Effects of dietary restriction combined with different exercise programs or physical activity recommendations on blood lipids in overweight adults

Background and aim: Many exercise studies, although generally showing the beneficial effects of supervised aerobic, resistance or combined exercise on blood lipids, have sometimes reached equivocal conclusions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of different programs that combined exercise and dietary restriction on blood lipids versus a clinical practice intervention for weight loss, in overweight adults. Methods: For this study 66 subjects participated in a supervised 22 weeks training program, composed of three sessions per week and they were randomized in three groups: strength training (S; n = 19), endurance training (E; n = 25), a combination of E and S (SE; n = 22). Eighteen subjects served as physical activity group (PA) that followed a clinical intervention consisted of physical activity recommendations. All groups followed the same dietary treatment, and blood samples were obtained for lipids measurements, at the beginning and end of the study. Results: Lipid profile improved in all groups. No significant differences for baseline and post-training values were observed between groups. In general, SE and PA decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values (p menor que 0.01). S decreased triglyceride levels (p menor que 0.01) and E, SE, and PA decreased total cholesterol levels (p menor que 0.05, p menor que 0.01 and p menor que 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: These results suggest that an intervention program of supervised exercise combined with diet restriction did not achieved further improvements in blood lipid profile than diet restriction and physical activity recommendations, in overweight adults. (Clinical Trials gov number: NCT01116856).

Controlling moisture loss as a tool to reduce bruise susceptibility.

A method to reduce the bruise susceptibility of apples by controlling the moisture loss of the fruit was evaluated. Previous research indicates that reduction of the relative humidity of the storage air leads to an immediate effect on the weight loss and on skin properties and to a lower bruise susceptibility of apples. The diffusion equation is used to determine the waterpotential profile inside the fruit during storage. Characteristics of the waterpotential distribution in the fruit are related to measured bruise volumes. The results indicate how /this model can be used to control bruise susceptibility.

Análisis de los efectos de un programa nutricional y de ejercicio físico sobre el perfil lipídico en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad

Introducción. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la principal causa de muerte en nuestro país. Entre los factores independientes más importantes para el desarrollo de ECV se encuentran en primer lugar las alteraciones del perfil lipídico como el aumento del colesterol total (TC), las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) y los triglicéridos (TG) y/o la disminución de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL). Entre las diferentes formas de abordar el problema para prevenir y tratar estas patologías se encuentra la modificación de los hábitos de vida a través de un programa combinado de dieta y ejercicio. La evidencia confirma la efectividad de la primera variable, sin embargo, en el empleo del ejercicio se encuentran discrepancias acerca de cuál es el modo más eficaz para mejorar el perfil lipídico. Objetivo. Estudiar los cambios en las variables del perfil lipídico y los índices lipoproteicos comparando cuatro tipos de intervención que combinan dieta y diferentes modos de ejercicio, así como, analizar otras variables independientes (género, edad y genotipo ApoE) que pueden tener influencia sobre estos cambios. Diseño de la investigación. Los datos analizados en esta tesis forman parte del estudio “PROgramas de Nutrición y Actividad Física para el tratamiento de la obesidad” (PRONAF). Se trata de un estudio clínico desarrollado en España entre el 2008 y el 2011. La metodología del estudio nos permite comparar cuatro tipos de intervención para la pérdida de peso y evaluar su impacto sobre el perfil lipídico. El diseño fue experimental aleatorizado donde a todos los participantes se les sometió a un programa de dieta equilibrada hipocalórica junto a uno de los tres modos de ejercicio (grupo de entrenamiento de fuerza, grupo de entrenamiento de resistencia y grupo de entrenamiento combinado de los modos anteriores; los cuales fueron igualados en volumen e intensidad) o grupo de recomendaciones de actividad física. Las principales variables analizadas en los estudios que comprende esta tesis doctoral fueron: HDL, LDL, TG y TC, los índices derivados de estas y variables de la composición corporal y del entrenamiento. Conclusiones. Los cuatro tipos de intervención mostraron ser favorables para mejorar las variables del perfil lipídico y los índices lipoproteicos, sin diferencias significativas entre ellos. Tras la intervención, los varones mostraron una respuesta más favorable en los cambios del perfil lipídico. El genotipo ApoE2 obtuvo una reducción mayor en la concentración de TG y TC que el genotipo ApoE3 y ApoE4. Por último, los índices lipoproteicos mejoraron tras un programa de pérdida de peso, obteniéndose mayores cambios en el grupo de dieta más entrenamiento aeróbico para los índices ApoB/ApoA-1, TG/HDL y LDL/ApoB. ABSTRACT Introduction. The main cause of death in our country is cardiovascular disease (CVD). The most important independent factors for the development of CVD are the lipid profile alterations: increased total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) and/or decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Among the different approaches to prevent and treat these diseases is modifying the lifestyle combining a diet and exercise program. The evidence confirms the effectiveness of the first variable, however, there is still controversy about the most effective mode of exercise combined with diet to achieve improvements. Objective. To study changes in lipoprotein profile comparing four types of intervention combining diet with different modes of exercise, and to analyze the independent variables (gender, age, and ApoE genotype) that can influence these changes. Research design. The data analized in this thesis are part of the study Nutrition and Physical Activity Programs for Obesity Treatments (the PRONAF study according to its Spanish initials). This is a clinical research carried out in Spain between 2008 and 2011. The aim of this study was to compare four types of intervention to weight loss with diet combining exercise. The design was experimental randomized where all participants were subjected to follow a hypocaloric balanced diet along one of the three modes of exercise (strength training group, resistance training group and combined training group of the above modes, which were matched by volume and intensity) or physical activity recommendations group. The main variables under investigation in this thesis were: HDL, LDL, TG and TC, the lipoprotein ratios, body composition and training variables. Main outcomes. The four types of interventions shown to be favorable to improve the lipid profile and lipoprotein level, with no significant differences between intervention groups. After the intervention, the men showed a more favorable respond in lipid profile changes. The genotype ApoE2 obtained more positive changes in the concentration of TG and TC than ApoE3 and ApoE4 genotype. Last, the lipoprotein ratios improve after weight loss treatment with diet combined different modes exercise. Our results reflected greater changes for E group in apoB/ApoA1, TG/HDL and LDL/ApoB compared within different intervention groups.

Ciliary neurotrophic factor activates leptin-like pathways and reduces body fat, without cachexia or rebound weight gain, even in leptin-resistant obesity

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) was first characterized as a trophic factor for motor neurons in the ciliary ganglion and spinal cord, leading to its evaluation in humans suffering from motor neuron disease. In these trials, CNTF caused unexpected and substantial weight loss, raising concerns that it might produce cachectic-like effects. Countering this possibility was the suggestion that CNTF was working via a leptin-like mechanism to cause weight loss, based on the findings that CNTF acts via receptors that are not only related to leptin receptors, but also similarly distributed within hypothalamic nuclei involved in feeding. However, although CNTF mimics the ability of leptin to cause fat loss in mice that are obese because of genetic deficiency of leptin (ob/ob mice), CNTF is also effective in diet-induced obesity models that are more representative of human obesity, and which are resistant to leptin. This discordance again raised the possibility that CNTF might be acting via nonleptin pathways, perhaps more analogous to those activated by cachectic cytokines. Arguing strongly against this possibility, we now show that CNTF can activate hypothalamic leptin-like pathways in diet-induced obesity models unresponsive to leptin, that CNTF improves prediabetic parameters in these models, and that CNTF acts very differently than the prototypical cachectic cytokine, IL-1. Further analyses of hypothalamic signaling reveals that CNTF can suppress food intake without triggering hunger signals or associated stress responses that are otherwise associated with food deprivation; thus, unlike forced dieting, cessation of CNTF treatment does not result in binge overeating and immediate rebound weight gain.