The Increasing Spectrum of Indications of Whole-Body MRI Beyond Oncology: Imaging Answers to Clinical Needs.

Whole-body coverage using MRI was developed almost 2 decades ago. The first applications focused on the investigation of the skeleton to detect neoplastic disease, mainly metastases from solid cancers, and involvement by multiple myeloma and lymphoma. But the extensive coverage of the whole musculoskeletal system, combined with the exquisite sensitivity of MRI to tissue alteration in relation to different pathologic conditions, mainly inflammation, has led to the identification of a growing number of indications outside oncology. Seronegative rheumatisms, systemic sclerosis, inflammatory diseases involving muscles or fascias, and multifocal osseous, vascular, or neurologic diseases represent currently validated or emerging indications of whole-body MRI (WB-MRI). We first illustrate the most valuable indications of WB-MRI in seronegative rheumatisms that include providing significant diagnostic information in patients with negative or ambiguous MRI of the sacroiliac joints and the lumbar spine, assessing disease activity in advanced (ankylosed) central disease, and evaluating the peripherally dominant forms of spondyloarthropathy. Then we review the increasing indications of WB-MRI in other rheumatologic and nonneoplastic disorders, underline the clinical needs, and illustrate the role of WB-MRI in the positive diagnosis and evaluation of disease burden, therapeutic decisions, and treatment monitoring.

Sonography of the iliotibial band: spectrum of findings

Iliotibial band lesions constitute a potential source of discomfort and are frequently confounded with other conditions which cause pain on the lateral aspect of the hip, thigh and knee. Ultrasonography is usually regarded as a first-line imaging modality in the assessment of such conditions because of its excellent diagnostic accuracy, low cost and wide availability. The correct identification of the structure involved in the production of symptoms leads to an appropriate management and to a higher probability of resolution of the clinical complaint. The present article is aimed at reviewing the different sonographic presentations of iliotibial band syndromes.

Excitação eletrônica das moléculas de metacrilato de metila e estireno na região do ultravioleta de vácuo

Angle-resolved electron energy-loss spectra have been measured for the methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene molecules in the 0 - 50 eV energy range. The spectra have been obtained at 1 keV incident energy, with an energy resolution of 0.8 eV and covering an angular range of 2.0 to 7.0 degrees. Within our knowledge, this is the first gas-phase excitation spectrum for MMA and styrene in this energy range. The spectra of MMA at small scattering angles are dominated by an intense peak at 6.7 eV followed by a broad band centered at about 16 eV. In the case of styrene, six bands can be observed in the spectra. Based on the angular behaviour of the excitation spectra of these molecules, the low-lying peaks observed are considered to be associated predominantly with dipole-allowed processes. In both cases, new bands can be observed for excitation energies greater than 20 eV. This could be associated with dipole-forbidden transitions to shake-up and doubly-excited states.

Surgical treatment of hamstring injuries and disorders – the clinical spectrum from chronic tendinopathy to complete rupture

Hamstring muscle injuries and tendon disorders are common, especially in sports. They can be severe and difficult to treat, often resulting in impaired athletic performance and long rehabilitation times. Previous studies considering treatment of these problems are scarce. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of surgery on different types of hamstring muscle injuries and on proximal hamstring tendinopathy. In addition, we wanted to study the typical histopathological findings relating to proximal hamstring tendinopathy. In the study of complete (all three muscles torn) proximal hamstring avulsions (41 patients), our results showed that early operative treatment gives significantly better results than late surgery, and is therefore recommended. Despite this, considerable improvement of symptoms could also be achieved in chronic cases. In the study of partial (one or two muscles torn) proximal hamstring tears (47 patients), we observed that these injuries can cause significant functional deficit and impaired performance in athletes. The main finding was that after surgical repair most of the patients were able to return to their pre-injury level of sports. In the study of distal hamstring tears (18 patients), the results showed that surgical treatment had a good effect in the majority of these cases. In proximal hamstring tendinopathy, the main problem is pain which limits sports. In this study (90 patients), we found that after unsuccessful conservative treatment, surgery was a good treatment option resulting in full return to sports in most cases. In tendinopathic hamstring tendons, the morphological changes of tendinosis were largely identical to those previously described in other common (e.g. Achilles and patellar) tendinopathies. In chronic proximal hamstring avulsions, and also in reoperations, a large defect between distally retracted tendons and the ischial tuberosity may occasionally prevent anatomic reinsertion. We have described a reconstruction method using fascia lata autograft augmentation to be used in these most challenging repairs. This technique was utilized in the treatment of five patients, with encouraging results.

Membrane interaction of a new synthetic antimicrobial lipopetide sp-85 with broad spectrum activity

Antimicrobial peptides offer a new class of therapeutic agents to which bacteria may not be able todevelop genetic resistance, since their main activity is in the lipid component of the bacterial cell mem-brane. We have developed a series of synthetic cationic cyclic lipopeptides based on natural polymyxin,and in this work we explore the interaction of sp-85, an analog that contains a C12 fatty acid at theN-terminus and two residues of arginine. This analog has been selected from its broad spectrum antibac-terial activity in the micromolar range, and it has a disruptive action on the cytoplasmic membrane ofbacteria, as demonstrated by TEM. In order to obtain information on the interaction of this analog withmembrane lipids, we have obtained thermodynamic parameters from mixed monolayers prepared withPOPG and POPE/POPG (molar ratio 6:4), as models of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, respec-tively. LangmuirBlodgett films have been extracted on glass plates and observed by confocal microscopy,and images are consistent with a strong destabilizing effect on the membrane organization induced bysp-85. The effect of sp-85 on the membrane is confirmed with unilamelar lipid vesicles of the same com-position, where biophysical experiments based on fluorescence are indicative of membrane fusion andpermeabilization starting at very low concentrations of peptide and only if anionic lipids are present.Overall, results described here provide strong evidence that the mode of action of sp-85 is the alterationof the bacterial membrane permeability barrier.

Fourier self-deconvolution in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectrum analysis

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is rapidly developing into a unique microscopic tool in biophysics, biology and the material sciences. The nonlinear nature of CARS spectroscopy complicates the analysis of the received spectra. There were developed mathematical methods for signal processing and for calculations spectra. Fourier self-deconvolution is a special high pass FFT filter which synthetically narrows the effective trace bandwidth features. As Fourier self-deconvolution can effectively reduce the noise, which may be at a higher spatial frequency than the peaks, without losing peak resolution. The idea of the work is to experiment the possibility of using wavelet decomposition in spectroscopic for background and noise removal, and Fourier transformation for linenarrowing.

Genetic Basis and Diagnostics of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae in Finland

Since the introduction of antibiotic agents, the amount and prevalence of Beta-lactam resistant enterobacteria has become an increasing problem. Many enterobacteria are opportunistic pathogens that easily acquire resistance mechanisms and genes, which make the situation menacing. These bacteria have acquired resistance and can hydrolyse extended spectrum cephalosporins and penicillins by producing enzymes called extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBLs). ESBL-producing bacteria are most commonly found in the gastro-intestinal tract of colonised patients. These resistant strains can be found in both health-care associated and community-acquired isolates. The detection and treatment of infections caused by bacteria producing ESBLs are problematic. This study investigated the genetic basis of extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae, especially in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. A total of 994 Finnish Enterobacteriaceae strains, collected at 26 hospital laboratories, during 2000 and 2007 were analysed. For the genetic basis studies, PCR, sequencing and pyrosequencing methods were optimised. In addition, international standard methods, the agar dilution and disk diffusion methods were performed for the resistance studies, and the susceptibility of these strains was tested for antimicrobial agents that are used for treating patients. The genetic analysis showed that bla_CTX-M was the most prevalent gene among the E. coli isolates, while blaS_HV-12 was the most common Beta-lactamase gene in K. pneumoniae. The susceptibility testing results showed that about 60% of the strains were multidrug resistant. The prevalence of ESBL-producing isolates in Finland has been increasing since 2000. However, the situation in Finland is still much better than in many other European countries.

Uma introdução à espectroscopia atômica: II - o espectro do sódio

The present article is devoted to Chemistry or Physics undergraduate students, given their difficulty to understand fundamental concepts and technical language used in atomic spectroscopy and quantum mechanics. An easy approach is shown in the treatment of the emission spectrum of the sodium atom without any involved calculations. In a previous article, the hydrogen spectrum was considered and the energy degeneracy of the angular momentum quantum number was observed. For the sodium spectrum, due to the valence electron penetration into internal shells, a breakdown of this degeneracy occurs and a dependence of this penetration on the angular momentum quantum number is observed. The eigenvalues are determined introducing the quantum defect correction (Rydberg correction) in the denominator of the Balmer equation, and the energy diagram is obtained. The intensity ratio for the observed doublets is explained by introducing new wave functions, containing the magnetic quantum number of the total angular momentum.

Review of Robust Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Techniques for Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio networks sense spectrum occupancy and manage themselvesto operate in unused bands without disturbing licensed users. The detection capability of aradio system can be enhanced if the sensing process is performed jointly by a group of nodesso that the effects of wireless fading and shadowing can be minimized. However, taking acollaborative approach poses new security threats to the system as nodes can report falsesensing data to reach a wrong decision. This paper makes a review of secure cooperativespectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. The main objective of these protocols is toprovide an accurate resolution about the availability of some spectrum channels, ensuring thecontribution from incapable users as well as malicious ones is discarded. Issues, advantagesand disadvantages of such protocols are investigated and summarized.

Operador dipolo-dipolo na base de momento angular: um complemento ao estudo de ressonância magnética nuclear

The relationship between the magnetic dipole-dipole potential energy function and its quantum analogue is presented in this work. It is assumed the reader is familiar with the classical expression of the dipolar interaction and has basic knowledge of the quantum mechanics of angular momentum. Except for these two points only elementary steps are involved.

Herança da resistência à mancha-angular do feijoeiro e identificação de marcadores moleculares flanqueando o loco de resistência

A mancha-angular, cujo agente causal é o fungo Phaeoisariopsis griseola, é uma das principais doenças do feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris). Os marcadores moleculares disponíveis ainda não são suficientes para monitorar todos os genes de resistência a essa doença. Por isso, objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar a herança da resistência aos patótipos 63.39 e 31.23 de P. griseola, em populações derivadas de 'Ouro Negro' (ON) e 'US Pinto 111' (PT), e identificar marcadores moleculares ligados a genes de resistência presentes nessas cultivares. Quando inoculadas com o patótipo 63.39, as plantas ON, F1 (ON x PT) e 3/4 da população F2 mostraram-se resistentes enquanto que PT e 1/4 da população F2 foram suscetíveis. Quando inoculadas com o patótipo 31.23, as plantas PT e 1/4 das famílias F2:3 foram resistentes e todas as demais, suscetíveis. Esses dados indicam que a resistência proveniente de ON é conferida por um gene dominante enquanto que a de PT, por um recessivo. Esses dois genes segregaram independentemente. Amostras de DNA das plantas F2 foram amplificadas pela técnica de RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) de acordo com a estratégia de análise de bulks segregantes. Foram identificados os marcadores OPM02(460C) e OPAA19(600C,) respectivamente a 5,3 e 10 centimorgans (cM) do loco de resistência proveniente de ON. Eles flanqueiam este loco e, quando empregados simultaneamente, proporcionam uma eficiência de seleção de 97,4%. Não foram identificados marcadores para o loco de resistência proveniente de PT.

Resistência de cultivares de feijoeiro-comum à ferrugem e à mancha-angular em condições de casa de vegetação

Foram inoculadas 17 cultivares de feijoeiro-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) recomendadas para plantio em Minas Gerais com cinco patótipos (6, 7, 9, 10 e 12) de Uromyces appendiculatus e cinco (63.55, 31.23, 63.39, 31.55 e 63.23) de Phaeoisariopsis griseola. Foi conduzido um ensaio separadamente para cada um dos patótipos dos dois patógenos, totalizando 10 ensaios. Nos ensaios de ferrugem foi avaliada a freqüência de infecção (FI) e estimado o tamanho médio das pústulas (TMP) e, nos ensaios de mancha-angular foram avaliados os sintomas utilizando uma escala de notas variando de 1 a 9. A maioria das cultivares se mostrou suscetível a pelo menos três dos cinco patótipos de ferrugem. As cultivares mais suscetíveis foram Roxo 90 e Meia Noite e a mais resistente foi a Ouro Negro, a qual apresentou proteção completa aos cinco patótipos testados. Com relação à mancha angular, além do Roxo 90, as cultivares Carioca MG, Pérola, Carioca 1030 e Aporé, extensivamente plantadas em Minas Gerais, foram altamente suscetíveis. As cultivares Ouro Negro e EMGOPA 201-Ouro apresentaram genes de resistência a diferentes patótipos e a combinação desses genes em uma nova cultivar resultaria em resistência a todos os patótipos testados.

Mapeamento de genes de resistência do feijoeiro à ferrugem, antracnose e mancha-angular usando marcadores RAPD

A organização de diferentes genes de resistência da cultivar Ouro Negro de feijoeiro-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) à ferrugem, antracnose e mancha-angular foi estudada com o auxílio de marcadores moleculares. Uma população de 154 linhas endogâmicas recombinantes (RIL's) obtidas do cruzamento entre as cultivares Ouro Negro e Rudá foram inoculadas com sete raças fisiológicas de Uromyces appendiculatus, três de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, e quatro de Phaeoisariopsis griseola. Amostras de DNA de cada uma das RIL's foram amplificadas via PCR utilizando 70 diferentes primers. A análise da segregação da resistência à ferrugem, antracnose e mancha-angular na população de 154 RIL's revelou diferentes modos de herança para a resistência a cada uma das raças fisiológicas. A análise de ligação genética revelou que os diferentes genes de resistência à ferrugem e à antracnose estão no mesmo grupo de ligação. Os genes de resistência à mancha-angular também foram mapeados juntos, porém em outro grupo de ligação. Verificou-se neste trabalho que a utilidade dos marcadores RAPD, previamente identificados como ligados a genes de resistência do feijoeiro a doenças foi restrita. Apenas cinco dos 38 marcadores moleculares testados foram validados na população de RIL's como ligados aos genes de resistência à ferrugem e à antracnose. Três novos marcadores (OBA16(669) e OBA16(583) a 10,4 cM em acoplamento e OAD9(3210) a 13,9 cM em repulsão) ligados ao bloco gênico de resistência da cultivar Ouro Negro à mancha-angular foram identificados.

Quantificação de componentes monocíclicos da mancha angular do feijoeiro

Foram realizados experimentos em ambiente controlado, em câmaras de crescimento, com duas cultivares de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris), Rosinha e Carioca, para a quantificação de componentes monocíclicos da mancha angular. Os componentes monocíclicos avaliados foram: período de incubação, severidade da doença e taxa de crescimento das lesões, sob as temperaturas de 6, 10, 14, 17, 21, 25, 29 e 33 ºC. Nenhum sintoma da mancha angular ocorreu em 6 e 33 ºC. A severidade da mancha angular foi elevada na faixa de temperatura entre 20 e 25 ºC e o período de incubação foi favorecido pela temperatura de 25 ºC, para as duas cultivares testadas. Esta temperatura também proporcionou a maior taxa de crescimento das lesões e estes dados foram ajustados, em função da temperatura por uma equação do primeiro grau. O efeito do período de molhamento foliar (5, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48 e 54 h) na severidade da doença também foi avaliado. A severidade da mancha angular do feijoeiro aumentou com o aumento da duração do molhamento foliar até o máximo de 54 h. As variações de severidade da mancha angular do feijoeiro, em relação ao número de horas de molhamento foliar, foram explicadas pelo modelo de Richards. A função Beta-Richards explicou o efeito combinado da temperatura e da duração do molhamento foliar na severidade da mancha angular do feijoeiro para ambas as cultivares.