Produção de biomassa por fungos Filamentosos em meio de vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar suplementado com melaço

Three species of filamentous fungi, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium fellutanum and Mucor hiemalis, were selected and cultivated in vinasse media with different addition of molasses, pasteurized to 85°C for 30 minutes and with pH = 5.0. The microorganisms, previously adapted to the respective medium for 48 hours, from a solution of 107 spores.ml-1, were cultivated in pure and mixed cultures in Erlenmeyer vessel of 500ml, to 30°C, with constant agitation of 170 rpm, for 24, 48 and 72 hours, with four repetition for each samples. The biomass was separated by vacuum filtration in filter Whatman #1 and dried in oven at 105°C until right weight, the obtained liquid was submited to COD analysis. The datas were statistically analysed using a response surface methodology, to improve the effect on the molasses proportion and culture time, in the biomass production by microorganism in research. According to the obtained results (5.02% of molasses, 55.59h, 70% of spores solution of A. niger and 30% of spores solution of P. fellutanum), cultivating was carried out in Microferm Fermentor New Brunswick for 48 hours at 300 rpm, aired at 1v/v/m, using 5 liters of medium added with 5.0% of molasses on the conditions above described. The average of the results obtained (6.81g.l-1) was higher than the confidence interval (5.937 ; 6.369) and was inside the prediction interval (4.471 ; 7.834) both of them significant at 95% by the statistical test employed.

Uso de resíduos agroindustriais nas produções de cana-de-açúcar, açúcar e álcool

In order to study the effect of gypsum, lime and the mixture of lime-gypsum, associated with syrup in the agricultural and industrial production and in the rooting of sugar-cane (Saccharum spp.), var. IAC 58-480, one experiment was carried out in soil Terra Roxa Estrutura. Sugar-cane was planted in November 1986, and the cane-plant harvesting in September 1988. Three successive harvests were collected.The experiment was set in a randomized block design with seven treatments and four replications .The treatments were: T1 - 1.2 ton/ha of lime; T2 - 0.8 ton/ha of lime + 0.4 ton/ha of gypsum; T3 - 0.6 ton/ha of lime + 0.6 ton/ha of gypsum; T4 - 0.4 ton/ha of lime + 0.8 ton/ha of gypsum; T5 - 1.2 ton/ha of gypsum; T6 - 2.4 ton/ha of gypsum; T7 - control. Syrup was applied at the amount of 45 m3/ha.In September 1990, after the third harvesting, the second application of the treatments was made, the gypsum being applied in amounts four times greater than those of that put into practice at the planting. During harvest, the following parameters were evaluated: number, length and average diameter of the stalks; yield; and probable sugar and theoretical alcohol production per hectare.The results showed that the second application of the treatments recuperated the crop. Greater yields were achieved when the gypsum was associated with lime or syrup.

Acúmulo de sacarose, produtividade e florescimento de cana-de-açúcar sob reguladores vegetais

Plant regulators have been used successfully for early ripening and flowering control in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Hybrid). However, little information is available about the interactions between new genotypes and two plant regulators with regard to those variables. This study determined the effect of the regulators on the sucrose content, stalk production and flowering of seven sugarcane genotypes. The experiment was installed in March 2004 near Ja-, SP, Brazil A randomized complete block design was used with four blocks with a split plot treatment arrangement where the main plots were the genotypes IAC87-3396, IAC87-3410, IAC89-3124, IAC91-2195, 1AC91-5155, P088-62 and SP80-1842 and the subplots were sulfomethuron-methyl (15g i.a.·ha -1), etefon (480g i.a.·ha-1) and unsprayed control. Pol in cane was evaluated at 0, 21, 42, 63, 84, 105 and 126 days after the plant regulators application (DAA). Flowering, pith, stalk production and sucrose content were evaluated at 126 DAA. In most of the genotypes the use of plant regulators anticipated maturation in 21 days when compared with the unsprayed control. Etefon was more efficient for harvesting sugarcane between 42-84 DAA, whereas sulfomethuron-methyl was between 105 and 126 DDA. Both products controlled flowering. For most genotypes, the ripeners did not affect the productivity of stalks, except for sulfomethuron-methyl that reduced it in SP80-1842, and for ethephon that increased it in IAC91-2195. Sugar productivity of IAC89-3124 increased with both regulators, while it was higher in IAC91-2195 with ethephon application and lower in SP80-1842 with sulfomethuron-methyl use.

Irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial na produção e qualidade de cana-de-açúcar

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Níveis constitutivos de compostos fenólicos podem estar relacionados à resistência da cana-de-açúcar à cigarrinha-das-raízes

The interaction of the leafhopper-of-roots with the sugar cane is still poorly marked and there is little information on resistant varieties. The phenolic compounds are involved in resistance mechanisms of the antibiosis type, but few studies are devoted to the studying role of these compounds in the interaction of plants with sucking insects. The study was conducted to determine how the sugar cane responded to the infestation of Mahanarva fimbriolata in terms of accumulation of phenolic compounds. An experiment was carried out under controlled conditions in a randomized design in a factorial schedule 3 x 2 x 4, with 3 genotypes and sugar cane, 2 levels of nymphs infestation of M. fimbriolata and sampling 4 times, with 4 repetitions. The genotypes SP80-1816 and RB72454 showed higher levels of total phenols when subjected to an infestation of the pest, but the duration of the nymphal stage and mortality of sharpshooters were significantly lower in those varieties, indicating that the increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds may had been caused by death and decay of the roots. It was not observed variation in levels of total phenols in the variety SP83- 5073 subject to an infestation of M. fimbriolata. However, the mortality of the leafhopperof- roots and duration of the stage of nymphs were significantly higher in genotype, indicating the existence of resistance-type antibiosis. Analysis of correlation showed that higher initial levels of phenolic compounds resulting in mortality of the pest can increase the duration of the nymph stage.

Efeito da aplicação de maturadores químicos na cultura da cana de açúcar (Saccharum spp.) variedade SP81-3250

Sugarcane is one of the most important grass crops. This study evaluated the effects of chemical ripeners on the sugarcane variety SP81-3250 in terms of technological quality. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks with split split-plots. Main treatments were: 1) Control; 2) Aminolon Maduracion, at a rate of 0.7 L of commercial product (c.p.) ha -1; 3) Aminolon Maduracion, at a rate of 1.0 liter of c.p. ha -1; 4) Aminolon Maduracion, at a rate of 1.3 liter of c.p. ha -1; 5) Trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus), at a rate of 0.8 liter of c.p. ha -1. Secondary treatments were the sampling dates: 10 days before application (- 10 d.a.a.); 11; 46; 71; 100 and 117 d.a.a. (days after application). Ripeners differently affected the technological parameters, and trinexapac-ethyl showed the best behavior, followed by Aminolon (0.7 L of c.p. ha -1). The best results were found at the 3rd and 4th sampling dates, 46 and 71 days after application, respectively.

Influência da queima e aditivos químicos e bacterianos na composição química de silagens de cana-de-açúcar

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of the chemical (urea, sodium benzoate, and sodium hydroxide) and microbiological (Propionibacterium acidipropionici + Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus buchneri) additives on the sugarcane nutritive value, ensiled crude or after burned, using a factorial scheme 2 (burned or crude sugar cane) x 6 (five additives urea, sodium benzoate, sodium hydroxide, Propionibacterium acidipropionici + Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus buchneri plus control). It was evaluated the sugar cane chemical composition, before and after ensilage. The sugar cane NDF contents increased (51.3%, before ensilage) to 67.8% after fermentation period. The highest true digestible dry matter recovery values, 83.6 and 79.8% were observed on the burned sugar cane silage treated with NaOH or L. buchneri, respectively. The NaOH, and L. buchneri showed more efficiency in reducing nutritive looses during the fermentation phase of the crude or burned sugar cane silage.

Planejamento agrícola e implantação de sistema de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar com auxílio de técnicas geoestatísticas

Sugarcane is one of the most important crops of the Brazilian agribusiness and this importance justifies the use of techniques that allow the implementation of cultivation systems capable of reducing the variability of soil characteristics and the establishment of efficient agricultural planning. The aim of the present work was the planning and implementation of cultivation systems for sugarcane using geostatistical techniques, in the Pereira Barreto region, SP. An area of 505 ha was mapped using the global positioning system (GPS) and a Digital Elevation Model was elaborated (MDE). Soil samples were collected for 0-0.25 m depth, in each 7 ha, for their chemical attributes and texture characterization. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and geostatistics. The determination of the spatial distribution of soil granulometric and chemical attributes allowed the allocation of the studied sugarcane varieties according to soil fertility and clay content. The kriging maps of soil granulometric and chemical attributes brought useful information to the establishment of production environments with different soil and crop managements. The identification of different environments by means of geostatistical techniques allowed the precise planning of the sugarcane cultivation, as well as the adequacy of fertilization practices and the allocation of suitable sugarcane varieties adapted to the conditions imposed by differences in the soil attributes.

Influência das superfícies geomórficas na distribuição espacial dos atributos do solo em área sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar

Variations in soil attributes occur based on relief forms and parent material. The objective of this research was to study the influences of geomorphic surfaces on the spatial distribution of soil attributes in a sugarcane cultivation area. First, 530,67 hectares were mapped by using a Global Positioning System. Then, a Digital Elevation Model was developed and geomorphic surfaces were identified and delimited, according to topographic and stratigraphic criteria based on detailed field investigations. Soil samples were collected every 7 ha, at 0.0-0.25 m and 0.80-1.00 m depths, totalizing 134 samples. Texture, Ca, K, Mg, SB, CEC, V%, pH, and OMS analyses were carried out as well as descriptive statistics and geostatistics analysis. It was concluded that the geostatistic techniques and digital elevation model helped to notice that soil attributes presented limits close to the geomorphic surfaces ones.

Produtividade de cana-de-açúcar sob adubação com torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato solúvel

Phosphorus is considered an essential element for plants and it is found in small amounts in Brazilian soils. The filter cake residue, composed of a mixture of bagasse and decanting sludge, has high levels of organic matter, phosphorus and calcium. The phosphorus present in the filter cake is organic, and its release, as it happens to the nitrogen, occurs gradually by mineralization and by microorganisms attack in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate sugarcane vegetative growth and yield under fertilization with filter cake enriched with soluble phosphate. The experiment was carried out in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo State, Brazil, by using a randomized complete block design, in a 5x4 factorial scheme, where the first factor consisted of filter cake doses (0 t ha-1, 0.5 t ha-1, 1.0 t ha-1, 2.0 t ha-1, and 4.0 t ha-1) and the second of phosphorus fertilizer doses (0 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha -1, 100 kg ha-1, and 200 kg ha-1 of P 2O5), with 4 repetitions, totalizing 80 plots. The experiment evaluated the tiller number, at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after planting, oBrix, and yield. The stalk yield and tillering were influenced by the filter cake rates applied to the soil. Filter cake doses and their combination with phosphate did not change the juice quality (Brix) at harvest.

Aplicação de silicato de potássio e crescimento foliar da cana-de-açúcar

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Emergência de plantas daninhas em função da posição da semente e quantidade de palha de cana-de- açúcar

This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of sugarcane straw density and positions of seeds of Euphorbia heterophylla, Mucuna cinereum, Digitaria nuda and Eleusine indica on emergence and initial development of plants. The experiment were arranged in a completely randomized design, with 15 treatments and four replications, in a factorial arrangement 3 x 5 with a additional control; the first factor was constituted by position of seeds related to the straw (under, between and on) and the second by five quantities of straw (1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 t ha -1) with a control without straw. At 15 days after sowing (DAS) it was realized evaluations of height, dry mass and emergence percentage for E. heterophylla and M. cinereum, and at 28 DAS it was analyzed dry mass and emergence percentage for D nuda e E. indica. Data obtained were submitted to F in variance analysis test and means were compared with Tukey at 5% probability. Emergence and initial development of E. heterophylla e M. cinereum were reduced with increasing of straw and were affected by seed position, but it was not inhibited in none of conditions, indicating aggressiveness of these weeds in sugarcane mechanized harvest conditions. D. nuda and E. indica emergence was not affected by seed position and coverage soil with 8 e 16 t ha -1 of sugarcane straw inhibited its emergence.

Omissão de macronutrientes na nutrição e no crescimento da cana-de-açúcar cultivada em solução nutritiva

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desenvolvimento inicial de variedades e clones de cana-de- açúcar em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, Aparecida do Taboado-MS

In Brazil, as in other sugar cane (Saccharum spp.) producing countries, varieties and clones have been continuously developed and tested in order to obtain varieties better adapted to changes in climate, soils and management, seeking a better performance in soils and climates of low agricultural suitability for the culture. In this study, the initial vegetative growth and performance of five sugar cane clones (CT96-3095, CT95-3079, CT95-1425, CT96-3024, CT92-1882) and two varieties (SP81-3250 and SP91-1049) were evaluated in an environment characterized by soils of low fertility and sandy texture. The experiment was carried out in a randomized design with seven treatments, consisting of the two sugar cane varieties and five clones. The plots contained six 15 meters sugar cane rows with a line spacing of 1.50 m. The average tiller number, tiller leaf area, vegetative cover, shoot biomass and rate of cover between rows of sugarcane were determined through six assessments in the first half of 2008. At the end of the evaluation (116 days after planting) the results showed that the clones (CT96-3095, CT95-3079, CT95-1425, CT96-3024, CT92-1882) were not significantly superior to the two considered varieties (SP81-3250 and SP91-1049).

Composição Química e Características Fermentativas de Silagens de Cana-de-Açúcar Contendo Farelo de Babaçu

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of babassu meal addition on chemical composition and fermentative characteristics of sugar cane silages. The addition of three concentrations of babassu meal (0; 15 and 30% in fresh matter) was evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replicates. As experimental silos 12 plastic buckets were used, provided with filter closing to allow the exit of fermentation gases. After 45 days, the silos were opened and samples were taken for the determination of dry matter (MS), crude protein (PB), neutral and acid detergent fibers (FDN, FDA) and hemicelluloses (Hem) content, pH values, total acidity quantification (ATT), losses by gases (PG) and effluents (PE). The addition of babassu meal increased the MS contents (38.4% e 40.6%), PB (7.8 e 8.9%), FDN (68.8% e 70.9%) and FDA (43.0% and 45.1%), respectively, with the addition of 15 and 30% of the by-product. The pH values, averaged 4.4, were not affected by the addition of babassu meal. The percentage of ATT increased 89.2%. PG and PE were reduced in 44.8 and 58.8%, respectively. The addition of babassu meal have contributed to the improvement of fermentative parameters and the concentration of CP in the sugar cane silages. However, its use as additive becomes limited due to the increase in fiber content that provides to the silages, depreciating its nutritive value.