919 resultados para Tensão de oxigénio dissolvido
Resumo:
This study used a multi-analytical approach based on traditional microbiological methods for cultivation and isolation of heterotrophic bacteria in the laboratory associated with the molecular identification of the isolates and physicochemical analysis of environmental samples. The model chosen for data integration was supported by knowledge from computational neuroscience, and composed by three modules: (i) microbiological parameters, contemplating taxonomic data obtained from the partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene from 80 colonies of heterotrophic bacteria isolated by plating method in PCA media. For bacterial colonies isolation were used water samples from Atibaia and Jaguarí rivers collected at the site of water captation for use in effluent treatment, upstream from the entrance of treated effluent from the Paulínia refinery (REPLAN/Petrobras) located in the Paulínia-SP municipality, from the output of the biological treatment plant with stabilization pond and from the raw refinery wastewater; (ii) chemical parameters, ending measures of dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chloride, acidity CaCO3, alkalinity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved ions, sulfides, oils and greases; and (iii) physical parameters, comprising the pH determination, conductivity, temperature, transparency, settleable solids, suspended and soluble solids, volatile material, remaining fixing material (RFM), apparent color and turbidity. The results revealed interesting theoretical relationships involving two families of bacteria (Carnobacteriaceae and Aeromonadaceae). Carnobacteriaceae revealed positive theoretical relationships with COD, BOD, nitrate, chloride, temperature, conductivity and apparent color and negative theoretical relationships with the OD. Positive theoretical relationships were shown between Aeromonadaceae and OD and nitrate, while this bacterial family showed negative theoretical...
Resumo:
A distribuição e a abundância das macrófitas aquáticas são determinadas por diversos fatores que limitam a ocorrência e o crescimento destes vegetais. Vários estudos sobre ecologia de macrófitas aquáticas têm sido realizados na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Itanhaém devido à grande abundância e riqueza de espécies de macrófitas aquáticas de água doce e salobra com diferentes formas de vida nos trechos de rios localizados na planície costeira, A macrófita aquática alvo deste estudo é a Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd.) Heine que pode crescer enraizada nas margens dos rios ou flutuantes livres em locais com maior profundidade.Os objetivos deste trabalho são: (a) gerar um mapa de distribuição de L. laevigatum na planície costeira da bacia do rio Itanhaém; (b) verificar a existência de diferenças na abundância de L. laevigatum nos diferentes bancos desta espécie; (c) identificar quais são as variáveis abióticas responsáveis pela distribuição e a abundância de L. laevigatum na planície costeira. Para gerar o mapa de distribuição os principais rios da planície costeira foram percorridos em fevereiro de 2013 e em abril de 2015 e os locais de ocorrência foram georreferenciados. Nos locais de ocorrência foram coletadas amostras do vegetal para determinação da biomassa e teores de nitrogênio e fósforo na biomassa. Além disso foram feitas medidas de temperatura, pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido e turbidez e coletas de água e sedimento para a determinação de nitrogênio e fósforo totais. Aos valores de biomassa foi aplicada uma Análise de Variância para verificar a existência de diferenças significativas entre os locais de ocorrência. Aos valores das variáveis abióticas foi aplicada uma Análise de Componentes Principais e aos dados bióticos uma Análise de Componentes Principais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram maior quantidade de locais de ocorrência em 2015 (10) em...
Resumo:
O processo de nitrificação e desnitrificação simultâneas (NDS) permite alcançar a remoção combinada de matérias carbonácea e nitrogenada em uma única unidade. O reator de leito estruturado, com biomassa imobilizada e recirculação interna, apresenta características positivas para que estes processos envolvidos ocorram, tais como propiciar a formação de biofilme e evitar a colmatação do leito. Esta configuração tem sido estudada com êxito em reatores em escala de bancada para tratamento de esgoto. Nesta pesquisa foi utilizado um reator de leito estruturado em escala piloto com a finalidade de avaliar sua implantação, eficiência e estabilidade tratando esgoto doméstico em condições reais para futura aplicação em pequenas comunidades, condomínios residenciais entre outros como sistema descentralizado. O reator foi construído em fibra de vidro, de formato cilíndrico, com diâmetro interno de aproximadamente 0,80 m e 2,0 m de altura. O volume total foi de aproximadamente 0,905 m3 e o volume útil de 0,642 m3. A operação foi realizada sob condições de aeração contínua e intermitente e os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) testados foram de 48, 36 e 24 horas. A remoção de DQO manteve-se acima de 90% com TDH de 48 e 36 horas. A melhor eficiência de remoção de nitrogênio total foi de 72,4 ± 6,4%, sob TDH de 48 horas e a aeração intermitente, com 2 horas de aeração e 1 hora não aerada. A concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) média de 2,8 ± 0,5 mg.L-1 na fase aerada e temperatura média de 24,7 ± 1,0 °C. Nesse mesmo período, a eficiência média de remoção de DQO foi de 94 ± 4 %. Apesar das dificuldades apresentadas no controle da aeração, as eficiências das remoções obtidas indicaram que o reator de leito estruturado e aeração intermitente (LEAI) se apresenta como uma alternativa promissora em escala plena, requerendo ajustes para construção e incremento da estabilidade da NDS.
Resumo:
Considerando a importância da represa do Lobo, os indícios de eutrofização encontrados na área e tendo a recreação como seu principal uso, buscou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a qualidade da água nos rios tributários e na represa, e sua adequação a balneabilidade. Para os afluentes do sistema, estimando-se, ainda, a contribuição dos mesmos ao aporte de materiais à represa, foram amostrados o córrego do Geraldo, a confluência dos córregos Água Branca e Limoeiro, o rio Itaqueri (antes da mineradora), o ribeirão do Lobo, o córrego das Perdizes, avaliando-se parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos da água e a vazão dos rios, em dois períodos (agosto/setembro e dezembro) de 2002. Os resultados, com base no índice de estado trófico, indicam que a maioria dos tributários, com exceção do córrego Água Branca (eutrófico), é oligotrófico. Na represa o estudo teve avaliações mensais para alguns parâmetros (nutrientes totais e dissolvidos, clorofila total e material em suspensão) e semanais para outros (pH, condutividade elétrica, temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido e coliformes fecais) ao longo de um ano (dezembro de 2001 a dezembro de 2002), em nove pontos, abrangendo a região de foz do rio Itaqueri, córrego do Geraldo e ribeirão do Lobo, quatro pontos distribuídos na praia do balneário Santo Antônio e um ponto a jusante da represa. A foz do rio Itaqueri apresentou-se meso-eutrófica no período, enquanto os outros pontos avaliados, oligotróficos. Apesar da condição favorável apresentada, a análise temporal dos dados (com estudos realizados nos últimos 30 anos), mostra uma evidente e preocupante alteração nas condições originárias desse sistema, indicando um evidente processo de eutrofização do reservatório, associado aos usos e ocupação da bacia hidrográfica (resíduos domiciliares, turismo, agricultura e pecuária). Em relação a balneabilidade os principais pontos de contaminação fecal na represa são as entradas dos tributários, enquanto o corpo da represa foi considerado excelente em todo o período amostrado. O córrego Água Branca, como corpo receptor do esgoto de Itirapina, é o mais comprometido dos corpos de água avaliados, além de ser o principal contribuinte de nutrientes e coliformes fecais para a represa do Lobo, através do rio Itaqueri.
Resumo:
O fenômeno conhecido como Nitrificação e Desnitrificação Simultânea (SND) significa que em um mesmo reator ocorre simultaneamente a nitrificação e a desnitrificação, sob condições de operações idênticas, podendo ser justificada principalmente pela teoria de microambiente no floco ou biofilme. Assim, em um único reator, sob condições controladas de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e elevados tempos de residênciacelular épossível que ocorra a nitrificação e a criação de zonas anóxicas no interior dos flocos ou biofilme para a ocorrência da desnitrificação. Neste sentido, a tecnologia MBBR/IFAStem como característicaelevado tempo de residência celular do biofilme formado nos meios suporte presentes no reator. Deste modo, neste estudo avaliou-se a remoção de nitrogênio via SND em um sistema IFAS quando submetido a diferentes concentrações de OD e Tempo de DetençãoHidraulica de 5,5 e 11 horas, tratando efluente sanitário e efluente sintético. Os resultados experimentais demonstraram que pode ser possível desenvolver efetiva SND com concentrações de OD média de 1,0 mg.L-1 e 1,5 mg.L-1. Sendo que, foram obtidas eficiência média de remoção de NTde cerca de 68% e concentrações médias efluente de N-NH4 de aproximadamente 5,0 mg L-1, de N-NO3 inferiores a 4,5 mg L-1 e de N-NO2 em torno de 0,1 mg L-1, e com eficiência média de remoção DQO solúvel acima de 90%, quando empregado efluente sintético. Ademais, por meio da avaliação da emissão de Óxido Nitroso (N2O), foi possível comprovar que a desnitrificação ocorreu de forma efetiva.
Resumo:
O entendimento da comunidade fitoplanctônica em sistemas instáveis, como por exemplo reservatórios, necessita conhecimento de escalas de variabilidade. Com base nisso, um estudo sobre a heterogeneidade espacial e variabilidade temporal de dois reservatórios com diferentes graus de trofia, no Estado de São Paulo foi realizado em 20 estações no reservatório de Salto Grande e em 19 no reservatório do Lobo, em 3 dias consecutivos, em quatro períodos: outubro de 1999, janeiro, abril e junho e julho de 2000. Para tanto foram determinadas as concentrações de nutrientes totais e dissolvidos, material em suspensão, carbono inorgânico, clorofila a, biomassa, densidade, composição e produtividade primária da comunidade fitoplanctônica e os perfis de oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, pH e condutividade. Os dois reservatórios tiveram estruturas espaciais semelhantes com a formação de três zonas distintas. A zona de rio, misturada, com menor penetração de luz e maior concentração de nutrientes, a zona de transição, e a zona lacustre, mais estratificada, com maior penetração de luz e menor concentração de nutrientes. Apesar dessa compartimentalização a heterogeneidade espacial no reservatório de Salto Grande foi maior que no reservatório do Lobo, sobretudo em função do gradiente longitudinal de nutrientes e luz. A variabilidade diária (3 dias) nos dois reservatórios não foi significativa na determinação da comunidade fitoplanctônica. A escala de variabilidade sazonal, nos dois reservatórios, foi determinada, principalmente pela variação nos padrões de estratificação e mistura sendo, assim, determinante na composição da comunidade fitoplanctônica. Essa influência foi mais evidente no reservatório do Lobo. A variação temporal e heterogeneidade espacial das mais abundantes espécies e grupos taxonômicos da comunidade fitoplanctônica, (Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena crassa e Anabaena circinalis em Salto Grande e Aphanocapsa delicatissima, Coelastrum reticulatum e Aulacoseira granulata no Lobo) nos dois reservatórios foram determinados pelos complexos processos de estratificação e mistura e da disponibilidade de luz. Os resultados obtidos são importantes para o entendimento da variabilidade ambiental de reservatórios tropicais e no planejamento de amostragens que visem o gerenciamento desses sistemas.
Resumo:
E utrophication in continental aquatic ecosystems and the following deterioration of water quality are some of the greatest problems to be solved in this century. Due to their own peculiarities reservoirs from semi - arid regions constitute a great challenge to water management because of their greater vulnerability to eutrophication process. I dentification of biolo gical community components that may be used as bioindicators is important to allow an early detection of adverse changes, and also to provide subsidies for management and conservation actions. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential of zo oplankton community as bioindicator of the trophic state of two reservoirs belonging to the Piranhas - Açu basin, RN, Brazil: Boqueirão de Parelhas and Passagem das Traíras. Monthly sampling s of both systems were carried out in both systems during the period of January to December. Measurements were performed for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and water electrical conductivity besides water samples collection for nutrients, suspended solids, chlorophyll - a and zooplankton analyses. T axonomic composition of zooplankton , density and biomass were analysed. Trophic state index, ABC curves , W statistic and the Calanoida: Cyclopoida ratio were also obtained. The results evidenced that Boqueirão de Parelhas reservoir was a mesotrophic sy stem, and Passagem das Traíras r eservoir was eutrophic. In both reservoirs zooplankton community had low species richness, mostly constituted by tolerant species which have wide geographical distribution, as well the dominance of the rotifers Brachionus havanaensis , B. calyciflo rus and Keratella tropica ; of the calanoid copepods Notodiaptomus cearensis and N. iheringi ; cyclopoid copepod Thermocyclops decipiens, and of the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Diaphanosoma spinulosum . Among the biological indices the ABC curves fo r the zooplankton community indicated a moderate dis turbance in both reservoirs, th e Calanoida: Cyclopoida ration indicated not impacted environments , e xcept during the end of the study to the reservoir Passagem das Traíras . It was concluded that the indices used are good indicators of disturbance and alteration in the community, however they are not good indicators for monitoring the trophic state of the studied reservoirs due to the simultaneous occurrence of other factors selecting species, as the c oncentration of ions and high turbidity, which are part of the reservoir characteristics of semiarid.
Resumo:
Garanhuns City, in Pernambuco, undergoes a rapid, polluting and non-organized urban development affecting its freshwater springs around the urban environment. These sources are of great importance to the district as well as to the hydrographic basin of the Mundaú River. In this view, this paper aims at analyzing the socio-environmental problems resulting from the urban expansion surrounding the Garanhuns’ sources. The study considers the social and environmental dynamics and follows the theoretical contributions of socio-environmental geography proposed by Mendonça’s Urban Environmental System methodological and theoretical model (2004), as well as the conceptual values of Santos’ space theory (2002a). The data treatment included bibliographical and documental research, evaluation of environmental impact, and water analysis. It revealed that Garanhuns possesses many local environmental traits favoring the coming out of freshwater springs and that these sources have played an important role in the making and development of that village. The environmental impacts on freshwater springs, like Olho D’água, Bom Pastor, Vila Maria, Pau Amarelo and Pau Pombo have been evaluated through the environmental impact score IIAN. It put alight serious cases of socio-environmental impacts on the dynamics of the freshwater springs. In the period of April 2013 and April 2014, it monitored the superficial water quality expelled by the Pau Pombo, Pau Amarelo e Vila Maria water sources, and the analyses of the contents followed the determinations of the Environmental National Board, whose parameters are dissolved oxygen, biochemical demand of oxygen, nitrate, total coliforms, faecal coliforms, and electrical conductivity. The results recollected suggest the existence of organic pollution and deep alteration in the water coming out from the sources. In consequence, it seems important the putting out of measures destined to stop those impacts and guaranteeing protection and maintenance of the freshwater springs and their micro-basins.
Resumo:
Stabilization ponds are biological treatment systems in that stabilization of organic matter is performed by the bacterial oxidation and / or reduction of photosynthetic algae. This study aimed to monitor and evaluate the efficiency of stabilization ponds in the Rio Grande do Norte State. Collections were made of the treated effluent, made directly in the output boxes of facultative lagoons and maturation (M1 and M2) and raw sewage (EB) that arrived at the stations. The variables analyzed were: pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, chlorophyll "a", apparent color, total phosphorus, organic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, Kjeldahl nitrogen, turbidity, cyanobacteria density and concentrations of microcystin. Variance analysis (ANOVA one way) observing the premises using the Tukey test, so as to check differences between treatments. The evaluate the stations found to COD removals in the bands of 48,8% (Pipa) to 75,8% (Caiçara Rio do Vento) and 57,5% (Pipa) to 83,0% (Santo Antônio), respectively. The mean concentrations of cyanobacteria varied from LFs density of 62,545 cels.mL-1 (Pedro Velho Roça) cels.mL-1 to 2,669,048 (Ponta Negra), while the final effluent showed range between 9,072 Cels.mL- 1 (Pedro Velho Roça) to 1,899,981 cels.mL-1 (Macau – Ilha de Santana) and the average concentrations of microcystin the final effluent ranged from 0.02 μg.L-1 (Ponta Negra) to 0.15 μg.L-1 (Macau – Ilha de Santana) at the studied the stations.
Resumo:
The modern industrial progress has been contaminating water with phenolic compounds. These are toxic and carcinogenic substances and it is essential to reduce its concentration in water to a tolerable one, determined by CONAMA, in order to protect the living organisms. In this context, this work focuses on the treatment and characterization of catalysts derived from the bio-coal, by-product of biomass pyrolysis (avelós and wood dust) as well as its evaluation in the phenol photocatalytic degradation reaction. Assays were carried out in a slurry bed reactor, which enables instantaneous measurements of temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The experiments were performed in the following operating conditions: temperature of 50 °C, oxygen flow equals to 410 mL min-1 , volume of reagent solution equals to 3.2 L, 400 W UV lamp, at 1 atm pressure, with a 2 hours run. The parameters evaluated were the pH (3.0, 6.9 and 10.7), initial concentration of commercial phenol (250, 500 and 1000 ppm), catalyst concentration (0, 1, 2, and 3 g L-1 ), nature of the catalyst (activated avelós carbon washed with dichloromethane, CAADCM, and CMADCM, activated dust wood carbon washed with dichloromethane). The results of XRF, XRD and BET confirmed the presence of iron and potassium in satisfactory amounts to the CAADCM catalyst and on a reduced amount to CMADCM catalyst, and also the surface area increase of the materials after a chemical and physical activation. The phenol degradation curves indicate that pH has a significant effect on the phenol conversion, showing better results for lowers pH. The optimum concentration of catalyst is observed equals to 1 g L-1 , and the increase of the initial phenol concentration exerts a negative influence in the reaction execution. It was also observed positive effect of the presence of iron and potassium in the catalyst structure: betters conversions were observed for tests conducted with the catalyst CAADCM compared to CMADCM catalyst under the same conditions. The higher conversion was achieved for the test carried out at acid pH (3.0) with an initial concentration of phenol at 250 ppm catalyst in the presence of CAADCM at 1 g L-1 . The liquid samples taken every 15 minutes were analyzed by liquid chromatography identifying and quantifying hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone, catechol and maleic acid. Finally, a reaction mechanism is proposed, cogitating the phenol is transformed into the homogeneous phase and the others react on the catalyst surface. Applying the model of Langmuir-Hinshelwood along with a mass balance it was obtained a system of differential equations that were solved using the Runge-Kutta 4th order method associated with a optimization routine called SWARM (particle swarm) aiming to minimize the least square objective function for obtaining the kinetic and adsorption parameters. Related to the kinetic rate constant, it was obtained a magnitude of 10-3 for the phenol degradation, 10-4 to 10-2 for forming the acids, 10-6 to 10-9 for the mineralization of quinones (hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone and catechol), 10-3 to 10-2 for the mineralization of acids.
Resumo:
The textile effluents are a complex mixture of many pollutants that contain high organic loads, severe color and toxic compounds. The high concentration of the textile effluent may cause increased chemical demand (COD) and biochemical (BOD) of oxygen, elevated temperature, acidity or alkalinity, causing damage and environmental problems. In addition to representing a serious threat to human health such effluent is also quite toxic to most aquatic organisms. And for this reason, one must meet the concentration limits for emission sources and sewage system. This study aimed to investigate the performance of electrochemical treatment of a textile effluent for the removal of color, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved organic matter by investigating the influence of experimental parameters such as the electrocatalyst materials (Ti/Pt and Ti/Pt-SnSb) and current density in order to compare their efficiency, energy consumption and cost. The dye Novacron Blue CD (NB) was employed in synthetic solution, while the dyes Remazol Yellow 3RS (RY 3RS) Remazol Red RR Gran (RR-RR Gran) and Navy Blue CL-R (NB CL-R) were used to generate simulated textile effluent laboratory. The results showed that the application of electrochemical oxidation process favors the elimination of color effectively independent the electrocatalytic material and current used, as well as treated effluent. However, the influence of electrocatalytic material was crucial to reduction of the organic matter in all cases.
Resumo:
The release of nitrogen compounds in water bodies can result in many environmental problems, so treat wastewater, such as sewage in order to remove not only organic matter but also nitrogen has been studied a few decades. From the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a structured bed reactor, continuous flow, with recirculation, in removing organic matter and nitrogen present in wastewater under different cycles of intermittent aeration (AI) and to evaluate the influence of these cycles in the development of nitrifying bacteria (Oxidizing Bacteria Ammonia - BOA and Bacteria Oxidizing Nitrite - BON) and denitrifying (DESN) adhered (Support Material - MS) and suspension (Effluent - EF and sludge - LD). The reactor used has usable volume of 9.4 L. As support materials (MS) polyurethane foam was used, cut and fixed in PVC rods. 3 were worked aeration phases (AE) and non-aeration (AN) at different stage: Stage 1 (4 h EA / AN 2H); Stage 2 (2H EA / AN 1 h) and Phase 3 (2H EA / AN 2 h). During all hydraulic detention time phases was kept at 16 h and the effluent recirculated at a rate of 3 times the inflow. Were analyzed: pH, total alkalinity, temperature, chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrogen Kjeldhl Total (NKT), ammonia-N-N-NH4+, nitrito-N-NO2+andnitrato-NO3-. The concentration of BOA, BON and DESN was determined using the number More Provável.gSSV-1 (NMP.gSSV-1). In phase 1 the percentage removal NTK N-NH4+ and NT was 76±10%, 70±21% and 67±10% respectively. In Phase 2 80±15% of removel NKT, 86±15% of N-NH4+ e 68±9% of removel NT e na Fase 3 de 58±20%, 72±28% and 41±6% of NKT, N-NH4+ of NT, respectively. The denitrification efficiency in stage 3 was over 70%, indicating that occurred in the reactor the process of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (NDS). DQOT the removal percentages were 88 ± 4% in Phase 1, 94 ± 7 in Phase 2 and 90± 11% in Phase 3. The multivariate ANOVA applied to NMP.gSSV-1, it indicated that there was significant (F: 20,2, p <0,01) between the analyzed concentration of organisms AI in different cycles, but the differences between NMP.gSSV-1 depends not only isolated factors but of which means, and phase groups being analysis. From the results it is concluded that the working system is efficient in terms of nitrogen removal and organic matter, and that the stage with the highest availability of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and C/N ratio (Step 2), was the one obtained the lower concentrations of organic matter effluents and N-NH4+. Hinted that there was a significant difference between the concentration (NMP.100mL-1) of the analyzed organizations (BOA, BON and DESN), but this difference does not depend on factors alone but of which means (MS, EF or LD), stages (1, 2 or 3) and groups (BOA, BON and DESN) is being considered.
Resumo:
The integrated culture of seaweed and aquatic animals is an ancient practice in Asian countries. The expansion of this practice to western countries is consequence of the recognition of this system as a sustainable alternative that allows economical diversification and mitigation of environmental impacts generated by effluents of aquaculture. This study evaluated the growth of the seaweed Gracilaria caudata and of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in monoculture (shrimps) and integrated culture (shrimps and algae) systems, and accessed the effect of the seaweed in the water quality. There were two treatments in the experiment: monoculture (shrimps) and integrated culture (shrimps/ algae). The organisms were cultured in 6 aquaria (10L) filled with seawater (35.0±0.0 PSU and 28.1±0.4°C) for 28 days. The nutrients of water (PO43-, NH4+, NO2-, NO3- and DIN), the biomass and the relative growth rate (RGR, % day-1) of seaweed and shrimps were measured weekly. The parameters pH, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were measured daily. The concentration of NH4+ in integrated culture (62.8±25.2µM) was lower (Mann-Whitney p<0.001) than in monoculture (85.6±24.3µM). The mean of PO4- in monoculture (10.4±4.6µM) was markedly higher (Mann-Whitney; p=0.024) than that in integrated culture (8.7±4.1µM). The level of dissolved oxygen in integrated culture (6.0±0.6mg/L) was higher (t-Student; P=0.014) than that in shrimp monoculture (5.8±0.6mg/L). The mean values of the parameters pH, NO2-, NO3- and DIN were 7.5±0.2, 10.1±12.2µM, 24.5±3.2µM and 120.17±30.76µM in monoculture, and 7.5±0.2, 10.5±13.2µM, 27.4±3.5µM and 100.76±49.59µM in integrated culture. There were not differences in these parameters between treatments. The biomass and RGR of seaweed reached 15.0±1.9g and 7.4±2.8% day-1 at the end of the experiment. The performance of shrimp was favorable in monoculture (1.5±0.8g; 5.7±1.6% dia-1) and in integrated culture (1.5±0.7g; 5.2±1.2% dia-1), and the rate of survival was 100% in both treatments. The tolerance and favorable performance of Gracilaria caudata suggest that this seaweed might be integrated into shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture systems
Resumo:
The feeding habits and biological aspects of the reproductive cycle of two-spot astyanax, Astyanax cf. lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874) were investigated. Fish samples were captured on a monthly basis, using gillnets of 4 cm mesh size, from the Piató Lake, Assu, Rio Grande do Norte, during the period of September, 2006 to August, 2007. Physico-chemical parameters, such as, temperature, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen of the lake were registered. The monthly values of rainfall also were obtained. The 360 individuals captured, were measured, weighed, dissected, and stomach weight and the stage of gonadal maturity were registered. The stomach contents analyses were carried out based on volumetric method, points, frequency of occurrence and applying the Index of Relative Importance. The degrees of repletion of the stomachs were determined besides the Index of Repletion relating to feeding activity variations and frequency of ingestion with limnological parameters and rainfall. The food items identified were separated into distinct groups according to their origin. Sex ratio and Gonadosomatic Relation of females were verified to determine the spawning period and fecundity. The physico-chemical parameters presented the following annual mean values: temperature = 28.8ºC, electrical conductivity = 992.5 µS.cm-1; dissolved oxygen = 4.9 mg.L-1 during the study period. The annual mean of the rainfall was 63.5 mm. The results indicate that this species present an omnivorous feeding habit with a tendency towards insectivory, with an increase in feeding activity during the dry season. The aquatic oxygen to interfere very importance in the feeding activity than the others factors physico-chemicals of water and rainfall. There was a predominance of females, with a sex proportion of 1M:7F. The macroscopic characteristics of the ovaries and testicles revealed four stages of gonadal development: immature, maturing, mature and spent. A temporal variation was observed for the gonadal development of males and females. There was reproductive activity through out the year, with peaks in the months of February, April and June to correspond with the rain of precipitation of the region. The mean fecundity was 7.681 mature oocytes, varying from 4.476 to 12.036, with mean of 7.681. There was positive relation between fecundity and body mass. Condition Factor is not an efficient indicator of the reproductive period of this species. The species A. cf. lacustris is an opportunist and is well adapted to the conditions of the semi-arid Caatinga Biome
Resumo:
This work aimed to study the structure and dynamic of Phytoplankton and Bacterioplankton in a complete cycle of shrimp cultivation (Litopenaeus vannamei) and determine the environmental factors responsible for the structural changes of these communities. The study was realized in a saltwater shrimp farm (Macaíba, RN), between September/2005 and February/2006, and in a freshwater shrimp farm (Ceará Mirim, RN), between May/2007 and September 2007. The samplings were collected weekly in saltwater farm and every fifteen days in freshwater farm. Total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and environmental parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, depth and water transparency) were measured. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the phytoplankton and bacterioplankton were carried out. The Shannon-Wiener ecologic indexes of diversity and the Pielou equitability indexes were calculated to the phytoplankton. Bacterial density was determined by epifluorescence microscopy. The data were statistically analyzed by Pearson correlation and t-Test. Chlorophycea were predominat in salt water and in the captation/drainage point (24 to 99%). Diatoms had higher wealth. The species Choricystis minor had the highest occurrence (100%) and dominance (90-100%), thus showing its adaptation to the high temperatures, salinity and low water transparency conditions. Filamentous Cyanobacteria like Oscillatoria sp., Pseudoanabaena sp. and Phormidium sp. had constant levels. The negative correlation between chlorophycea and water transparency, and the positive correlation between chlorophyll a and salinity, showed that the phytoplankton was well adapted to the low transparency and to the high salinity. The bacterioplankton was negatively correlated with the total phosphorus and salinity. In freshwater, Cyanobacteria were predominant (>80%), presenting some producers of toxins species like Microcystis sp., Aphanizomenon sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii e Anabaena circinalis. Cyanobacterial density and total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations exceeded the maximum value allowed by legislation. The means of total phosphorus varied from 264 to 627 Wg.L-1 and the means of chlorophyll a oscillated between 22 and 182 Wg.L-1. The phytoplankton species were selected by low availability of the light, high pH, temperature and high availability of total phosphorus. The bacterioplankton showed high densities (5,13 x 107 to 8,50 x107 Bac.mL-1). The studied environments (ponds and rivers) presented a high level of trophic state based on the high concentrations of chlorophyll a and total phosphorus and cyanobacteria dominance. The composition of species in the ponds and rivers was similar, as well as high concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a, highlighting the pollution caused by the discharges of the farms in natural environment