The Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1954-55 and U.S.-R.O.C Relations

On September 3, 1954, Chinese artillery began shelling Quemoy (Jinmen), one of the Kuomintang-held offshore islands, setting off the first Taiwan Strait Crisis. This paper focuses on the crisis and analyzes the following three questions: (1) What was the policy the U.S. took towards the Republic of China (R.O.C), especially towards the offshore islands, to try to end the Taiwan Strait Crisis? (2) What were the intentions of the U.S. government in trying to end the Taiwan Strait Crisis? And (3) how should U.S. policy towards the R.O.C. which led to solving the Taiwan Strait Crisis be positioned in the history of Sino-American relations? Through analysis of these questions, this study concludes that the position the U.S. took to bring an end to crisis, one which prevented China from “liberating Taiwan” and the Kuomintang from “attacking the mainland,” brought about the existence of a de facto “two-China” situation.

Ecuaciones de cubicación para el pino silvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) en el monte Aguas Vertientes N.138 del C.U.P. en el municipio de El Espinar (Segovia).

La finalidad de este trabajo es proponer unas nuevas ecuaciones de cubicación, ya que los métodos utilizados por la Administración podrían estar anticuados. Con estas ecuaciones actualizadas se intentan paliar las diferencias entre Administración y aserradero. Desde hace unos 25 años la Administración de Segovia viene utilizando unos valores modulares para estimar el volumen en pié de los árboles del monte "Aguas Vertientes" Estos valores modulares son tablas en las que se da un volumen teórico para cada pié en cada uno de los rodales y según clases diamétricas de 5 cm. Estas tablas fueron calculadas hace tiempo, y, por lo tanto, sería recomendable realizar unas nuevas tarifas de cubicación. Los objetivos del presente trabajo, son, por tanto, construir una nueva tarifa de cubicación de una entrada V=f(dn) y una tabla de cubicación con dos entradas V=f(dn, H)

Incipit ordo ad cathecuminu[m] faciendu[m] s[e]c[un]d[u]m [con]suetudine[m] romane curie.

Tít. tomado del incipit en h. 2r

Quinta pars huius operis co[n]tine[n]s postillam / d[omi]ni Hugonis Cardinalis super quattuor eua[n]gelia s[e]c[un]d[u]m Mattheu[m], Marcum, Lucam, Iohannem.

Sign.: a8, b6, c8, d6, e8, f6, g8, h6, i8, k6, l8, m6, n8, o6, p8, q6, r8, s6, t8, u6, x8, y6, z8, A6, B8, C6, D8, E6, F8, G6, H8, I6, K8, L6, M8, N6, O8, P6, Q8, R6, S8, T6, U8, X6, Y8, Z6, 2A8, 2B6, 2C8, 2D-2F6

RNA editing in Arabidopsis mitochondria effects 441 C to U changes in ORFs

On the basis of the sequence of the mitochondrial genome in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, RNA editing events were systematically investigated in the respective RNA population. A total of 456 C to U, but no U to C, conversions were identified exclusively in mRNAs, 441 in ORFs, 8 in introns, and 7 in leader and trailer sequences. No RNA editing was seen in any of the rRNAs or in several tRNAs investigated for potential mismatch corrections. RNA editing affects individual coding regions with frequencies varying between 0 and 18.9% of the codons. The predominance of RNA editing events in the first two codon positions is not related to translational decoding, because it is not correlated with codon usage. As a general effect, RNA editing increases the hydrophobicity of the coded mitochondrial proteins. Concerning the selection of RNA editing sites, little significant nucleotide preference is observed in their vicinity in comparison to unedited C residues. This sequence bias is, per se, not sufficient to specify individual C nucleotides in the total RNA population in Arabidopsis mitochondria.

Identification of the yeast cytidine deaminase CDD1 as an orphan C→U RNA editase

Yeast co-expressing rat APOBEC-1 and a fragment of human apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA assembled functional editosomes and deaminated C6666 to U in a mooring sequence-dependent fashion. The occurrence of APOBEC-1-complementing proteins suggested a naturally occurring mRNA editing mechanism in yeast. Previously, a hidden Markov model identified seven yeast genes encoding proteins possessing putative zinc-dependent deaminase motifs. Here, only CDD1, a cytidine deaminase, is shown to have the capacity to carry out C→U editing on a reporter mRNA. This is only the second report of a cytidine deaminase that can use mRNA as a substrate. CDD1-dependent editing was growth phase regulated and demonstrated mooring sequence-dependent editing activity. Candidate yeast mRNA substrates were identified based on their homology with the mooring sequence-containing tripartite motif at the editing site of apoB mRNA and their ability to be edited by ectopically expressed APOBEC-1. Naturally occurring yeast mRNAs edited to a significant extent by CDD1 were, however, not detected. We propose that CDD1 be designated an orphan C→U editase until its native RNA substrate, if any, can be identified and that it be added to the CDAR (cytidine deaminase acting on RNA) family of editing enzymes.