Aspects of dietary carbohydrate intake are not related to risk of colorectal polyps in the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study

Purpose: High digestible carbohydrate intakes can induce hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and collectively have been implicated in colorectal tumor development. Our aim was to explore the association between aspects of dietary carbohydrate intake and risk of colorectal adenomas and hyperplastic polyps in a large case–control study.

Methods: Colorectal polyp cases (n = 1,315 adenomas only, n = 566 hyperplastic polyps only and n = 394 both) and controls (n = 3,184) undergoing colonoscopy were recruited between 2003 and 2010 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Dietary intakes were estimated by a 108-item food frequency questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was applied to determine odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for colorectal polyps according to dietary carbohydrate intakes, after adjustment for potential confounders.

Results: No significant associations were detected for risk of colorectal adenomas when comparing the highest versus lowest quartiles of intake for total sugars (OR 1.03; 95 % CI 0.84–1.26), starch (OR 1.01; 95 % CI 0.81–1.26), total or available carbohydrate intakes. Similar null associations were observed between dietary carbohydrate intakes and risk of hyperplastic polyps, or concurrent adenomas and hyperplastic polyps.

Conclusion: In this US population, digestible carbohydrate intakes were not associated with risk of colorectal polyps, suggesting that dietary carbohydrate does not have an etiological role in the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis.

Study on Some Key Problems Related to Integrated Energy Systems: 区域综合能源系统若干问题研究

The research on integrated energy system technology meets the major national strategic needs of China. Focusing on the vital theory of planning and optimal operation of integrated energy system, six fundamental problems in the study of integrated energy system are proposed systematically, including the common modeling technology for integrated energy system, the integrated simulation of integrated energy system, the planning theory and method of integrated energy system, the security theory and method of integrated energy system, the optimal operation and control of integrated energy system, the benefit assessment and operational mechanisms of integrated energy system. The status of domestic and foreign research directions related to each scientific problems are surveyed and anticipated.

Is differential phytochelatin production related to decreased arsenate influx in arsenate tolerant Holcus lanatus?

Phytochelatins (PCs) are required for arsenic (As) detoxification in nontolerant plants. In addition, a role for PCs in arsenate tolerance has recently been proven, with tolerant plants able to accumulate significantly higher concentrations of As-PC complexes at equivalent levels of stress than nontolerant plants. The relationship between arsenate influx and PC production in tolerant and non-tolerant Holcus lanatus plants was determined in this study, along with an investigation of the effect of inhibition of PC synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) on arsenate tolerance. A strong correlation between PC production and arsenate influx was demonstrated in arsenate-tolerant plants. In addition, inhibition of PC synthesis by BSO in tolerant plants increased arsenate sensitivity to that of the nontolerant clone. This dramatic reduction in tolerance proves that PC production is an essential component of the arsenate tolerance mechanism in H. lanatus. This study proposes that while there is a single major gene for arsenate tolerance, hypostatic modifiers are also in operation, affecting the expression of the tolerance character. © New Phytologist (2002).

Urban planning issues related to the development of rail freight

Este trabalho é o relatório de estágio profissional realizado numa companhia francesa de arquitetura, especializado no planeamento urbano, que se-­‐chama AREP. O trabalho desenvolvido teve como objectivo identificar os problemas dos transportes de mercadorias e de logística nas áreas urbanas e da intervenção do planeamento urbano para a mitigação daqueles problemas. Os transportes urbanos de mercadorias são uma prioridade para a definição de políticas num mundo cada vez mais urbanizado. As áreas urbanas necessitam cada vez mais da entrega e recolha de grandes quantidades de mercadorias, resultando na procura de com custos externos elevados e a degradação da qualidade de vida dos residentes. Em 2012, a OECD estimava que as atividades ligadas ao transporte de mercadorias iriam crescer entre 50% e 130% entre 2010 e 2050 nos países da daquela organização. Nos países que não fazem parte da OECD estimava que as atividades iriam crescer entre 250% e 550% durante o mesmo período. Com os problemas já existentes e com o crescimento que está previsto, é importante encontrar soluções que limitem os custos externos e que se encontrem alternativas mais sustentáveis. Tradicionalmente, os formuladores de políticas urbanas tendem a ver os transportes de mercadorias nas áreas urbanas como um problema, em vez de os considerar como um componente essencial do desenvolvimento urbano. Em consequência disso, as políticas implementadas foram desenvolvidas no sentido da restrição na atividade de distribuição de mercadorias. Ao mesmo tempo, os operadores de transporte têm continuado a desenvolver a sua função adequando-­‐se às condições impostas com maiores níveis de eficiência. No entanto, este sucesso tem tido muitos custos externos negativos para a economia, a sociedade e o ambiente. Por isso, os transportes urbanos de mercadorias encontram-­‐se numa tensão constante entre uma logística eficiente e um desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. Hoje, os decisores políticos começam a alterar a perspectiva sobre a intervenção sobre a circulação de transportes de mercadorias, atendendo à sua importância para a economia urbana e, simultaneamente, à necessidade de reduzir os impactes negativos associados ao transporte de mercadorias. Um dos desafios principais é o de compatibilizar as atividades logísticas e os transportes de mercadorias e a preservação das áreas urbanas, minimizando os impactes, garantindo uma boa qualidade de vida para os residentes. Trata-­‐se de um assunto complexo pelos diferentes atores com interesses muitas das vezes conflituantes. A conciliação dos interesses constitui um dos problemas, nomeadamente nas soluções de curto prazo. O espaço disponível para os transportes e as atividades de comércio e serviços emáreas urbanas é limitado. Existe uma grande concorrência sobre o uso do solo urbano entre os diferentes atores.. A necessidade de espaço, conduz a que o sector da logística saía das cidades e se instale nas suas periferias. Esta tendência chama-­‐se ‘logistic sprawl’ e tem vários efeitos negativos, por exemplo, o facto de os veículos terem de percorrer maiores distâncias para os seus clientes nas áreas urbanas. Ao mesmo tempo, os residentes, como consumidores, exigem ter uma grande variedade de produtos disponíveis, esquecendo que para isso há a necessidade de os transportar para e dentro da cidade. Quando as políticas de transportes de passageiros em áreas urbanas se tem vindo a concentrar na alteração modal, do transporte em automóvel para os transportes públicos, ou para a utilização da bicicleta ou a marcha a pé, as políticas de transportes de mercadorias devem igualmente potenciar a utilização de transportes alternativos mais sustentáveis do que o transporte em veículos de mercadorias com motores de combustão interna. Hoje em dia, 75% de todos os transportes de mercadorias por via terrestre a distâncias médias ou longas (mais de 50km), são realizados por via rodoviária. A distâncias mais reduzidas (last mile) essa percentagem é de quase 100%. Estes valores não são compatíveis com um desenvolvimento sustentável. O esforço desenvolvido no sentido da promoção dos modos mais sustentáveis, como a ferrovia e a utilização das vias navegáveis, têm encontrado a oposição das empresas de transporte de mercadorias pois a rodovia é mais flexível (entrega porta-­‐a-­‐porta), com reduzidos custos de utilização de infraestrutura e com custos-­‐fixos mais baixos. Uma cooperação integrada e holística entre os diferentes níveis de governação do território é fundamental, sendo desejável uma maior cooperação entre o sector público e privado. As medidas a implementar têm que ter em conta os problemas a curto e longo prazo. Uma grande variedade de medidas (de regulação, de gestão da infraestrutura, de gestão e ordenamento do território, de promoção e de informação, etc.) têm que ser implementadas e coordenadas em conjunto com o sector privado. As medidas isoladas não resolverão os problemas de transporte de mercadorias na cidade, por isso, o desafio é o de implementar um pacote de medidas diferentes que contribua para uma distribuição das mercadorias mais sustentável, tornando as cidades mais habitáveis. Neste relatório, são discutidas e analisadas as diferentes medidas que podem ser implementadas pelos distintos níveis de governança, incluindo a apresentação de alguns case-­‐studies.

Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment

Pharmaceuticals are biologically active and persistent substances which have been recognized as a continuing threat to environmental stability. Chronic ecotoxicity data as well as information on the current distribution levels in different environmental compartments continue to be sparse and are focused on those therapeutic classes that are more frequently prescribed and consumed. Nevertheless, they indicate the negative impact that these chemical contaminants may have on living organisms, ecosystems and ultimately, public health. This article reviews the different contamination sources as well as fate and both acute and chronic effects on non-target organisms. An extensive review of existing data in the form of tables, encompassing many therapeutic classes is presented.

The Interactions between clients and providers of services related to marketing activities

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the business interactions involved in the purchase of services related to marketing activities. We build on the literature about business services classifications and the interaction between clients and providers of business services. An empirical study is conducted by means of a survey questionnaire. Data were collected from a sample of 80 buying firms of services related to marketing activities who agreed to cooperate and represent medium and large Portuguese’s firms. The results show that the buying of services related to marketing activities involves both the client and the provider in the interaction process. This paper contributes to understanding the interaction process of buying services related to marketing activities in terms of the parties involved, product/service exchange, financial and information exchange. Providers of services related to marketing activities can expect stable and preferred relationships if they can offer a good price and quality of service, meet the agreed deadlines and respond quickly to client orders. On the client’s side, the relevance, the characteristics and the wide diversity of services related to marketing activities requires a good understanding and management of the interaction portfolio with providers.

Acquisition and data analysis related to changes in some forest soils properties after prescribed fire action

Controlled fires in forest areas are frequently used in most Mediterranean countries as a preventive technique to avoid severe wildfires in summer season. In Portugal, this forest management method of fuel mass availability is also used and has shown to be beneficial as annual statistical reports confirm that the decrease of wildfires occurrence have a direct relationship with the controlled fire practice. However prescribed fire can have serious side effects in some forest soil properties. This work shows the changes that occurred in some forest soils properties after a prescribed fire action. The experiments were carried out in soil cover over a natural site of Andaluzitic schist, in Gramelas, Caminha, Portugal, that had not been burn for four years. The composed soil samples were collected from five plots at three different layers (0-3cm, 3-6cm and 6-18cm) during a three-year monitoring period after the prescribed burning. Principal Component Analysis was used to reach the presented conclusions.

Soil sampling design and sampling techniques for soil properties monitoring – common difficulties related to forest soils

Mathematical models and statistical analysis are key instruments in soil science scientific research as they can describe and/or predict the current state of a soil system. These tools allow us to explore the behavior of soil related processes and properties as well as to generate new hypotheses for future experimentation. A good model and analysis of soil properties variations, that permit us to extract suitable conclusions and estimating spatially correlated variables at unsampled locations, is clearly dependent on the amount and quality of data and of the robustness techniques and estimators. On the other hand, the quality of data is obviously dependent from a competent data collection procedure and from a capable laboratory analytical work. Following the standard soil sampling protocols available, soil samples should be collected according to key points such as a convenient spatial scale, landscape homogeneity (or non-homogeneity), land color, soil texture, land slope, land solar exposition. Obtaining good quality data from forest soils is predictably expensive as it is labor intensive and demands many manpower and equipment both in field work and in laboratory analysis. Also, the sampling collection scheme that should be used on a data collection procedure in forest field is not simple to design as the sampling strategies chosen are strongly dependent on soil taxonomy. In fact, a sampling grid will not be able to be followed if rocks at the predicted collecting depth are found, or no soil at all is found, or large trees bar the soil collection. Considering this, a proficient design of a soil data sampling campaign in forest field is not always a simple process and sometimes represents a truly huge challenge. In this work, we present some difficulties that have occurred during two experiments on forest soil that were conducted in order to study the spatial variation of some soil physical-chemical properties. Two different sampling protocols were considered for monitoring two types of forest soils located in NW Portugal: umbric regosol and lithosol. Two different equipments for sampling collection were also used: a manual auger and a shovel. Both scenarios were analyzed and the results achieved have allowed us to consider that monitoring forest soil in order to do some mathematical and statistical investigations needs a sampling procedure to data collection compatible to established protocols but a pre-defined grid assumption often fail when the variability of the soil property is not uniform in space. In this case, sampling grid should be conveniently adapted from one part of the landscape to another and this fact should be taken into consideration of a mathematical procedure.

Genome-wide association studies reveal genomic windows and candidate genes related to fat deposition in chickens.

2016

Regional coronary endothelial function is closely related to local early coronary atherosclerosis in patients with mild coronary artery disease: pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Coronary endothelial function is abnormal in patients with established coronary artery disease and was recently shown by MRI to relate to the severity of luminal stenosis. Recent advances in MRI now allow the noninvasive assessment of both anatomic and functional (endothelial function) changes that previously required invasive studies. We tested the hypothesis that abnormal coronary endothelial function is related to measures of early atherosclerosis such as increased coronary wall thickness. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventeen arteries in 14 healthy adults and 17 arteries in 14 patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease were studied. To measure endothelial function, coronary MRI was performed before and during isometric handgrip exercise, an endothelial-dependent stressor, and changes in coronary cross-sectional area and flow were measured. Black blood imaging was performed to quantify coronary wall thickness and indices of arterial remodeling. The mean stress-induced change in cross-sectional area was significantly higher in healthy adults (13.5%±12.8%, mean±SD, n=17) than in those with mildly diseased arteries (-2.2%±6.8%, P<0.0001, n=17). Mean coronary wall thickness was lower in healthy subjects (0.9±0.2 mm) than in patients with coronary artery disease (1.4±0.3 mm, P<0.0001). In contrast to healthy subjects, stress-induced changes in cross-sectional area, a measure of coronary endothelial function, correlated inversely with coronary wall thickness in patients with coronary artery disease (r=-0.73, P=0.0008). CONCLUSIONS: There is an inverse relationship between coronary endothelial function and local coronary wall thickness in patients with coronary artery disease but not in healthy adults. These findings demonstrate that local endothelial-dependent functional changes are related to the extent of early anatomic atherosclerosis in mildly diseased arteries. This combined MRI approach enables the anatomic and functional investigation of early coronary disease.

Comparing potentially avoidable hospitalization rates related to ambulatory care sensitive conditions in Switzerland: the need to refine the definition of health conditions and to adjust for population health status.

BACKGROUND: Regional rates of hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) are used to compare the availability and quality of ambulatory care but the risk adjustment for population health status is often minimal. The objectives of the study was to examine the impact of more extensive risk adjustment on regional comparisons and to investigate the relationship between various area-level factors and the properly adjusted rates. METHODS: Our study is an observational study based on routine data of 2 million anonymous insured in 26 Swiss cantons followed over one or two years. A binomial negative regression was modeled with increasingly detailed information on health status (age and gender only, inpatient diagnoses, outpatient conditions inferred from dispensed drugs and frequency of physician visits). Hospitalizations for ACSC were identified from principal diagnoses detecting 19 conditions, with an updated list of ICD-10 diagnostic codes. Co-morbidities and surgical procedures were used as exclusion criteria to improve the specificity of the detection of potentially avoidable hospitalizations. The impact of the adjustment approaches was measured by changes in the standardized ratios calculated with and without other data besides age and gender. RESULTS: 25% of cases identified by inpatient main diagnoses were removed by applying exclusion criteria. Cantonal ACSC hospitalizations rates varied from to 1.4 to 8.9 per 1,000 insured, per year. Morbidity inferred from diagnoses and drugs dramatically increased the predictive performance, the greatest effect found for conditions linked to an ACSC. More visits were associated with fewer PAH although very high users were at greater risk and subjects who had not consulted at negligible risk. By maximizing health status adjustment, two thirds of the cantons changed their adjusted ratio by more than 10 percent. Cantonal variations remained substantial but unexplained by supply or demand. CONCLUSION: Additional adjustment for health status is required when using ACSC to monitor ambulatory care. Drug-inferred morbidities are a promising approach.