Projected responses of North American grassland songbirds to climate change and habitat availability at their northern range limits in Alberta, Canada

Across North America, grassland songbirds have undergone steep population declines over recent decades, commonly attributed to agricultural intensification. Understanding the potential interactions between the impacts of climate change on the future distributions of these species and the availability of suitable vegetation for nesting can support improved risk assessments and conservation planning for this group of species. We used North American bioclimatic niche models to examine future changes in suitable breeding climate for 15 grassland songbird species at their current northern range limits along the boreal forest–prairie ecotone in Alberta, Canada. Our climate suitability projections, combined with the current distribution of native and tame pasture and cropland in Alberta, suggest that some climate-mediated range expansion of grassland songbirds in Alberta is possible. For six of the eight species projected to experience expansions of suitable climate area in Alberta, this suitable climate partly overlaps the current distribution of suitable land cover. Additionally, for more than half of the species examined, most of the area of currently suitable climate was projected to remain suitable to the end of the century, highlighting the importance of Alberta for the long-term persistence of these species. Some northern prairie-endemic species exhibited substantial projected northward shifts of both the northern and southern edges of the area of suitable climate. Baird’s Sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii) and Sprague’s Pipit (Anthus spragueii), both at-risk grassland specialists, are predicted to have limited climate stability within their current ranges, and their expansion into new areas of suitable climate may be limited by the availability of suitable land cover. Our results highlight the importance of the preservation and restoration of remaining suitable grassland habitat within areas of projected climate stability and beyond current northern range limits for the long-term persistence of many grassland songbird species in the face of climate change.

Pollen and macrofossil profiles from six cores in Illinois, U.S.A

Pollen analysis of Wisconsinan sediments from eleven localities in northern and central Illinois, combined with the results of older studies, allows a first general survey of the vegetational changes in Illinois during the last glaciation. In the late Altonian (after 40,000 B.P.), pine was already the most prevalent tree type in northern Illinois. Probably because of the influence of the last Altonian ice advance to northern Illinois, pine migrated to the south and reached south-central Illinois, which was at that time a region of prairie, with oak and hickory trees in favorable sites. Likewise in the late Altonian, spruce appeared in northern Illinois. Spruce also expanded its area to the south during the Wisconsinan, reaching south-central Illinois only after 21,000 B.P., in the early Woodfordian. Deciduous trees (predominantly oak) were present in south-central Illinois throughout the Wisconsinan. Their prevalence decreased to the north. The vegetation during the different subdivisions of the last glacial period in Illinois was approximately as follows: Late Altonian: Pine/spruce forest with some deciduous trees in northern and central Illinois; prairie and oak/hickory stands in south-central Illinois; immigration of pine. Farmdalian: Pine/spruce forest in central Illinois; deciduous trees and pine in south-central Illinois, with areas of open vegetation, perhaps similar to the present-day transition of prairie to forest in the northern Great Plains. Woodfordian: Northern and central Illinois ice covered; in south central Illinois, spruce and oak as dominant tree types, but also pine and grassland. During the Woodfordian, pine and spruce disappeared again from south-central Illinois, and oak/hickory forest and prairie again prevailed. The ice-free areas of northern Illinois become populated temporarily with spruce, but later there is proof of deciduous forest in this region. Pollen investigations in south-central Illinois have shown convincingly that deciduous trees could survive relatively close (less than 60 km) to the ice margin. Therefore the frequently presented view that arctic climatic conditions prevailed in North America during the last glaciation far south of the ice margin can be refuted for the Illinois area, confirming the opinion of other authors resulting from investigations of fossil mollusks and frost-soil features. The small number of localities investigated still permits no complete reconstruction of the vegetation zones and their possible movements in Illinois. During the Altonian and Farmdalian in Illinois, a vegetational zonation probably existed similar to that of today in North America. As the ice pushed southward as far as 39° 20' N. lat in the early Woodfordian, this zonation was apparently broken up under the influence of a relatively moderate climate. In any case, the Vandalia area, which was only about 60 km south of the ice, was at that time neither in a tundra zone nor in a zone of boreal coniferous forest.

Governança de recursos de base comum e capacidade adaptativa de comunidades de fundos de pasto

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2015.

L'espace et les lieux comme vecteurs idéologiques : le cas de Neuf jours de haine de Jean-Jules Richard

Ce mémoire s’intéresse à la représentation des lieux ainsi qu’à leur implication en tant que vecteurs d’idéologie dans le roman Neuf jours de haine, de Jean-Jules Richard. L’intérêt de ce sujet réside principalement dans le fait que Neuf jours de haine a été très peu étudié par la critique universitaire. L’objectif est de montrer que le roman de Jean-Jules Richard diffère des romans de guerre québécois de l’époque non seulement par son sujet original (la Deuxième Guerre mondiale telle que vécue sur le front de l’Europe de l’Ouest), mais également dans la dialectique existant entre les espaces civil et militaire. Le mémoire se divise en trois chapitres. Le premier est consacré au rappel des concepts théoriques nécessaires à l’analyse du roman. Dans celui-ci seront évoqués, entre autres, les notions d’espace, de lieu, de figure spatiale et de configuration spatiale. Les deux chapitres suivants seront consacrés à l’analyse de la représentation des lieux dans Neuf jours de haine. Le chapitre deux se penche sur les lieux diégétiques du roman, lesquels comprennent, entre autres, la tranchée, le champ, le jardin, la ferme, la forêt, la ville, la prison ainsi que l’eau et ses dérivés. Le troisième et dernier chapitre, quant à lui, aborde plutôt les lieux mémoriels de l’œuvre de Richard. Ceux-ci comprennent la prairie, la ferme, la ville, le village, la prison et le cimetière. Dans chacun de ces chapitres, non seulement les lieux sont analysés selon leur fonction diégétique et leur description par les personnages, mais ils sont aussi départagés selon leur degré de sécurité. Cette analyse permet, dans un premier temps, de montrer que la guerre vue par un soldat au front occasionne un renversement des notions traditionnelles de sécurité et d’hostilité. Dans un deuxième temps, celle-ci permet également de cerner l’importance des lieux dans la construction de la diégèse du récit.