Produtividade, qualidade dos frutos e distribuição do sistema radicular da melancia em diferentes sistemas de cultivo

A melancia é cultivada principalmente por pequenos produtores, em solos arenosos sob preparo convencional, com ocorrência de altas taxas de erosão, já que a cultura não forma dossel vegetativo capaz de cobrir inteiramente o solo. Com o objetivo de avaliar a cultura da melancia (Citrullus lanatus L.) em diferentes sistemas de cultivo, sobre um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico na Depressão Central do RS, foi desenvolvido um experimento durante o ano agrícola 2008/2009 com a cultivar Crimson Sweet. Em parcelas de 48 m² e delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, foram testados os seguintes sistemas de cultivo: preparo convencional (PC), plantio direto (PD), PD escarificado com uma haste de escarificador (PD1H), PD escarificado com duas hastes de escarificador (PD2H), PD escarificado com três hastes de escarificador (PD3H), PD escarificado com quatro hastes de escarificador (PD4H) e PD escarificado com cinco hastes de escarificador (PD5H), com espaçamento entre hastes de 0,35 m. Os dados foram comparados pelo teste de Duncan (p < 5 %). A melancia foi semeada em novembro de 2008, com espaçamento de 2,20 x 0,75 m, sobre palhada de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa). Além da produtividade de melancia, considerando os frutos comercializáveis (> 6 kg), foram determinadas a área superficial e a distribuição do sistema radicular no perfil do solo perpendicular à linha de semeadura (30 e 60 d após a semeadura). Também foram determinadas a densidade do solo e a resistência à penetração após o ciclo. No tratamento PC obteve-se a maior produtividade (126 t ha-1), diferenciando-se estatisticamente dos demais. A área total de raízes aumentou com a intensidade de mobilização e área mobilizada de solo, exceto para o tratamento PD4H. No tratamento PC, a densidade do solo não mostrou diferença em profundidade, porém nos demais tratamentos houve diferença entre a camada de 0-5 cm e as mais profundas. A resistência à penetração na camada de 0-10 cm foi menor, o que pode ter favorecido a maior concentração de raízes nessa camada.

[Illustrations de Oeuvres] / Chéron, dess. ; Vertue, dess. Van der Gucht, C. du Bosc et P. Fourdrinier, grav. ; Jean Racine, aut. du texte

Comprend : [Tome I. Bandeau à la Dédicace : lion et licorne entourant les armoiries et la devise du Duc de Glocester.] Honi soit qui mal y pense. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome I. Pl. en reg. folio B : la Thébaïde ou les frères ennemis. Tragédie.] Thébaïde. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome I. Pl. en reg. du titre de la tragédie Alexandre le grand :] Alexandre. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome I. Pl. en reg. du titre de la tragédie Andromaque :] Andromaque. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome I. Pl. en reg. du titre de la tragédie Britannicus :] Britannicus. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome I. Pl. en reg. du titre de la tragédie Berenice :] Berenice. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome I. Pl. en reg. du titre de la comédie Les Plaideurs :] Les Plaideurs. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome II. Frontispice :] [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome II. Pl. en reg. du titre de la tragédie Bajazet :] Bajazet. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome II. Pl. en reg. du titre de la tragédie Mithridate :] Mithridate. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome II. Pl. en reg. du titre de la tragédie Iphigénie :] Iphigénie. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome II. Pl. en reg. du titre de la tragédie Phèdre :] Phèdre. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome II. Pl. en reg. du titre de la tragédie Esther :] Esther. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414] ; [Tome II. Pl. en reg. du titre de la tragédie Athalie :] Athalie. [Cote : Yf 404-405/Microfilm R 122414]

Nitrogênio, carbono e compactação do solo como fatores limitantes do processo de recuperação de matas ciliares

A recuperação de áreas de floresta, principalmente de matas ciliares, tornou-se fator-chave para a adequação ambiental da agricultura, com o propósito de proteger os recursos hídricos e a biota. Entretanto, o cultivo agrícola tradicional, além de ter alterado a ciclagem de nutrientes com a perda de matéria orgânica, biomassa e atividade microbiana, causou também a compactação do solo, o que influencia a posterior implantação de reflorestamentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar quais atributos do solo (físicos, químicos e microbiológicos) mais influenciam o teor de C, N, P e umidade da serapilheira em áreas de mata ciliar com diferentes idades de recuperação (20, 10 e cinco anos), em comparação com uma área nativa (NT). A partir da ANOVA e dos testes de médias (Duncan) e correlação (Pearson), foram verificados quais atributos acompanham o tempo de recuperação e qual a relação entre eles. A análise multivariada de partição da inércia a partir da análise de redundância (pRDA) foi feita a fim de identificar quais atributos do solo foram mais importantes para discriminar entre as áreas, com base nos teores de C, N, P e umidade da serapilheira encontrados nessas áreas. Maior relação C/N da serapilheira foi encontrada nas áreas de 20 (26,8) e de cinco (29,9) anos. Entre os atributos microbiológicos avaliados, observou-se que a respiração basal do solo (C-CO2), o carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM) e a atividade das enzimas desidrogenase e urease foram diretamente proporcionais ao aumento da idade das áreas. O C e N totais do solo, o N-NO3, o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana (NBM), a atividade das enzimas desidrogenase e urease, bem como a macroporosidade correlacionaram-se positivamente e a microporosidade, negativamente, com o C e N da serapilheira. A partir da pRDA, o NBM e o carbono total do solo foram os atributos mais importantes para explicar o teor de N e C da serapilheira; a explicação compartilhada foi mais da metade de toda a explicação observada ou 28,2 %. A melhoria das condições físicas do solo e a adição de matéria orgânica que resultam na formação de uma serapilheira mais rica em N pode ser uma forma de melhorar as condições microbiológicas e químicas do solo e de acelerar o processo de recuperação.

Directly Elected Mayors and their Parties: The Cases of Genoa and Lausanne

While the literature on directly elected mayors has largely neglected the relationship between mayors and their parties, studies of party transformation have generally ignored how changes in local democratic rules and practices affect parties. This article addresses these questions using a qualitative case study of the relationship between mayors and the three faces of their parties (in local public office, local central office and on the ground) in Genoa and Lausanne. Based on interviews with the mayors, elected representatives and party members, it finds in the two cases that, as long as these mayors can count on high levels of popularity and are not nearing the end of their term, they are 'party detached'. When these factors do not apply and/or party institutionalization increases, the relationship with the party in local central office (although not with the party in local public office or on the ground) becomes more significant.

Chemical and Biochemical Properties of Oxisols after Sewage Sludge Application for 16 Years

ABSTRACT The large production of sewage sludge (SS), especially in large urban centers, has led to the suggestion of using this waste as fertilizer in agriculture. The economic viability of this action is great and contributes to improve the environment by cycling the nutrients present in this waste, including high contents of organic matter and plant nutrients. This study evaluated the chemical and biochemical properties of Dystrophic and EutroferricLatossolos Vermelhos (Oxisols) under corn and after SS application at different rates for 16 years. The field experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, using a randomized block design with four treatments and five replications. Treatments consisted of control - T1 (mineral fertilization, without SS application), 5 Mg ha-1 SS - T2, 10 Mg ha-1 SS - T3, and 20 Mg ha-1 SS - T4 (dry weight base). The data were submitted to variance analysis and means were compared by the Duncan test at 5 %. Sewage sludge increased P extracted by resin in both theLatossolos Vermelhos, Dystrophic and Eutroferric, and the organic matter content in the Dystrophic Latossolo Vermelho. The waste at the rate 20 Mg ha-1 on a dry weight basis promoted increases in acid phosphatase activity in Eutroferric Latossolo Vermelho, basal respiration and metabolic quotient in DystrophicLatossolo Vermelho. The rate 20 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge on a dry weight basis did not alter the soil microbial biomass in both the Latossolos Vermelhos; in addition, it improved corn yields without inducing any symptoms of phytotoxicity or nutrient deficiency in the plants.

EULAR recommendations for the management of large-vessel vasculitis.

Objectives: To develop European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Methods: An expert group (10 rheumatologists, 3 nephrologists, 2 immunolgists, 2 internists representing 8 European countries and the USA, a clinical epidemiologist and a representative from a drug regulatory agency) identified 10 topics for a systematic literature search through a modified Delphi technique. In accordance with standardised EULAR operating procedures, recommendations were derived for the management of large vessel vasculitis. In the absence of evidence, recommendations were formulated on the basis of a consensus opinion. Results: Seven recommendations were made relating to the assessment, investigation and treatment of patients with large vessel vasculitis. The strength of recommendations was restricted by the low level of evidence and EULAR standardised operating procedures. Conclusions: On the basis of evidence and expert consensus, management recommendations for large vessel vasculitis have been formulated and are commended for use in everyday clinical practice.

EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small and medium vessel vasculitis.

Objectives: To develop European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of small and medium vessel vasculitis. Methods: An expert group (consisting of 10 rheumatologists, 3 nephrologists, 2 immunologists, 2 internists representing 8 European countries and the USA, a clinical epidemiologist and a representative from a drug regulatory agency) identified 10 topics for a systematic literature search using a modified Delphi technique. In accordance with standardised EULAR operating procedures, recommendations were derived for the management of small and medium vessel vasculitis. In the absence of evidence, recommendations were formulated on the basis of a consensus opinion. Results: In all, 15 recommendations were made for the management of small and medium vessel vasculitis. The strength of recommendations was restricted by low quality of evidence and by EULAR standardised operating procedures. Conclusions: On the basis of evidence and expert consensus, recommendations have been made for the evaluation, investigation, treatment and monitoring of patients with small and medium vessel vasculitis for use in everyday clinical practice.

An effector-reduced anti-β-amyloid (Aβ) antibody with unique aβ binding properties promotes neuroprotection and glial engulfment of Aβ.

Passive immunization against β-amyloid (Aβ) has become an increasingly desirable strategy as a therapeutic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, traditional passive immunization approaches carry the risk of Fcγ receptor-mediated overactivation of microglial cells, which may contribute to an inappropriate proinflammatory response leading to vasogenic edema and cerebral microhemorrhage. Here, we describe the generation of a humanized anti-Aβ monoclonal antibody of an IgG4 isotype, known as MABT5102A (MABT). An IgG4 subclass was selected to reduce the risk of Fcγ receptor-mediated overactivation of microglia. MABT bound with high affinity to multiple forms of Aβ, protected against Aβ1-42 oligomer-induced cytotoxicity, and increased uptake of neurotoxic Aβ oligomers by microglia. Furthermore, MABT-mediated amyloid plaque removal was demonstrated using in vivo live imaging in hAPP((V717I))/PS1 transgenic mice. When compared with a human IgG1 wild-type subclass, containing the same antigen-binding variable domains and with equal binding to Aβ, MABT showed reduced activation of stress-activated p38MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) in microglia and induced less release of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα. We propose that a humanized IgG4 anti-Aβ antibody that takes advantage of a unique Aβ binding profile, while also possessing reduced effector function, may provide a safer therapeutic alternative for passive immunotherapy for AD. Data from a phase I clinical trial testing MABT is consistent with this hypothesis, showing no signs of vasogenic edema, even in ApoE4 carriers.

A Small World Perspective on Urban Systems

The theory of small-world networks as initiated by Watts and Strogatz (1998) has drawn new insights in spatial analysis as well as systems theory. The theoryâeuro?s concepts and methods are particularly relevant to geography, where spatial interaction is mainstream and where interactions can be described and studied using large numbers of exchanges or similarity matrices. Networks are organized through direct links or by indirect paths, inducing topological proximities that simultaneously involve spatial, social, cultural or organizational dimensions. Network synergies build over similarities and are fed by complementarities between or inside cities, with the two effects potentially amplifying each other according to the âeurooepreferential attachmentâeuro hypothesis that has been explored in a number of different scientific fields (Barabási, Albert 1999; Barabási A-L 2002; Newman M, Watts D, Barabàsi A-L). In fact, according to Barabási and Albert (1999), the high level of hierarchy observed in âeurooescale-free networksâeuro results from âeurooepreferential attachmentâeuro, which characterizes the development of networks: new connections appear preferentially close to nodes that already have the largest number of connections because in this way, the improvement in the network accessibility of the new connection will likely be greater. However, at the same time, network regions gathering dense and numerous weak links (Granovetter, 1985) or network entities acting as bridges between several components (Burt 2005) offer a higher capacity for urban communities to benefit from opportunities and create future synergies. Several methodologies have been suggested to identify such denser and more coherent regions (also called communities or clusters) in terms of links (Watts, Strogatz 1998; Watts 1999; Barabási, Albert 1999; Barabási 2002; Auber 2003; Newman 2006). These communities not only possess a high level of dependency among their member entities but also show a low level of âeurooevulnerabilityâeuro, allowing for numerous redundancies (Burt 2000; Burt 2005). The SPANGEO project 2005âeuro"2008 (SPAtial Networks in GEOgraphy), gathering a team of geographers and computer scientists, has included empirical studies to survey concepts and measures developed in other related fields, such as physics, sociology and communication science. The relevancy and potential interpretation of weighted or non-weighted measures on edges and nodes were examined and analyzed at different scales (intra-urban, inter-urban or both). New classification and clustering schemes based on the relative local density of subgraphs were developed. The present article describes how these notions and methods contribute on a conceptual level, in terms of measures, delineations, explanatory analyses and visualization of geographical phenomena.

Evaluación del consumo de semillas de malezas por Notiobia (Anisotarsus) cupripennis (Germ.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

En este trabajo se estimó la preferencia alimentaria de Notiobia cupripennis por semillas de ocho especies de malezas primavero-estivales (Pr-Es) y de seis especies otoño-invernales (Ot-In) más comunes en los agroecosistemas del Sur de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. Las semillas de las especies de cada grupo fueron ofrecidas en conjunto y de a pares a adultos confinados individualmente. La relación (semillas dañadas/semillas disponibles) x 100 de cada especie fue considerada como índice de preferencia alimentaria. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante análisis de la variancia y test de rangos múltiples de Duncan y mediante un test de diferencia de medias, previa transformación arcoseno de los datos. Las semillas de las especies Ot-In fueron más dañadas (27,65%) que las Pr-Es (10,40%). Se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas en el porcentaje de semillas dañadas entre las diferentes especies; las dicotiledóneas fueron más preferidas que las gramíneas. El orden de preferencia alimentaria se mantuvo cuando los insectos fueron obligados a elegir entre semillas de dos especies de malezas. La preferencia alimentaria se atribuiría a diferencias en el tamaño, la consistencia del tegumento y la composición química de las semillas en relación con la habilidad de manipulación de las mismas y los requerimientos nutricionales del insecto.

Avaliação e seleção de híbridos de cacaueiro em Rondônia

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar e selecionar híbridos de cacaueiro, quanto a rendimento e qualidade de sementes, nas condições ecológicas do Município de Ouro Preto do Oeste, Rondônia. A seleção foi feita comparando-se, pelo teste de Duncan, as médias das medidas dos componentes de rendimento avaliados em um ensaio conduzido entre 1986 e 1991. O delineamento experimental usado foi o de blocos completos casualizados. Os melhores desempenhos, quanto aos caracteres avaliados, foram obtidos em cruzamentos que incluíram os clones POUND 7 e BE 10 (número total de frutos coletados), SCA 6 e PA 150 (número total de frutos sadios), PA 150 (peso total de sementes úmidas), IMC 67 e POUND 7 (peso médio de sementes úmidas por fruto). Na análise simultânea dos caracteres, os híbridos SCA 6 x ICS 1, PA 150 x SIC 328 e IMC 67 x BE 8 sobressaíram-se, em relação aos demais.

DRIS norms validation for sugarcane crop

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship between the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) indices and foliar nutrient concentrations, to establish optimum foliar nutrient concentrations with DRIS and to validate the DRIS norms for sugarcane crop. Foliar nutrient concentrations from 126 sugarcane commercial fields were analyzed during the 1996/97 season, to calculate DRIS indices. Regression analysis was used to fit a model relating DRIS indices to nutrient concentrations. Experiments were carried out during the 1997/98 season, whose treatments consisted of the addition of the most limiting nutrients according to DRIS. A new diagnosis was performed. At the end of 1997/98 season, the yields of each plot were collected. Analysis of variance and Duncan test (5%) were used for the evaluation of the collected data. There was a positive and significant relationship between sugarcane foliar nutrient concentrations and DRIS indices. The optimum foliar nutrient concentrations for sugarcane are: 13.4 g ha-1 for N, 1.91 g ha-1 for P, 12.2 g ha-1 for K, 2.99 g ha-1 for Ca, 2.15 g ha-1 for Mg, 1.61 g ha-1 for S, 4.48 mg ha-1 for Cu, 67.8 mg ha-1 for Mnand 11.7 mg ha-1 for Zn. DRIS norms evaluated are useful to correct nutritional imbalances and to increase sugarcane yield.

Long term retention of retigabine in a cohort of people with drug resistant epilepsy.

PURPOSE: To assess the utility of retigabine (RTG) for epilepsy in clinical practice at a single UK tertiary centre. METHODS: We identified all individuals who were offered RTG from April 2011 to May 2013. We collected demographics, seizure types, previous and current antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), starting and maximum attained daily dose of RTG, clinical benefits, side effects, and reason to discontinue RTG from in- and outpatient encounters until February 28, 2014. RESULTS: 145 people who had failed a median of 11 AEDs took at least one dose of RTG. One year retention was 32% and decreased following the safety alert by the US Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in April 2013. None became seizure free. 34 people (24%) reported a benefit that was ongoing at last assessment in five (3%). The most relevant benefit was the significant reduction or cessation of drop attacks or seizure-related falls in four women, this persisted at last assessment in two. The presence of simple partial seizures was associated with longer retention, as was a higher attained dose of RTG. Adverse effects were seen in 74% and largely CNS-related or nonspecific and affected the genitourinary system in 13%. CONCLUSION: Retention of RTG was less favourable compared to data from open label extension studies of the regulatory trials. In comparison with historical data on similar retention audits retention of RTG at one year appears to be less than lamotrigine, topiramate, levetiracetam, pregabalin, zonisamide, and lacosamide, and slightly higher than gabapentin.