Density, sp3 content and internal layering of DLC films by X-ray reflectivity and electron energy loss spectroscopy

A variety of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated amorphous carbon thin films have been characterized by means of grazing-incidence X-ray reflectivity (XRR) to give information about their density, thickness, surface roughness and layering. We used XRR to validate the density of ta-C, ta-C:H and a-C:H films derived from the valence plasmon in electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements, up to 3.26 and 2.39 g/cm3 for ta-C and ta-C:H, respectively. By comparing XRR and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) data, we have been able for the first time to fit a common electron effective mass of m*/me = 0.87 for all amorphous carbons and diamond, validating the `quasi-free' electron approach to density from valence plasmon energy. While hydrogenated films are found to be substantially uniform in density across the film, ta-C films grown by the filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) show a multilayer structure. However, ta-C films grown with an S-bend filter show a high uniformity and only a slight dependence on the substrate bias of both sp3 and layering.

湖南烙铁头蛇毒中一个新的舒缓激肤增强肤( TmF)

通过70%冷甲醇抽提、Sephadex C i-15分子筛和反相高效液相色谱G8层析，从湖南产烙铁头蛇毒(Trineresurus muqua nwtus)冻干粉中纯化得到一个新的舒缓激肤增强肤(BPP)，命名为TmF。该小肤的氨基酸序列为p(irr (iy Arg Pro, Leti (iy Pro, Pro, Ile- Pro, Pro ( pau表示焦谷氨酸)。序列结果分析表明，TmF和已经分离得到的BPPs有很高的序列同源性。MSI- MS 测定其分子量为1 .1107 kD o TmF的生物学活性和药理学活性检测的结果表明，它增强舒缓激肤(BK)(1 mg/L)诱导的离体豚 鼠回肠纵行肌收缩的活性为(1 .13士0 .3)单位(mg/ L) ; TmF (5 .0 x 10- 0 mg/ kg)可以增强约(14士2) mmHg的由BK(5 . Ox 10-' mg/ kg)诱导的舒张压下降;在抑制剂试验中，不同剂量的TmF和5x1。一zmg的血管紧张素转化酶保温30 min，结果表明大约 2.0x10一3mg的TmF表现出对ACE水解活性的半数抑制率(IQo )。

Characterization of a new bradykinin-potentiating peptide (TmF) from Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus

A novel bradykinin-potentiating peptide (BPP), designated as TmF, has been purified to homogeneity from the venom of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus by 70% cold methanol extraction, Sephadex G-15 gel filtration and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The amino acid sequence of TmF was determined to be pGlu-Gly-Arg-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-Pro-Ile-Pro-Pro (pGlu denotes pyroglutamic acid), which shared high homology with other BPPs. The molecular mass of TmF was 1.1107 kD as determinated by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), which was in accordance with the calculated value of 1.1106 kD. The potentiating "unit" of TmF to bradykinin-induced (BK-induced) contraction on the guinea-pig ileum in vitro was (1.13 +/- 0.3) unit (mg/L), and TmF (5.0 x 10(-4) mg/kg) increased the pressure-lowering-effect of bradykinin (5.0 x 10(-5) mg/kg) with approximate descent value of (14 +/- 2) mmHg. In addition, TmF inhibited the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin 11, 2 x 10(-3) mg of TmF caused 50% inhibition (IC50) of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) hydrolyzing activity to bradykinin.

Multiple color reflection in a single unit cell using double-layer electrochromic reaction

Multiple color states have been realized in single unit cell using double electrochromic (EC) reaction. The precise control of bistability in EC compounds which can maintain several colors on the two separated electrodes allows this new type of pixel to be realized. The specific electrical driving gives a way to maintain both sides in the reduced EC states and this colors overlapping in the vertical view direction can achieve the black state. The four color states (G, B, W, BK) in one cell/pixel can make a valuable progress to achieve a high quality color devices such like electronic paper, outdoor billboard, smart window and flexible display using external light source. © 2012 Optical Society of America.

Measurement of the elastic constants of nanometric films

Carbon coatings of thickness down to 2 nanometers are needed to increase the storage density in magnetic hard disks and reach the 100 Gbit/in2 target. Methods to measure the properties of these ultrathin hard films still have to be developed. We show that combining Surface Brillouin Scattering (SBS) andX-ray reflectivity measurements the elastic constants of such films are accessible. Tetrahedral amorphous carbofilms of thickness down to about 2 nm were deposited on Si by an S bend filtered cathodic vacuum arc, achieving a continuous coverage on large areas free of macroparticles. Film thickness and mass density are measured by X-ray reflectivity: densities above 3 g/cm3 are found, indicating a significant sp3 content. The dispersion relations of surface acoustic waves are measured by SBS. We show that for thicknesses above ∼4 nm these waves can be described by a continuum elastic model based on a single homogeneous equivalent film. The elastic constants can then be obtained by fitting the dispersion relations, computed for given film properties, to the measured dispersion relations. For thicknesses of 3 nm or less qualitative differences among films are well measurable, but quantitative results are less reliable. We have thus shown that we can grow and characterise nanometer size tetrahedral amorphous carbon film, which maintain their high density and peculiar mechanical properties down to around 4 nm thickness, satisfying the requirements set for the hard disk coating material.

Molecular cloning and characterization of the copper/zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase genes from the human parasite Clonorchis sinensis

A copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD) gene and a manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene of the human parasite Clonorchis sinensis have been cloned and their gene products functionally characterized. Genes Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD encode proteins of 16 kDa and 25.4 kDa, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two genes contained highly conserved residues required for activity and secondary structure formation of Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD, respectively, and show up to 73.7% and 75.4% identities with their counterparts in other animals. The genomic DNA sequence analysis of Cu/ZnSOD gene revealed this as an intronless gene. Inhibitor studies with purified recombinant Cu/ ZnSOD and MnSOD, both of which were functionally expressed in Escherichia coli, confirmed that they are copper/zinc and manganese-containing SOD, respectively. Immunoblots showed that both C. sinensis Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD should be antigenic for humans, and both, especially the C. sinensis MnSOD, exhibit extensive cross-reactions with sera of patients infected by other trematodes or cestodes. RT-PCR and SOD activity staining of parasite lysates indicate that there are no significant differences in mRNA level or SOD activity for both species of SOD, indicating cytosolic Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD might play a comparatively important role in the C. sinensis antioxidant system.

Evaluation of Clonorchis sinensis recombinant 7-kilodalton antigen for serodiagnosis of clonorchiasis

The diagnostic applicability of the Clonorchis sinensis recombinant 7-kDa protein was evaluated. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoblots, the protein showed high sensitivities (81.3 and 71.9%, respectively) and specificities (92.6 and 89.7%, respectively) for sera obtained from various helminthic infections. Some paragonimiasis sera showed cross-reactions. The antigen might be valuable in the serodiagnosis of human clonorchiasis.

Stability and photoemission characteristics for GaAs photocathodes in a demountable vacuum system

The stability and photoemission characteristics for reflection-mode GaAs photocathodes in a demountable vacuum system have been investigated by using spectral response and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements at room temperature. We find that the shape of the spectral response curve for the cathode changes with time in the vacuum system, but after applying fresh cesium to the degraded cathode, the spectral response can almost be restored. The change and restoration of curve shape are mainly attributed to the evolution of the surface barrier. We illustrate the evolution and analyze the influence of the barrier on the spectral response of the cathode. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Annealing study of carrier concentration in gradient-doped GaAs/GaAlAs epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy

We measured the carrier concentration distribution of gradient-doped GaAs/GqAlAs epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy before and after annealing at 600 degrees C, using electrochemical capacitance voltage profiling, to investigate the internal variation of transmission-mode GaAs photocathodes arising from the annealing process. The results show that the carrier concentration increased after annealing. As a result, the total band-bending energy in the gradient-doped GaAs emission layer increased by 25.24% after annealing, which improves the pbotoexcited electron movement toward the surface. On the other hand, the annealing process resulted in a worse carrier concentration discrepancy between the GaAs and the GaAlAs, which causes a lower back interface potential barrier, decreasing the amount of high-energy photoelectrons. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

Stability of GaAs photocathodes under different intensities of illumination

The photocurrent curves of reflection-mode GaAs photocathodes as a function of time, when were illuminated by white light with an intensity of 0, 33 and 100 Ix, respectively, were measured using a multi-information measurement system. The calculated lifetimes of cathodes are 320, 160 and 75 min, respectively, showing that the stability of cathodes degraded with the increase of light intensity. The lifetime of cathode, illuminated by white light with an intensity of 100 Ix, while no photocurrent was being drawn during the illumination, was 100 min. Through comparison, we found that the influence of illumination on cathodes stability is greater than that of photocurrent. The quantum-yield curves of cathodes as a functions of time, when illuminated by white light with an intensity of 33 Ix, were measured also. The measured results show that the shape of the yield curves changes with increasing illumination time due to the faster quantum-yield degradation rate of low energy photons. Based on the revised quantum-efficiency equations for the reflection-mode cathodes, the variation of yield curves are analyzed to be due to the intervalley diffusion of photoelectrons and the evolution of the surface potential barrier profile of the photocathodes during degradation process.

The effect of Be-doping structure in negative electron affinity GaAs photocathodes on integrated photosensitivity

A new structure of GaAs photocathode was introduced. The Be-doping concentration is variable in the new structure compared with the constant concentration of Be in the normal photocathode. Negative electron affinity GaAs photocathodes were fabricated by alternate input of Cs and O. The spectral response results measured by the on-line spectral response measurement system show that the integrated photosensitivity of the photocathodes with the new structure is enhanced by at least 50% as compared to those with the monolayer structure. Accordingly, two main factors leading to the enhanced photosensitivity of the photocathodes were discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tellurium enhanced non-resonant third-order optical nonlinearity in a germano-silicate optical fiber

碲掺杂的高非线性石英光纤

All-optical switching application of germano-silicate optical fiber incorporated with Ag nanocrystals

银纳米晶体掺杂的高非线性石英光纤的全光转换应用

Intense green upconversion emission in Tb3+/Yb3+ co-doped alumino-germano-silicate optical fibers

Tb/Yb共掺的石英光纤的上转换绿光发光研究，研究了最佳浓度配比和发光机理。

圆斑蝰蛇毒磷脂酶A_2蛋白活性表现和分子进化探讨及菜花烙铁头、烙铁头蛇毒中Jerdonase、TmF的研究

磷脂酶AZ（PLA2）是蛇毒中含量较为丰富的一类作用于梭酷键的酶。迄今为止，己有多种形式的PLA2从不同地域、不同种属的蛇毒中得以纯化并进行了较为系统的研究。其中，以VipoXin为代表的异二聚体形式PLA2较为引人注目，原因在于这种形式不同于此类蛋白家族中的诸多其它个体。目前，己经有许多关于此异二聚体PL凡生物学特性的报道，包括对此类形式存在原因、活性变化、结构表现、系统进化等方面的讨论。然而至今，这种以异二聚体形式存在的PLA2仅发现于几种蛙亚科（ViperinaeSubfamily）蛇种的蛇毒中，其中就包括我国台湾岛的圆斑蜂蛇台湾亚种（Doboiarusselliiformosensis），而蝮亚科（CrotaiinaeSubfamil）蛇种的蛇毒至今却没有此类报道。我国大陆西南端接壤东南亚，存在于云南、福建一带的圆斑蛙蛇隶属圆斑蛙蛇泰国亚种（Daboiarusselliisiamensis），那么这种蛇毒中是否也含有异二聚体形式的PLA2呢？本工作就此疑问对云南产圆斑蛙蛇泰国亚种（D.r.siamensis）蛇毒中的PLA2进行了研究，结果得到三个新的PLAZ，分别命名为DRS-PLA2-I、DRS-PLA2-II和DRS-PLA2-III。其中，DRS-PLA2-I的分子量为13864.06Da，理论pI为4.56，PLA2活性为12.35μmol/mg/min；DRS-PLA2-II的分子量为13635.99Da，理论pI为8.74，PLA2活性为8.76μmol／mg/min；DRS-PLA2-III的分子量为13619.80Da，理论厂为4.61，无PLA2活性。这三个蛋白酶N端的30个氨基酸残基恰好和三个阳性克隆的cDNA序列推导的蛋白序列吻合，结合已经报道的PLA2蛋白家族蛋白序列的保守性表现，我们可以断定它们之间存在对应关系。分子系统学分析表明DRS-PLA2-II和DRS-PLA2-III在进化关系上和蛙亚科的异二聚体PLA2关系较近，并且二者酶活性分别与异二聚体PLA2的Normalchain和Inhibitorchain相一致，只是没有发现类似Vipoxin形式的异二聚体结合蛋白。这些分析表明DRS-PLA2-nORS-PLA2-III类似圆斑蛙蛇台湾亚种（D.r.forlnos翻s沽）中的PV-4/RV-7，是PLA2异二聚体的一种特殊形式，在进化上滞后于VinOXin。另夕卜本工作还相继从云南产菜花烙铁头（Trimeresrusjerdonii）蛇毒和湖南产烙铁头（Trimeresurusmucrosquamatus）蛇毒中分离得到Jerdonase和TmF。前者为一个丝氨酸蛋白酶性质的、具有纤维蛋白原水解作用和激肤释放酶原水解作用双重活性表现的、高分子量的份五brinogenase，其活性表现可以被PMSF彻底抑制，而EDTA对此却没有影响。其它的几种抑制剂如大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂、l-cysteine、DTT对Jerdonase的活性表现也有不同程度的影响。在Jerdonase的这些生化特性上中，分子量的大小和对纤维蛋白酶水解的特性这两方面有别于蛇毒中诸多其它来源的同类蛋白；后者T淤为一个舒缓激肚增强肤（BradykninPQtentiatingPePtide，BPP），电离质谱分析表明其分子量为1110.7Da。此小肚氨基酸序列为促进舒缓激肚（Bradki垃n，BK）诱导的豚鼠回肠纵行肌收缩的活力单位为（1.13±0.3）（m留L），T妊抑制血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）对BK水解的半数抑制剂量IC50为2μg。比较已报道的从Agkistrodon属和Bothrops属中纯化得到的BPP氨基酸序列发现：BPP的N端都是特征性的pGlu，C端为IIe-Pro-Pro，有高度的保守性。另外，TmF是Trimeresurus属中此类小肤的首次纯化。总之，本研究对国产的几种常见蛇毒中的几种常见蛋白多肤进行了一定程度的探讨和分析，和相同类别的其它蛋白、多肤比较可以看到，有许多相同的地方，也有许多不同的表现，研究结果为相应领域的深入研究提供资料和思路。