirotores. El uso del método de optimización “Cross-Entropy” ha sido utilizado para mejorar el comportamiento de algunos de los controladores borrosos. Todos los controladores difusos presentados en ésta Tesis han sido implementados utilizando un código desarrollado por el candidato para tal efecto, llamado MOFS (Miguel Olivares’ Fuzzy Software). Diferentes algoritmos visuales han sido utilizados para adquirir la informaci´on visual del entorno, “Cmashift”, descomposición de la homografía y detección de marcas de realidad aumentada, entre otros. Dicha información visual ha sido utilizada como entrada de los controladores difusos para comandar los vehículos en las diferentes applicaciones autonomas. El volante de un vehículo comercial ha sido controlado para realizar pruebas de conducción autónoma en condiciones de tráfico similares a las de una ciudad. El sistema ha llegado a completar con éxito pruebas de más de 6 km sin ninguna interacción humana, mediante el seguimiento de una línea pintada en el suelo. El limitado campo visual del sistema no ha sido impedimento para alcanzar velocidades de hasta 48 km/h y ser guiado autonomamente en curvas de radio reducido. Objetos estáticos y móviles han sido seguidos desde un helicoptero no tripulado, mediante el control de una plataforma visual “pan-and-tilt”. ´Éste mismo helicoptero ha sido controlado completamente para su aterrizaje autonomo, mediante el control del movimiento lateral (roll), horizontal (pitch) y de altitud. El seguimiento de objetos volantes ha sido resulto mediante el control horizontal (pitch) y de orientación (heading) de un quadrirotor. Para tareas de evitación de obstáculos se ha implementado un controlador difuso para el manejo de la orientación (heading) de un quadrirotor. En el campo de la optimización de controladores se ha aportado al estado del arte una extensión del uso del método “Cross-Entropy”. Está Tesis presenta una novedosa implementación de dicho método para la optimización de las ganancias, la posición y medida de los conjuntos de las funciones de pertenecia y el peso de las reglas para mejorar el comportamiento de un controlador difuso. Dichos procesos de optimización se han realizado utilizando “ROS” y “Matlab Simulink” para obtener mejores resultados para la evitación de colisiones con vehículos aéreos no tripulados. Ésta Tesis demuestra que los controladores implementados con lógica difusa son altamente capaces de controlador sistemas sin tener en cuenta el modelo del vehículo a controlador en entornos altamente perturbables con un sensor de bajo coste como es una cámara. El ruido presentes causado por los cambios de iluminación en la adquisición de imágenes y la alta incertidumbre en la detección visual han sido manejados satisfactoriamente por ésta técnica de de “Soft-Computing” para distintas aplicaciones tanto con vehículos aéreos como terrestres.

Algunos retos de la protección de datos en la sociedad del conocimiento. Especial detenimiento en la computación en la nube (cloud computing).

Los continuos avances tecnológicos están trayendo consigo nuevas formas de almacenar, tratar y comunicar datos personales. Es necesario repensar el derecho fundamental a la protección de datos, y arbitrar mecanismos para adaptarlo a las nuevas formas de tratamiento. a nivel europeo se está trabajando en una nueva propuesta de regulación que consideramos, en general, muy apropiada para afrontar los nuevos retos en esta materia. para ejemplificar todo esto, en el presente estudio se plantea de forma detallada el caso de la computación en nube, sus principales características y algunas preocupaciones acerca de los riesgos potenciales que su utilización trae consigo. Abstract: Rapid technological developments are bringing new ways to store, process and communicate personal data. We need to rethink the fundamental right to data protection and adapt it to new forms of treatment. there is a new «european» proposal for a regulation on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data, well suited to meet the new challenges. this study offers one example of this: the cloud computing, its main characteristics and some concerns about the potential risks that its use entails.

The new cloud computing paradigm: the way to IT seen as a utility

In the present competitive environment, companies are wondering how to reduce their IT costs while increasing their efficiency and agility to react when changes in the business processes are required. Cloud Computing is the latest paradigm to optimize the use of IT resources considering ?everything as a service? and receiving these services from the Cloud (Internet) instead of owning and managing hardware and software assets. The benefits from the model are clear. However, there are also concerns and issues to be solved before Cloud Computing spreads across the different industries. This model will allow a pay-per-use model for the IT services and many benefits like cost savings, agility to react when business demands changes and simplicity because there will not be any infrastructure to operate and administrate. It will be comparable to the well known utilities like electricity, water or gas companies. However, this paper underlines several risk factors of the model. Leading technology companies should research on solutions to minimize the risks described in this article. Keywords - Cloud Computing, Utility Computing, Elastic Computing, Enterprise Agility

Building sustainable capacity for health research in africa through cloud computing applications

Access to information and continuous education represent critical factors for physicians and researchers over the world. For African professionals, this situation is even more problematic due to the frequently difficult access to technological infrastructures and basic information. Both education and information technologies (e.g., including hardware, software or networking) are expensive and unaffordable for many African professionals. Thus, the use of e-learning and an open approach to information exchange and software use have been already proposed to improve medical informatics issues in Africa. In this context, the AFRICA BUILD project, supported by the European Commission, aims to develop a virtual platform to provide access to a wide range of biomedical informatics and learning resources to professionals and researchers in Africa. A consortium of four African and four European partners work together in this initiative. In this framework, we have developed a prototype of a cloud-computing infrastructure to demonstrate, as a proof of concept, the feasibility of this approach. We have conducted the experiment in two different locations in Africa: Burundi and Egypt. As shown in this paper, technologies such as cloud computing and the use of open source medical software for a large range of case present significant challenges and opportunities for developing countries, such as many in Africa.

Harmony: Towards automated self-adaptive consistency in cloud storage

In just a few years cloud computing has become a very popular paradigm and a business success story, with storage being one of the key features. To achieve high data availability, cloud storage services rely on replication. In this context, one major challenge is data consistency. In contrast to traditional approaches that are mostly based on strong consistency, many cloud storage services opt for weaker consistency models in order to achieve better availability and performance. This comes at the cost of a high probability of stale data being read, as the replicas involved in the reads may not always have the most recent write. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, named Harmony, which adaptively tunes the consistency level at run-time according to the application requirements. The key idea behind Harmony is an intelligent estimation model of stale reads, allowing to elastically scale up or down the number of replicas involved in read operations to maintain a low (possibly zero) tolerable fraction of stale reads. As a result, Harmony can meet the desired consistency of the applications while achieving good performance. We have implemented Harmony and performed extensive evaluations with the Cassandra cloud storage on Grid?5000 testbed and on Amazon EC2. The results show that Harmony can achieve good performance without exceeding the tolerated number of stale reads. For instance, in contrast to the static eventual consistency used in Cassandra, Harmony reduces the stale data being read by almost 80% while adding only minimal latency. Meanwhile, it improves the throughput of the system by 45% while maintaining the desired consistency requirements of the applications when compared to the strong consistency model in Cassandra.

Towards a lightweight mobile semantic-based approach for enhancing interaction with smart objects

This work describes a semantic extension for a user-smart object interaction model based on the ECA paradigm (Event-Condition-Action). In this approach, smart objects publish their sensing (event) and action capabilities in the cloud and mobile devices are prepared to retrieve them and act as mediators to configure personalized behaviours for the objects. In this paper, the information handled by this interaction system has been shaped according several semantic models that, together with the integration of an embedded ontological and rule-based reasoner, are exploited in order to (i) automatically detect incompatible ECA rules configurations and to (ii) support complex ECA rules definitions and execution. This semantic extension may significantly improve the management of smart spaces populated with numerous smart objects from mobile personal devices, as it facilitates the configuration of coherent ECA rules.