Diversity of cultivars and other plant resources used at habitation sites in the Llanos de Mojos, Beni, Bolivia: Evidence from macrobotanical remains, starch grains, and phytoliths

Although sparsely populated today, the Llanos de Mojos, Bolivia, sustained large sedentary societies in the Late Holocene (ca. 500 to 1400 AD). In order to gain insight into the subsistence of these people, we undertook macrobotanical and phytolith analyses of sediment samples, and starch grain and phytolith analyses of artifact residues, from four large habitation sites within this region. Macrobotanical remains show the presence of maize (Zea mays), squash (Cucurbita sp.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), cotton (Gossypium sp.), and palm fruits (Arecaceae). Microbotanical results confirm the widespread use of maize at all sites, along with manioc (Manihot esculenta), squash, and yam (Dioscorea sp.). These integrated results present the first comprehensive archaeobotanical evidence of the diversity of plants cultivated, processed, and consumed, by the pre-Hispanic inhabitants of the Amazonian lowlands of Bolivia.

Transmission of wireless power by magnetic resonance

The work involves investigation of a type of wireless power system wherein its analysis will yield the construction of a prototype modeled as a singular technological artifact. It is through exploration of the artifact that forms the intellectual basis for not only its prototypical forms, but suggestive of variant forms not yet discovered. Through the process it is greatly clarified the role of the artifact, its most suitable application given the constraints on the delivery problem, and optimization strategies to improve it. In order to improve maturity and contribute to a body of knowledge, this document proposes research utilizing mid-field region, efficient inductive-transfer for the purposes of removing wired connections and electrical contacts. While the description seems enough to state the purpose of this work, it does not convey the compromises of having to redraw the lines of demarcation between near and far-field in the traditional method of broadcasting. Two striking scenarios are addressed in this thesis: Firstly, the mathematical explanation of wireless power is due to J.C. Maxwell's original equations, secondly, the behavior of wireless power in the circuit is due to Joseph Larmor's fundamental works on the dynamics of the field concept. A model of propagation will be presented which matches observations in experiments. A modified model of the dipole will be presented to address the phenomena observed in the theory and experiments. Two distinct sets of experiments will test the concept of single and two coupled-modes. In a more esoteric context of the zero and first-order magnetic field, the suggestion of a third coupled-mode is presented. Through the remaking of wireless power in this context, it is the intention of the author to show the reader that those things lost to history, bound to a path of complete obscurity, are once again innovative and useful ideas.

Comments on 'Current GCMs' Unrealistic Negative Feedback in the Arctic'

In contrast to prior studies showing a positive lapse-rate feedback associated with the Arctic inversion, Boé et al. reported that strong present-day Arctic temperature inversions are associated with stronger negative longwave feedbacks and thus reduced Arctic amplification in the model ensemble from phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3). A permutation test reveals that the relation between longwave feedbacks and inversion strength is an artifact of statistical self-correlation and that shortwave feedbacks have a stronger correlation with intermodel spread. The present comment concludes that the conventional understanding of a positive lapse-rate feedback associated with the Arctic inversion is consistent with the CMIP3 model ensemble.

Micro-abrasion of flint artefacts by mobile sediments: a taphonomic approach

Fluvial redeposition of stone artifacts is a major complicating factor in the interpretation of Lower Palaeolithic open-air archaeological sites. However, the microscopic examination of lithic surfaces may provide valuable background information on the transport history of artifacts, particularly in low energy settings. Replica flint artifacts were therefore abraded in an annular flume and examined with a scanning electron microscope. Results showed that abrasion time, sediment size, and artifact transport mode were very sensitive predictors of microscopic surface abrasion, ridge width, and edge damage (p < 0.000). These results suggest that patterns of micro-abrasion of stone artifacts may enhance understanding of archaeological assemblage formation in fluvial contexts

Effects of detectability on estimates of geographic range size in bignonieae

Extinction risk has not been evaluated for 96% of all described plant species. Given that the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation proposes preliminary conservation assessments of all described plant species by 2010, herbarium specimens (i.e., primary occurrence data) are increasingly being used to infer threat components from estimates of geographic range size. Nevertheless, estimates of range size based on herbarium data may be inaccurate due to collection bias associated with interspecific variation in detectability. We used data on 377 species of Bignonieae to test the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between detectability and estimates of geographic range size derived from herbarium specimens. This relationship is expected if the proportion of the true geographic range size of a species that is documented by herbarium specimens is given by the product of the true geographic range size and the detectability of the species, assuming no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability. We developed 4 measures of detectability that can be estimated from herbarium data and examined the relationship between detectability and 2 types of estimates of geographic range size: area of occupancy and extent of occurrence. Our results from regressing estimates of extent of occurrence and area of occupancy on detectability across genera provided no support for this hypothesis. The same was true for regressions of estimated extent of occurrence on detectability across species within genera. Nevertheless, regressions of estimated area of occupancy on detectability across species within genera provided partial support for our hypothesis. We considered 3 possible explanations for this mixed outcome: violation of the assumption of no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability; the relationships between estimated geographic range size and detectability may be an artifact of a negative relationship between estimated area of occupancy and the sampling variance of detectability; detectability may have had 2 opposite effects on estimated species range sizes: one determines the proportion of the true range of a species documented by herbarium specimens and the other determines the distribution of true range size for the species actually observed with herbarium data. Our findings should help improve understanding of the potential biases incurred with the use of herbarium data.

Sleep deprivation of rats: The hyperphagic response is real

Study Objectives: Chronic sleep deprivation of rats causes hyperphagia without body weight gain. Sleep deprivation hyperphagia is prompted by changes in pathways governing food intake; hyperphagia may be adaptive to sleep deprivation hypermetabolism. A recent paper suggested that sleep deprivation might inhibit ability of rats to increase food intake and that hyperphagia may be an artifact of uncorrected chow spillage. To resolve this, a palatable liquid diet (Ensure) was used where spillage is insignificant. Design: Sleep deprivation of male Sprague Dawley rats was enforced for 10 days by the flowerpot/platform paradigm. Daily food intake and body weight were measured. On day 10, rats were transcardially perfused for analysis of hypothalamic mRNA expression of the orexigen, neuropeptide Y (NPY). Setting: Morgan State University, sleep deprivation and transcardial perfusion; University of Maryland, NPY in situ hybridization and analysis. Measurements and Results: Using a liquid diet for accurate daily measurements, there was no change in food intake in the first 5 days of sleep deprivation. Importantly, from days 6-10 it increased significantly, peaking at 29% above baseline. Control rats steadily gained weight but sleep-deprived rats did not. Hypothalamic NPY mRNA levels were positively correlated to stimulation of food intake and negatively correlated with changes in body weight. Conclusion: Sleep deprivation hyperphagia may not be apparent over the short term (i.e., <= 5 days), but when extended beyond 6 days, it is readily observed. The timing of changes in body weight and food intake suggests that the negative energy balance induced by sleep deprivation prompts the neural changes that evoke hyperphagia.

A transformational language for mutant description

Mutation testing has been used to assess the quality of test case suites by analyzing the ability in distinguishing the artifact under testing from a set of alternative artifacts, the so-called mutants. The mutants are generated from the artifact under testing by applying a set of mutant operators, which produce artifacts with simple syntactical differences. The mutant operators are usually based on typical errors that occur during the software development and can be related to a fault model. In this paper, we propose a language-named MuDeL (MUtant DEfinition Language)-for the definition of mutant operators, aiming not only at automating the mutant generation, but also at providing precision and formality to the operator definition. The proposed language is based on concepts from transformational and logical programming paradigms, as well as from context-free grammar theory. Denotational semantics formal framework is employed to define the semantics of the MuDeL language. We also describe a system-named mudelgen-developed to support the use of this language. An executable representation of the denotational semantics of the language is used to check the correctness of the implementation of mudelgen. At the very end, a mutant generator module is produced, which can be incorporated into a specific mutant tool/environment. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Entrance surface dose measurements in pediatric radiological examinations

A survey of pediatric radiological examinations was carried out in a reference pediatric hospital of the city of Sao Paulo. in order to investigate the doses to children undergoing conventional X-ray examinations. The results showed that the majority of pediatric patients are below 4 years, and that about 80% of the examinations correspond to chest projections. Doses to typical radiological examinations were measured in vivo with thermoluminescent dosimeters (LiF: Mg, Ti and LiF: Mg, Cu, P) attached to the skin of the children to determine entrance surface dose (ESD). Also homogeneous phantoms were used to obtain ESD to younger children, because the technique uses a so small kVp that the dosimeters would produce an artifact image in the patient radiograph. Four kinds of pediatric examinations were investigated: three conventional examinations (chest, skull and abdomen) and a fluoroscopic procedure (barium swallow). Relevant information about kVp and mAs values used in the examinations was collected, and we discuss how these parameters can affect the ESD. The ESD values measured in this work are compared to reference levels published by the European Commission for pediatric patients. The results obtained (third-quartile of the ESD distribution) for chest AP examinations in three age groups were: 0.056 mGy (2-4 years old); 0,068 mGy (5-9 years old)-. 0.069 mGy (10-15 years old). All of them are below the European reference level (0.100mGy). ESD values measured to the older age group in skull and abdomen AP radiographs (mean values 3.44 and 1.20mGy, respectively) are above the European reference levels (1.5mGy to skull and 1.0 mGy to abdomen). ESD values measured in the barium swallow examination reached 10 mGy in skin regions corresponding to thyroid and esophagus. It was noticed during this survey that some technicians use, improperly, X-ray fluoroscopy in conventional examinations to help them in positioning the patient. The results presented here are a preliminary survey of doses in pediatric radiological examinations and they show that it is necessary to investigate the technical parameters to perform the radiographs. to introduce practices to control pediatric patient`s doses and to improve the personnel training to perform a pediatric examination. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Design issues for knowledge artifacts

The notion of knowledge artifact has rapidly gained popularity in the fields of general knowledge management and more recently knowledge-based systems. The main goal on this paper is to propose and discuss a methodology for the design and implementation of knowledge-based systems founded on knowledge artifacts. We advocate that the systems built according to this methodology can be effective to convey the flow of knowledge between different communities of practice. Our methodology has been developed from the ground up, i.e. we have built some concrete systems based on the abstract notion of knowledge artifact and synthesized our methodology based on reflections upon our experiences building these systems. In this paper, we also describe the most relevant systems we have built and how they have guided us to the synthesis of our proposed methodology. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

”Det är ju troligen inte en overheadapparat de kommer att använda sig av i framtiden…” : Om skolans tekniksprång, en undersökning om datorns användning på gymnasiet

The aim of this qualitative respondent investigation is to delve into the various views that teachers have concerning the “One-to-One project”, as well as the use of computers as an aid in teaching. One-to-One means that teachers and students will be equipped with a laptop they can use at home and at school.This essay looks at how several factors have changed as a result of this. These factors are threefold: the role of the teacher, the teaching experience, and the student´s learning process. In order to answer the mentioned questions, four interviews have been conducted at two different high schools in southern Norrland. The theory used is the socio-cultural perspective. One result has been that computers can simplify teaching in various ways. Students have faster access to information, and there exists a platform for further communication between the teacher and student outside the classroom. However, there are also several negative aspects. One of these is that the students spend time doing non-school related activities, such as interacting using social mediums. Results also show that the role of the teacher has due to the "One-to-One project" gone from being structural to being interactional. The conclusions reached by the investigation are that today’s schools are experiencing a paradigm shift. Old teaching methods are being replaced by new methods and an altered teaching practice has developed as a result of the presence of the computer in the classroom.

Att skapa sammanhållning via ett systemutvecklingsprojekt : med inspiration av idrottspsykologi

Detta examensarbete har genomförts av två studenter vid Högskolan Dalarna i samarbete medIT-konsultbolaget Istone Concrevi. Edsbyverken, som är en möbeltillverkare baserad i Edsbyn,är kund hos Istone och har ett behov att öka sin leveranssäkerhet. Företaget upplever också attdet finns en bristande sammanhållning mellan de som arbetar administrativt och de som arbetarmed tillverkning i verksamheten. Edsbyverken hoppas att en ökad sammanhållning ska varabidragande till en bättre leveranssäkerhet. Sammanhållning är ett begrepp som är vanligtförekommande inom idrott och lagsporter och förknippas ofta med framgång inom idrotten.Forskningsstrategin som används i studien är design and creation som fokuserar på att skapa nyaIT-produkter, artefakter. Denna studie har resulterat i en artefakt av typen instansiering i form aven applikation som utvecklats med hjälp av ett användarcentrerat och agilt arbetssätt. Syftet medstudien är att undersöka och testa hur teorier inom idrottspsykologi kan användas inom ettsystemutvecklingsprojekt med ändamål att få artefakten och utvecklingsprocessen att främjasammanhållning hos verksamheten. Datainsamlingsmetoder som använts i studien är intervjueroch enkäter. Intervjuerna har använts för att insamla bakgrundsinfo från verksamheten ochönskemål kring appen och enkäterna för feedback på appen samt för att utvärderasystemutvecklingens och appens påverkan på sammanhållningen.Resultaten från datainsamlingen är i många fall spretande med allt från positiva omdömen sommenar att sammanhållningen förbättrats, till negativa som menar att ingen inverkan skett. Vid ensammanvägning kan man dock se att majoriteten menar att detta forskningsprojekt inte lyckatsmed att förbättra sammanhållningen. En viss andel anställda vid Edsbyverken tror dock attsammanhållningen kan öka på längre sikt. Slutsatsen kring idrottspsykologi är att den vid enkoppling till systemutveckling har ett begränsat användningsområde och att många av de teoriersom förekommer om sammanhållning inte är användbara eller passande vidsystemutvecklingsarbete.

The Future of the Book: Does It Have One?

While the book has been with us for two millennia, digital artifact threaten its permanence. Now we being to wonder if it has a future at all.

A dinâmica entre raízes e asas: um estudo sobre organizações inovadoras

Este trabalho estuda inovação nas organizações sob uma perspectiva da dinâmica da cultura e utiliza como base conceitual o modelo de dinâmica da cultura da professora americana Mary Jo Hatch. Esta perspectiva parece facilitar a compreensão de inovação nas dimensões subjetiva e objetiva da organização, através dos quatro processos propostos pelo modelo, os quais são: manifestação, realização, simbolização e interpretação. A inovação pode ser inserida nestes quatro processos, da seguinte forma: modela-se influenciada pelos pressupostos e valores da cultura, transforma-se em realidade material como artefato, o qual passa a ser simbolizado e interpretado de acordo com os pressupostos e valores, fechando-se assim um círculo. Este processo dinâmico foi objeto de pesquisa de campo em três organizações tidas como inovadoras, utilizando-se grounded research como metodologia. Buscou-se identificar os fatores que estão presentes em organizações que inovam sistematicamente, bem como a inter-relação entre estes fatores. Criouse a metáfora “raízes e asas”, no sentido de que as organizações pesquisadas apresentaram, por um lado, fatores de base e amálgama, como “raízes”, e por outro lado, fatores de mobilidade, como “asas”.

Movimento no preço das ações após a divulgação de lucro no Brasil

Aparentemente existe uma anomalia no mercado de ações, onde é possível prever excessos de retomo das ações baseando-se em dados passados de divulgação de lucro. Este fenômeno é estatisticamente significante e parece não ser um artefato de amostragem ou metodologia, mas de uma ineficiência de mercado. Estudos mostram uma tendência dos excessos de retornos acumulados das ações se movimentarem na direção da surpresa de lucro, e este movimento se estende por meses após a data de divulgação de lucro trimestral. Neste trabalho mostro que este fenômeno ocorre também no Brasil, mesmo utilizando uma amostra com especificidades do mercado brasileiro e utilizando dados de expectativas de lucro de analistas financeiros no lugar de previsão estatística.

Histórias de empreendedores: significados, narrativas e artefatos

Compreender o processo de significação e ressignificação que o empreendedor atribui ao novo negócio através das etapas de busca, percepção e interpretação propostas por Daft e Weick (1984) ao longo do tempo. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Sob uma perspectiva interpretativista, este trabalho se valeu de abordagens qualitativas. Foram utilizadas téc nicas de análise de narrativas, antenarrativas e análise de dados qualitativos sobre entrevistas realizadas com 11 empreendedores digitais em dois momentos diferentes. Descobertas: as análises sugerem que o empreendedor ressignifica seu negócio com o passar do tempo, provavelmente em função do nível de sucesso do empreendimento. Esta pesquisa corrobora a proposição de Daft & Weick (1984) acerca da existência de um processo cíclico de busca, interpretação e ação que levaria a um contínuo de ressignificações. Implicações da pesquisa: Para os empreendedores (practioners), este trabalho lança luz sobre as possibilidades de uso das narrativas como recursos para influência e disseminação de significados (sensegiving). Para acadêmicos, este trabalho oferece melhor conceituação do constructo ‘artefato estratégico’, além de avançar na consolidação dos métodos de análise de narrativas. Originalidade/Valor: O valor dessa pesquisa se dá em fortalecer os métodos de análise de narrativas, além de apresentar um possível caminho para capturar os elementos de ressignificação. Além disso, ao propor um framework de análise e construção de narrativas empreendedoras, este trabalho pode auxiliar pesquisadores e practioners