The tunable negative refractive index in granular composite

The effective refractive index of a kind of granular composite, which consists of granular metallic and magnetic inclusions with different radius embedded in a host medium, is theoretically investigated. Results show that for certain volume fractions of these two inclusions, the negative permittivity peak shifts to low frequency and the peak value increases with increasing radius ratio of the radius of magnetic granulae to that of metallic granulae. Simultaneously, peak value of permeability decreases with the radius ratio, and value peak shifts to high frequency with increasing volume fraction of magnetic inclusion. Therefore, the radius ratio can affect the effective refractive index considerably, and it is found that by adjusting the radius ratio, the refractive index may change between negative and positive values for certain volume fractions of the two inclusions. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electric and magnetic losses and gains in determining the sign of refractive index

Within the framework of classic electromagnetic theories, we have studied the sign of refractive index of optical medias with the emphases on the roles of the electric and magnetic losses and gains. Starting from the Maxwell equations for an isotropic and homogeneous media, we have derived the general form of the complex refractive index and its relation with the complex electric permittivity and magnetic permeability, i.e. n = root epsilon mu, in which the intrinsic electric and magnetic losses and gains are included as the imaginary parts of the complex permittivity and permeability, respectively, as epsilon = epsilon(r) + i(epsilon i) and mu = mu(r) + i mu(i). The electric and magnetic losses are present in all passive materials, which correspond, respectively, to the positive imaginary permittivity and permeability epsilon(i) > 0 and mu(i) > 0. The electric and magnetic gains are present in materials where external pumping sources enable the light to be amplified instead of attenuated, which correspond, respectively, to the negative imaginary permittivity and permeability epsilon(i) < 0 and mu(i) < 0. We have analyzed and determined uniquely the sign of the refractive index, for all possible combinations of the four parameters epsilon(r), mu(r), epsilon(i), and mu(i), in light of the relativistic causality. A causal solution requires that the wave impedance be positive Re {Z} > 0. We illustrate the results for all cases in tables of the sign of refractive index. One of the most important messages from the sign tables is that, apart from the well-known case where simultaneously epsilon < 0 and mu < 0, there are other possibilities for the refractive index to be negative n < 0, for example, for epsilon(r) < 0, mu(r) > 0, epsilon(i) > 0, and mu(i) > 0, the refractive index is negative n < 0 provided mu(i)/epsilon(i) > mu(r)/vertical bar epsilon(r)vertical bar. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Donati Artis Grammaticae Index et Concordantia

615 p.

Beam collimation of high-power laser diode array with graded-index fiber lens array

Graded-index (GRIN) fiber lens arrays are fabricated from commercial GRIN fibers to collimate a high-power laser diode array. The beam divergence angles are reduced to 4.2 and 14.7 mrad in the fast and slow axes, respectively. The influences of smile and fluctuation in fiber length are discussed. Using an aspherical focal lens system, about 74% power can be launched into a fiber with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.22 and a core diameter of 400 mu m. (c) 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Análise da composição da dieta de seis espécies de peixes coexistentes em um reservatório tropical (Reservatório de Ribeirão das Lajes, Piraí-RJ)

O presente estudo analisou o conteúdo digestório de 221 indivíduos de seis espécies de peixes, do reservatório de Ribeirão das Lajes (Piraí-RJ), sendo 44 exemplares da espécie Loricariichthys castaneus, 56 de Parauchenipterus striatulus, 46 de Metynnis maculatus, 40 de Astyanax bimaculatus, 31 de Astyanax parahybae e 4 de Rhamdia quelen. O intuito foi o de estabelecer suas dietas, através do emprego do índice de importância alimentar (IAi), verificar a existência de diferenças na alimentação entre épocas seca e chuvosa e ainda as suas relações tróficas no ambiente aquático em questão. Não foram observadas grandes alterações da dieta das espécies estudadas entre épocas do ano. Foi evidenciada uma utilização de recursos alimentares semelhantes entre as espécies, que puderam ser divididas em dois grupos: um composto por espécies de hábitos onívoros com tendência a insetivoria e que empregaram recursos alóctones em suas dietas, formado por A. bimaculatus, A. parahybae e P. striatulus e outro contendo L. castaneus, R. quelen e M. maculatus que apresentaram uma maior amplitude de itens ingeridos, sendo muitos itens associados ao substrato e alguns a coluna dágua. Existiu uma sobreposição alimentar entre as espécies onívoras, todavia a ampla disponibilidade de recursos alimentares passíveis de serem explorados pelos peixes no reservatório faz com que esta sobreposição não se converta em possível competição por alimentos. Além disso, as espécies exploraram secundariamente itens alimentares diferenciados em suas dietas.

Hábitos alimentares e análise de sobreposição trófica de elasmobrânquios no litoral sul do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

O presente trabalho analisou o conteúdo estomacal de cinco espécies de elasmobrânquios, sendo 9 estômagos de Psammobatis rutrum, 83 de Psammobatis extenta, 59 de Atlantoraja cyclophora, 112 de Rioraja agassizi e 43 de Rhizoprionodon lalandii, com o objetivo de obter informações sobre os hábitos alimentares dessas espécies, além de verificar a formação de guildas tróficas entre as espécies estudadas. As coletas ocorreram entre janeiro de 2006 e agosto de 2007, no litoral sul do Rio de Janeiro, ao largo da Ilha Grande. Os itens alimentares encontrados foram analisados quanto a Frequência de Ocorrência, Peso Percentual e Índice Alimentar, sendo a dieta de cada espécie avaliada considerando toda amostra, de acordo com o sexo dos indivíduos, estádios de maturidade e épocas do ano. Para investigar a similaridade entre as dietas e verificar a formação de guildas tróficas foi realizada uma Análise de Escalonamento Multidimensional (MDS). As dietas de Psammobatis rutrum e Psammobatis extenta foram consideradas carcino-bentófagas, com grande importância de camarões. O principal item para Atlantoraja cyclophora foi o siri Portunus spinicarpus, sendo a dieta considerada principalmente carcino-bentófaga, mas também com grande importância de teleósteos. Em Rioraja agassizi, a dieta foi considerada principalmente carcino-bentófaga, mas também com forte influência ictiófaga. Já o comportamento alimentar de Rhizoprionodon lalandii foi considerado ictio-bentófago. A dieta entre os sexos apresentou uma alta sobreposição em P. extenta, A. cyclophora e R. lalandii, mas para R. agassizi essa sobreposição foi considerada baixa. Entre os estádios de maturidade a sobreposição foi pequena para P. extenta e R. agassizi, entretanto para A. cyclophora e R. lalandii essa sobreposição foi elevada. Os exemplares maiores, aparentemente apresentaram preferência a se alimentarem de peixes, enquanto que predadores de menor porte se restringem aos invertebrados, basicamente crustáceos. Para todas as espécies foram identificadas alterações sazonais na importância dos itens alimentares, que pode ser explicado pelas oscilações naturais na composição e abundancia das presas potenciais em consequência das variações das massas de água na plataforma continental do sul fluminense. Os resultados indicaram a formação de 2 guildas, sendo a guilda 1 composta por P. rutrum e P extenta e com uma dieta principalmente de crustáceos (camarões) e a guilda 2 composta por A. cyclophora, R. agassizi e R. lalandii apresentando uma alimentação em Crustáceos e em Teleósteos.

High Er3+ concentration low refractive index fluorophosphate glass for evanescent wave optical amplifiers

This is about the first reported laser glass with very low no, high Er3+ concentration and no quenching. In this work, a series of high Er3+ concentration (10.6-12.2 x 10(20) ions/cm(3)), low refractive index (n(1550) < 1.47) and relatively high fluorescence lifetime (6.8-12.6 ms) fluorophosphate glasses were made. A cw-pumping evanescent wave optical amplifier experiment was performed with it, and a relative gain of around 2dB at 1550 nm wavelength was achieved while the noise level was almost unchanged. To our knowledge, this is the first successful relative gain in evanescent wave optical amplifiers (EWOA) demonstrated with cw pumping. It is a valuable study of specially designed fluorophosphate glass suitable for EWOA communication experiment. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Valence state change and refractive index change induced by femtosecond laser irradiation in Sm3+ doped fluoroaluminate glass

We report femtosecond laser induced valence state and refractive index change in transparent Sin(3+)-doped fluoroaluminate glass. The effect of annealing on the induced changes was studied and the thermal stability of these changes was discussed. The results show that the femtosecond laser induced valence state change is more stable than the induced refractive index change. The observed phenomenon could be applied to design the thermally erasable or stable storage medium. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Temperature dependence of femtosecond laser induced refractive index change in Nd3+-doped phosphate glass

We report refractive index change in a femtosecond laser irradiated Nd3+-doped phosphate glass. The effects of annealing temperature on the refractive index change of the glass have been investigated. Absorption spectra of the glass sample before and after femtosecond laser irradiation and subsequent annealing were measured. The results indicate that multiphoton absorption can undertake although there are intrinsic absorption for the glass in irradiation wavelength. The results may be useful for fabrication of three-dimensional integrated optics devices and waveguide laser devices in this glass. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Graded index 532HR/1064HT filter by glancing angle deposition

Glancing angle deposition is a novel method to prepare graded index coatings. By using this method and physical vapour deposition, ZrO2 is used to engineer graded index filter on BK7 glass substrate. Controlling the deposition rate and the periodic oscillation of oblique angle of deposited material, a 10-period graded index ZrO2 filter with high reflection near 532 nm and high transmittance at wavelength 1064 nm is fabricated. The causes of difference between the theoretical and experimental results are discussed in detail. The material properties and electron gun nonlinearity are possibly the main origins of the difference, which result in the variations in both thickness control and deposition rate of the Elm material.

High refractive index TiO2 film deposited by electron beam evaporation

The well known 'crystal seed' theory is first applied in this work to prepare TiO2 film: a high refractive index rutile TiO2 film is grown by electron beam evaporation on the rutile seed formed by 1100 degrees C annealing. The average n is larger than 2.4, by far the highest in all the authors' TiO2 films. The films are characterised by optical properties, microstructure and surface morphologies. It is found that the refractive index shows positive relation with the crystal structure, grain size, and packing density and roughness of the film. The film has lower density of granularity and nodule defects on the surface than those of the film deposited by magnetron sputtering. The result shows attractive application in complex filter and laser coatings.