Assessment of the Breakaway Torque at the Posterior Pelvic Ring in Human Cadavers

PURPOSE To enhance the diminished screw purchase in cancellous, osteoporotic bone following the fixation of posterior pelvic ring injuries by iliosacral screws an increased bone-implant contact area using modificated screws, techniques or bone cement may become necessary. The aim of the study was to identify sites within the pathway of iliosacral screws requiring modifications of the local bone or the design of instrumentations placed at this site. MATERIALS AND METHODS The breakaway torque was measured mechanically at the iliosacral joint ("ISJ"), the sacral lateral mass ("SLM") and the center of the S1 ("CS1"), at a superior and an inferior site under fluoroscopic control on five human cadaveric specimens (3 female; mean age 87 years, range: 76-99) using the DensiProbe™Spine device. RESULTS The measured median (range) breakaway torque was 0.63 Nm (0.31-2.52) at the "iliosacral joint", 0.14 Nm (0.05-1.22) at the "sacral lateral mass", 0.57 Nm (0.05-1.42) at the "S1 center." The "sacral lateral mass" breakaway torque was lower than compared to that at the "iliosacral joint" (p < .001) or "S1 center" (p < .001). The median (range) breakaway torque measured at all superior measurement points was 0.52 Nm (0.10-2.52), and 0.48 Nm (0.05-1.18) at all inferior sites. The observed difference was statistically significant (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS The lateral mass of the sacrum provides the lowest bone quality for implant anchorage. Iliosacral screws should be placed as superior as safely possible, should bridge the iliosacral joint and may allow for cement application at the lateral mass of the sacrum through perforations.

Strain-gauge, brushless torque meter

A torque meter comprising hollow-keyed, input and output female shafts adapted to receive the male shafts of the power source and machine respectively. Each shaft has a circular flange whose face is perpendicular to the center line of the shafts. Each flange has a plurality of equally spaced cylindrical recesses machined into the inside face thereto adapted to receive conical inserts therein. Balls are contained by the conical inserts and transmit the rotational movement from the input to the output shaft. A stationary housing extends around the input and output shaft and has a transducer shell secured thereto. When force is applied to the input shaft to cause movement, the balls encounter torsional resistance which causes the balls to roll up the ramps of the conical seat inserts to separate the two torque flanges. The force transmitted through the balls causes rotation to the output shaft and produces tension to the stationary transducer shell. The stationary transducer shell is instrumented with semi-conductor strain gauges.

Torque control of switched reluctance motors

This paper presents the performance of an instantaneous torque control method. The simulation and experimental results illustrate the capability of Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM) being used in the motor drive industry. Based on experimental data, the advantages of this control method and its disadvantages in practical implementation were studied. The model used in the simulation is the linear magnetic model which has the 12/8 structure, the same structure as the experimental switched reluctance motor.

Transductive neurofuzzy-based torque control of a milling process: results of a case study

This paper presents the design and implementation of an intelligent control system based on local neurofuzzy models of the milling process relayed through an Ehternet-based application. Its purpose is to control the spindle torque of a milling process by using an internal model control paradigm to modify the feed rate in real time. The stabilization of cutting cutting torque is especially necessary in milling processes such as high-spedd roughing of steel moulds and dies tha present minor geometric uncertainties. Thus, maintenance of the curring torque increaes the material removal rate and reduces the risk of damage due to excessive spindle vibration, a very sensitive and expensive component in all high-speed milling machines. Torque control is therefore an interesting challenge from an industrial point of view.

Jupiter power generation with electrodynamic tethers at constant orbital energy

An electrodynamic tether system for power generation at Jupiter is presented that allows extracting energy from Jupiter's corotating plasmasphere while leaving the system orbital energy unaltered to first order. The spacecraft is placed in a polar orbit with the tether spinning in the orbital plane so that the resulting Lorentz force, neglecting Jupiter's magnetic dipole tilt, is orthogonal to the instantaneous velocity vector and orbital radius, hence affecting orbital inclination rather than orbital energy. In addition, the electrodynamic tether subsystem, which consists of two radial tether arms deployed from the main central spacecraft, is designed in such a way as to extract maximum power while keeping the resulting Lorentz torque constantly null. The power-generation performance of the system and the effect on the orbit inclination is evaluated analytically for different orbital conditions and verified numerically. Finally, a thruster-based inclination-compensation maneuver at apoapsis is added, resulting in an efficient scheme to extract energy from the plasmasphere of the planet with minimum propellant consumption and no inclination change. A tradeoff analysis is conducted showing that, depending on tether size and orbit characteristics, the system performance can be considerably higher than conventional power-generation methods.

Localization of a putative transcriptional regulator (ATRX) at pericentromeric heterochromatin and the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes

ATRX is a member of the SNF2 family of helicase/ATPases that is thought to regulate gene expression via an effect on chromatin structure and/or function. Mutations in the hATRX gene cause severe syndromal mental retardation associated with α-thalassemia. Using indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy we have shown that ATRX protein is associated with pericentromeric heterochromatin during interphase and mitosis. By coimmunofluorescence, ATRX localizes with a mouse homologue of the Drosophila heterochromatic protein HP1 in vivo, consistent with a previous two-hybrid screen identifying this interaction. From the analysis of a trap assay for nuclear proteins, we have shown that the localization of ATRX to heterochromatin is encoded by its N-terminal region, which contains a conserved plant homeodomain-like finger and a coiled-coil domain. In addition to its association with heterochromatin, at metaphase ATRX clearly binds to the short arms of human acrocentric chromosomes, where the arrays of ribosomal DNA are located. The unexpected association of a putative transcriptional regulator with highly repetitive DNA provides a potential explanation for the variability in phenotype of patients with identical mutations in the ATRX gene.

Innate and acquired humoral immunities to influenza virus are mediated by distinct arms of the immune system

“Natural” Igs, mainly IgM, comprise part of the innate immune system present in healthy individuals, including antigen-free mice. These Igs are thought to delay pathogenicity of infecting agents until antigen-induced high affinity Igs of all isotypes are produced. Previous studies suggested that the acquired humoral response arises directly from the innate response, i.e., that B cells expressing natural IgM, upon antigen encounter, differentiate to give rise both to cells that secrete high amounts of IgM and to cells that undergo affinity maturation and isotype switching. However, by using a murine model of influenza virus infection, we demonstrate here that the B cells that produce natural antiviral IgM neither increase their IgM production nor undergo isotype switching to IgG2a in response to the infection. These cells are distinct from the B cells that produce the antiviral response after encounter with the pathogen. Our data therefore demonstrate that the innate and the acquired humoral immunities to influenza virus are separate effector arms of the immune system and that antigen exposure per se is not sufficient to increase natural antibody production.

Operator binding by lambda repressor heterodimers with one or two N-terminal arms.

The first 6 amino acids (NH2-Ser1-Thr2-Lys3-Lys4-Lys5-Pro6) of bacteriophage lambda cI repressor form a flexible arm that wraps around the operator DNA. Homodimeric lambda repressor has two arms. To determine whether both arms are necessary or only one arm is sufficient for operator binding, we constructed heterodimeric repressors with two, one, or no arms by fusing the DNA binding domain of lambda repressor to leucine zippers from Fos and Jun. Although only one arm is visible in the cocrystal structure of the N-domain-operator complex, our results indicate that both arms are required for optimal operator binding and normal site discrimination.

Análise da correlação entre índices radiomorfométricos de densidade óssea, perfil de qualidade óssea em software de implante, quociente de estabilidade e torque de inserção em implantes

A qualidade óssea, bem como a estabilidade inicial dos implantes, está diretamente relacionada com o sucesso das reabilitações na implantodontia. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a correlação entre índices radiomorfométricos de densidade óssea por meio de radiografias panorâmicas, perfil de qualidade óssea com o auxílio de Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico (TCFC) com o uso do software de imagens OsiriX, Análise da Frequência de Ressonância (RFA) e Torque de Inserção do implante. Foram avaliados 160 implantes de 72 indivíduos, com média etária de 55,5 (±10,5) anos. Nas radiografias panorâmicas foram obtidos os índices IM, IPM e ICM, e nas tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico, os valores de pixels e a espessura da cortical da crista óssea alveolar, além da estabilidade primária por meio do torque de inserção e análise da frequência de ressonância. Os resultados foram analisados pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, para p<= 0,01 foi obtido entre o torque de inserção e valores de pixels (0.330), o torque de inserção e a espessura da cortical da crista alveolar (0.339), o torque de inserção e o ISQ vestibulo-lingual (0.193), os valores de pixels e espessura da cortical da crista alveolar (0.377), as duas direções vestíbulo-lingual e mesio-distal do ISQ (0.674), o ISQ vestíbulo-lingual e a espessura da cortical da crista alveolar (0.270); os índices radiomorfométricos foram correlacionados entre eles e para p<= 0,05 foi obtido entre torque de inserção e ISQ mesio-distal (0.131), entre o ISQ vestibulo-lingual e os valores de pixels (0.156) e ISQ mesio-distal e IPMI esquerdo (0.149) e ISQ mesio-distal e IPMS esquerdo (0.145). Existe correlação entre a TCFC, o torque de inserção e a RFA na avaliação da qualidade óssea. É possível utilizar, pré-cirurgicamente, os exames de TCFC para avaliar a qualidade e quantidade óssea, tendo em vista as correlações obtidas neste estudo.

Método de estimativa de torque da articulação do joelho baseada em EMG

Este trabalho apresenta um método de estimativa de torque do joelho baseado em sinais eletromiográficos (EMG) durante terapia de reabilitação robótica. Os EMGs, adquiridos de cinco músculos envolvidos no movimento de flexão e extensão do joelho, são processados para encontrar as ativações musculares. Em seguida, mediante um modelo simples de contração muscular, são calculadas as forças e, usando a geometria da articulação, o torque do joelho. As funções de ativação e contração musculares possuem parâmetros limitados que devem ser calibrados para cada usuário, sendo o ajuste feito mediante a minimização do erro entre o torque estimado e o torque medido na articulação usando a dinâmica inversa. São comparados dois métodos iterativos para funções não-lineares como técnicas de otimização restrita para a calibração dos parâmetros: Gradiente Descendente e Quasi-Newton. O processamento de sinais, calibração de parâmetros e cálculo de torque estimado foram desenvolvidos no software MATLAB®; o cálculo de torque medido foi feito no software OpenSim com sua ferramenta de dinâmica inversa.

The First Century of Right to Arms Litigation

This Article examines state court cases involving the right to arms, during the first century following ratification of the Amendment in 1791. This is not the first article to survey some of those cases. This Article includes additional cases, and details the procedural postures and facts, not only the holdings. The Article closely examines how the Supreme Court integrated the nineteenth century arms cases into Heller and McDonald to shape modern Second Amendment law. Part I briefly explains two English cases which greatly influenced American legal understandings. Semayne’s Case is the foundation of “castle doctrine” — the right to home security which includes the right of armed self-defense in the home. Sir John Knight’s Case fortified the tradition of the right to bear arms, providing that the person must bear arms in a non-terrifying manner. Part II examines American antebellum cases; these are the cases to which Heller looked for guidance on the meaning of the Second Amendment. Part III looks at cases from Reconstruction and the early years of Jim Crow, through 1891. As with the antebellum cases, the large majority of post-war cases are from the Southeast, which during the nineteenth century was the region most ardent for gun control. The heart of gun control country was Tennessee and Arkansas; courts there resisted some infringements of the right to arms, but eventually gave up. Heller and McDonald did not look to the Jim Crow cases as constructive precedents on the Second Amendment.

Spin-transfer torque on a single magnetic adatom

We theoretically show how the spin orientation of a single magnetic adatom can be controlled by spin polarized electrons in a scanning tunneling microscope configuration. The underlying physical mechanism is spin assisted inelastic tunneling. By changing the direction of the applied current, the orientation of the magnetic adatom can be completely reversed on a time scale that ranges from a few nanoseconds to microseconds, depending on bias and temperature. The changes in the adatom magnetization direction are, in turn, reflected in the tunneling conductance.