Social Work in the Portuguese empire Health Services

Muitos historiadores, particularmente estrangeiros, que vêem Portugal “de fora”, têm-se mostrado críticos do mau desempenho do império colonial português.Aintolerância religiosa, uso excessivo de força para conseguir o monopólio de especiarias, são alguns aspectos que mereceram críticas mais duras [Devo admitir que fui eu um destes críticos!] mas quase sempre bem fundamentadas e difíceis de rejeitar. Mas é preciso admitir que a história colonial portuguesa é também feita de elementos positivos e menos violentos. Os portugueses devem ser considerados pioneiros de assistência social através das suas políticas inovadoras que providenciaram cuidados para os doentes e desgraçados, embora estas políticas não abrangessem os sujeitos não-Cristãos do império.

Recensao de: I. K. Healy, Social Work Practices: Contemporary Perspectives on Change, London, Sage, 2000.

Revista Lusófona de Ciências Sociais

Recensão de: Adams, Roberts; Dominelli, Lena and Payne, Malcolm (Eds.), Social Work Futures: Crossing Boundaries, Transforming Practice, Hampshire, Palgrave, 2005.

Revista Lusófona de Ciências Sociais

Photo-induced instability of nanocrystalline silicon TFTs

We examine the instability behavior of nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) thin-film transistors (TFTs) in the presence of electrical and optical stress. The change in threshold voltage and sub-threshold slope is more significant under combined bias-and-light stress when compared to bias stress alone. The threshold voltage shift (Delta V-T) after 6 h of bias stress is about 7 times larger in the case with illumination than in the dark. Under bias stress alone, the primary instability mechanism is charge trapping at the semiconductor/insulator interface. In contrast, under combined bias-and-light stress, the prevailing mechanism appears to be the creation of defect states in the channel, and believed to take place in the amorphous phase, where the increase in the electron density induced by electrical bias enhances the non-radiative recombination of photo-excited electron-hole pairs. The results reported here are consistent with observations of photo-induced efficiency degradation in solar cells.

Housework, paid work and psychiatric symptoms

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hypothesis that work burden, the simultaneous engagement in paid work and unpaid family housework, is a potential risk factor for psychiatric symptoms among women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 460 women randomly selected from a poor area of the city of Salvador, Brazil. Women between 18 to 70 years old, who reported having a paid occupation or were involved in unpaid domestic activities for their families, were eligible. Work burden-related variables were defined as: a) double work shift, i.e., simultaneous engagement in a paid job plus unpaid housework; and b) daily working time. Psychiatric symptoms were collected through a validated questionnaire, the QMPA. RESULTS: Positive, statistically significant associations between high (>7 symptoms) QMPA scores and either double work shift (prevalence ratio -- PR=2.04, 95% confidence interval -- CI: 1.16, 2.29) or more than 10 hours of daily work time (PR=2.29, 95% CI: 1.96, 3.43) were found after adjustment for age, marital status and number of pre-school children. CONCLUSIONS: Major correlates of high QMPA scores are work burden variables. Being married or having pre-school children are also associated with high QMPA scores only when associated with work burden.

Palaeomagnetic study of a subaerial volcanic ridge (Sao Jorge Island, Azores) for the past 1.3 Myr: evidence for the Cobb Mountain Subchron, volcano flank instability and tectonomagmatic implications

We present a palaeomagnetic study on 38 lava flows and 20 dykes encompassing the past 1.3 Myr on S. Jorge Island (Azores ArchipelagoNorth Atlantic Ocean). The sections sampled in the southeastern and central/western parts of the island record reversed and normal polarities, respectively. They indicate a mean palaeomagnetic pole (81.3 degrees N, 160.7 degrees E, K= 33 and A95= 3.4 degrees) with a latitude shallower than that expected from Geocentric Axial Dipole assumption, suggesting an effect of non-dipolar components of the Earth magnetic field. Virtual Geomagnetic Poles of eight flows and two dykes closely follow the contemporaneous records of the Cobb Mountain Subchron (ODP/DSDP programs) and constrain the age transition from reversed to normal polarity at ca. 1.207 +/- 0.017 Ma. Volcano flank instabilities, probably related to dyke emplacement along an NNWSSE direction, led to southwestward tilting of the lava pile towards the sea. Two spatially and temporally distinct dyke systems have been recognized on the island. The eastern is dominated by NNWSSE trending dykes emplaced before the end of the Matuyama Chron, whereas in the central/western parts the eruptive fissures oriented WNWESE controlled the westward growth of the S. Jorge Island during the Brunhes Chron. Both directions are consistent with the present-day regional stress conditions deduced from plate kinematics and tectonomorphology and suggest the emplacement of dykes along pre-existing fractures. The distinct timing and location of each dyke system likely results from a slight shift of the magmatic source.

O contributo da terapia ocupacional na análise dos ajustes posturais antecipatórios em crianças com 9 e 10 anos de idade, num sistema de captura de movimento - BioStage

O trabalho realizado teve como objetivo principal analisar os ajustes posturais antecipatórios que ocorrem durante o desempenho de uma tarefa motora fundamental (apanhar), em crianças entre os nove e os dez anos de idade, residentes no Porto e que apresentam um desenvolvimento normal com recurso ao sistema de captura e parametrização do movimento em tempo real BioStage ®. Como objetivo secundário pretendeu-se perceber de que forma este sistema pode ser uma ferramenta importante na prática clínica da terapia ocupacional. Para tal, realizou-se um estudo de natureza quantitativa e de carácter descritivo e recorreu-se a uma amostra de 12 crianças, utilizando o método de amostragem não probabilística por conveniência. A recolha de dados efetuou-se no sistema BioStage ® e foi pedido que realizassem quatro itens do subteste 5 do Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) – receção bi e unilateral de uma bola com e sem ressalto no chão. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as raparigas e as crianças mais novas demonstram ter menos estabilidade do tronco e pélvis ou menor capacidade de prever a trajetória da bola e que a receção unilateral foi mais difícil de efetuar pela maioria das crianças. Para concluir, refere-se que o BioStage ® mostra-se útil e é uma mais-valia, contribuindo de forma positiva para a prática da terapia ocupacional, uma vez que pode ser considerado como um complemento ao processo de avaliação pois faz uma análise detalhada, precisa e objetiva e identifica aspetos de difícil mensuração através da observação.

Gestão de carreiras dos profissionais de saúde

Com a reforma da Administração Pública, implementada de forma mais integrada e abrangente pelo Governo socialista de José Sócrates (XVII Governo Constitucional), foi iniciada a reformulação das carreiras dos profissionais de saúde, nomeadamente a carreira médica e a carreira de enfermagem, continuando-se a aguardar a reformulação das carreiras dos técnicos superiores de saúde e dos técnicos de diagnóstico e terapêutica. As inúmeras mudanças que decorrem destas reformulações têm criado por sua vez um clima de receio e expectativa junto dos profissionais de saúde, o que aliado a um período de contingência e recessão económica, tem causado uma certa instabilidade. Embora fosse de reconhecimento geral que a anterior forma como se geria as carreiras dos profissionais de saúde, utilizando como critérios de progressão mecanismos automatizados com foco na antiguidade, não fosse a mais correcta, uma vez que não cumpria princípios de justiça e meritocracia, são agora levantadas inúmeras dúvidas com estas reformulações. A questão principal é se efectivamente virão dar resposta à necessidade de uma maior flexibilidade na evolução profissional, mais adequada aos contributos de cada colaborador, potenciando o desenvolvimento de competências. Concluiu-se então que as reformulações efectuadas nas carreiras dos profissionais de saúde não incentivam totalmente o desenvolvimento de competências ao longo da carreira, mas permitem de alguma forma uma maior flexibilidade na evolução profissional; possibilitando que esta se desenvolva de acordo com os contributos de cada colaborador, apesar de grandes entraves na aplicação à prática. A verdade é que não se conseguem atingir resultados somente através de resoluções por decreto, falta a transformação deste sistema meritocrático, existente no plano formal, numa prática social meritocrática. Para isso em todas as reformulações que ocorram deve-se, primeiro de tudo, sensibilizar os colaboradores para essa necessidade, informar e esclarecer dúvidas, ouvir as suas sugestões e incluí-los no processo de mudança. Só dessa forma se irá conseguir a sua aceitação, o seu apoio e implementar efectivamente novas práticas. Nesse sentido, espera-se que este trabalho contribua para um maior conhecimento acerca da gestão de carreiras, gestão de competências, avaliação de desempenho e meritocracia, bem como das alterações legislativas que têm vindo a ocorrer, sensibilizando para a necessidade de se efectuarem realmente reformulações nas carreiras dos profissionais de saúde, mas também promovendo o desenvolvimento de uma atitude pró-activa para que estas sejam mais meritocráticas.

Evaluation of the improvements on pharmacy technicians' work practices after implementation of operational procedures

Several antineoplasic drugs have been demonstrated to be carcinogenic or to have mutagenic and teratogenic effects. The greatest protection is achieved with the implementation of administrative and engineering controls and safety procedures. Objective: to evaluate the improvements on pharmacy technicians' work practices, after the implementation of operational procedures related to individual protection, biologic safety cabinet disinfection and cytotoxic drug preparation. Method: case-study in a hospital pharmacy undergoing a certification process. Six pharmacy technicians were observed during their daily activities. Characterization of the work practices was made using a checklist based on ISOPP and PIC guidelines. The variables studied concerning cleaning/disinfection procedures, personal protective equipment and procedures for preparing cytotoxic drugs. The same work practices were evaluated after four months of operational procedures implementation. Concordance between work practices and guidelines was considered to be a quality indicator (guidelines concordance practices number/total number of practices x 100). Results: improvements were observed after operational procedures implementation. An improvement of 6,25% in personal protective equipment practice was achieved by changing second pair of gloves every thirty minutes. The major progress, 10%, was obtained in disinfection procedure, where 80% of tasks are now realized according to guidelines.By now, we hot an improvement of only 1% at drug preparation procedure by placing one cytotoxic drug at a time inside the biological safety cabinet. Then, 85% of practices are according to guidelines. Conclusion: before operational procedures implementation 80,3% of practices were according to the guidelines, while now is 84,4%. This indicates that is necessary to review the procedures frequently in the benefit to reduce the risks associated with handling cytotoxic drugs and maintenance of drug specifications.

Working hours, work-life conflict and health in precarious and "permanent" employment

OBJECTIVE: The expansion of precarious employment in OECD countries has been widely associated with negative health and safety effects. Although many shiftworkers are precariously employed, shiftwork research has concentrated on full-time workers in continuing employment. This paper examines the impact of precarious employment on working hours, work-life conflict and health by comparing casual employees to full-time, "permanent" employees working in the same occupations and workplaces. METHODS: Thirty-nine convergent interviews were conducted in two five-star hotels. The participants included 26 full-time and 13 casual (temporary) employees. They ranged in age from 19 to 61 years and included 17 females and 22 males. Working hours ranged from zero to 73 hours per week. RESULTS: Marked differences emerged between the reports of casual and full-time employees about working hours, work-life conflict and health. Casuals were more likely to work highly irregular hours over which they had little control. Their daily and weekly working hours ranged from very long to very short according to organisational requirements. Long working hours, combined with low predictability and control, produced greater disruption to family and social lives and poorer work-life balance for casuals. Uncoordinated hours across multiple jobs exacerbated these problems in some cases. Health-related issues reported to arise from work-life conflict included sleep disturbance, fatigue and disrupted exercise and dietary regimes. CONCLUSIONS:This study identified significant disadvantages of casual employment. In the same hotels, and doing largely the same jobs, casual employees had less desirable and predictable work schedules, greater work-life conflict and more associated health complaints than "permanent" workers.

The impact of night work on subjective reports of well-being: an exploratory study of health care workers from five nations

OBJECTIVE: To carry out a survey data collection from health care workers in Brazil, Croatia, Poland, Ukraine and the USA with two primary goals: (1) to provide information about which aspects of well-being are most likely to need attention when shiftwork management solutions are being developed, and (2) to explore whether nations are likely to differ with respect to the impacts of night work on the well-being of workers involved in health care work. METHODS: The respondents from each nation were sorted into night worker and non-night worker groups. Worker perceptions of being physically tired, mentally tired, and tense at the end of the workday were examined. Subjective reports of perceived felt age were also studied. For each of these four dependent variables, an ANCOVA analysis was carried out. Hours worked per week, stability of weekly work schedule, and chronological age were the covariates for these analyses. RESULTS: The results clearly support the general proposal that nations differ significantly in worker perceptions of well-being. In addition, perceptions of physical and mental tiredness at the end of the workday were higher for night workers. For the perception of being physically tired at the end of a workday, the manner and degree to which the night shift impacts the workers varies by nation. CONCLUSIONS: Additional research is needed to determine if the nation and work schedule differences observed are related to differences in job tasks, work schedule structure, off-the-job variables, and/or other worker demographic variables.

Job control, job demands, social support at work and health among adolescent workers

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate physical and psychological dimensions of adolescent labor (such as job demands, job control, and social support in the work environment), and their relation to reported body pain, work injuries, sleep duration and daily working hours. METHODS: A total of 354 adolescents attending evening classes at a public school in São Paulo, Brazil, answered questionnaires regarding their living and working conditions (Karasek's Job Content Questionnaire, 1998), and their health status. Data collection took place in April and May 2001. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine relations among variables. RESULTS: Psychological job demands were related to body pain (OR=3.3), higher risk of work injuries (OR=3.0) and reduced sleep duration in weekdays (Monday to Thursday) (p<0.01). Lower decision authority in the workplace (p=0.03) and higher job security (p=0.02) were related to longer daily working hours. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that besides physical stressors, psychological factors are to be taken into account when studying adolescent working conditions, as they may be associated with negative job conditions and health effects.

Cooperation mechanism for team-work based multi-agent system in dynamic scheduling through meta-heuristics

This paper describes a Multi-agent Scheduling System that assumes the existence of several Machines Agents (which are decision-making entities) distributed inside the Manufacturing System that interact and cooperate with other agents in order to obtain optimal or near-optimal global performances. Agents have to manage their internal behaviors and their relationships with other agents via cooperative negotiation in accordance with business policies defined by the user manager. Some Multi Agent Systems (MAS) organizational aspects are considered. An original Cooperation Mechanism for a Team-work based Architecture is proposed to address dynamic scheduling using Meta-Heuristics.

Work in progress: representar o «outro» segundo o pensamento antropofágico casos de estudo - Hans Staden e Les Maîtres Fous

O presente artigo analisa o filme de Luis Alberto Pereira «Hans Staden» (1999), baseado no livro de Hans Staden «Duas Viagens ao Brasil» (1557), e o documentário/filme «Les Maîtres Fous» (1955) de Jean Rouch, tendo em consideração o pensamento antropofágico. Estas obras focalizam o choque cultural entre “civilizado” e “selvagem”, entre ritual canibal e ritual antropofágico, entre o «Nós» e os «Outros», encontros que permitem uma análise mais concreta à concepção de alteridade. A representação cinematográfica permite uma aproximação ao conceito antropofágico de apropriação da cultura externa, para posteriormente a reproduzir numa interpretação segundo a concepção ocidental do que figuram os rituais em questão. O Movimento Antropófago, pelo seu carácter vanguardista, concilia a matriz fundadora brasileira e ao mesmo tempo enaltece a irreverência de análise, e neste artigo serve de fundamento teórico e prático à decomposição dos exemplos. O pensamento antropófago e a sua aplicabilidade aos exemplos seleccionados permitem também aprofundar o estudo sobre o imaginário europeu enquanto recriação de relatos datados de viajantes ou colonizadores, pois a manutenção de um acervo estereotipado historicamente serve como forma de “legitimar” concepções. As duas obras focalizam a representação indígena e africana - o “selvagem” - na construção do imaginário ocidental - “civilizado” - dicotomia que nos permite desmistificar relações interculturais.

Health, sleep and lack of time: relations to domestic and paid work in nurses

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether reported morbidity and complaints of lack of time and sleep are associated with the burden of professional work and housework among nurses. METHODS: A cross-sectional exploratory study was carried out among female nurses and nurse assistants (N=206) of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire. The prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. RESULTS: Mean duration of professional work and housework time was 40.4 and 31.6 hours/week, respectively. Long professional working time (over 44 hours/week) were associated with mild emotional disorders (PR=1.37; 95% CI: 1.05-1.80), complaints of lack of time for resting/leisure (PR=1.61; 95% CI: 1.31-1.97), housework (PR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.12-1.97), and childcare (PR=1.99; 95% CI: 1.51-2.63). Long housework time (over 28 hours/week) was associated with lower prevalence of lack of time for childcare (PR=0.62; 95% CI: 0.46-0.84). High housework load was associated with lack of personal time and complaints of varicose veins (PR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.14-1.50 and PR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.08-1.58, respectively). Complaints of varicose veins were also frequent among female nurses with a total work load above 84 hours (PR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.05-1.61), though this group has shown a lower prevalence of arterial hypertension and recurrent headaches (PR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.15-0.83 and PR=0.53; 95% CI: 0.32-0.89, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that both professional and home environments are relevant in the evaluation of work overload on nurses' health and their family and social life. It is stressed the need for instruments for analyzing total workload among female populations.