Sedimentology on a core from Lonar Lake in India

Concerns about the regional impact of global climate change in a warming scenario have highlighted the gaps in our understanding of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM, also referred to as the Indian Ocean summer monsoon) and the absence of long term palaeoclimate data from the central Indian core monsoon zone (CMZ). Here we present the first high resolution, well-dated, multiproxy reconstruction of Holocene palaeoclimate from a 10 m long sediment core raised from the Lonar Lake in central India. We show that while the early Holocene onset of intensified monsoon in the CMZ is similar to that reported from other ISM records, the Lonar data shows two prolonged droughts (PD, multidecadal to centennial periods of weaker monsoon) between 4.6-3.9 and 2-0.6 cal?ka. A comparison of our record with available data from other ISM influenced sites shows that the impact of these PD was observed in varying degrees throughout the ISM realm and coincides with intervals of higher solar irradiance. We demonstrate that (i) the regional warming in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) plays an important role in causing ISM PD through changes in meridional overturning circulation and position of the anomalous Walker cell; (ii) the long term influence of conditions like El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the ISM began only ca. 2 cal?ka BP and is coincident with the warming of the southern IPWP; (iii) the first settlements in central India coincided with the onset of the first PD and agricultural populations flourished between the two PD, highlighting the significance of natural climate variability and PD as major environmental factors affecting human settlements.

Summary of boron isotope and Mg/Ca data

Biological productivity and carbon export in the equatorial Atlantic are thought to have been dramatically higher during the last glacial period than during the Holocene. Here we reconstruct the pH and CO2 content of surface waters from the eastern equatorial Atlantic Ocean over the past ~30 k.y. using the boron isotope composition of Globigerinoides ruber (a mixed-layer-dwelling planktic foraminifera). Our new record, combined with previously published data, indicates that during the last glacial, in contrast to today, a strong west to east gradient existed in the extent of air:sea equilibrium with respect to pCO2 (DeltapCO2), with the eastern equatorial Atlantic acting as a significant source of CO2 (+100 µatm) while the western Atlantic remained close to equilibrium (+25 µatm). This pattern suggests that a fivefold increase in the upwelling rate of deeper waters drove increased Atlantic productivity and large-scale regional cooling during the last glacial, but the higher than modern DeltapCO2 in the east indicates that export production did not keep up with enhanced upwelling of nutrients. However, the downstream decline of DeltapCO2 provides evidence that the unused nutrients from the east were eventually used for biologic carbon export, thereby effectively negating the impact of changes in upwelling on atmospheric CO2 levels. Our findings indicate that the equatorial Atlantic exerted a minimal role in contributing to lower glacial-age atmospheric CO2.

Lectura super primum Sententiarum : prologi, quaestiones I & II /

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California OCS phase II monitoring program : year-one annual report /

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L. Annaei Senecae Ad aebutium liberalem De Beneficiis libri VII : Ad Neromen Caesarem De Clementia libri II. Ad novautm De ira libri III /

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Caroli Borromaei ... Epistolarum libri II /

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Vie de Gerbert, premier Pape français sous le nom de Silvestre II /

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Pinnock's improved edition of Dr. Goldsmith's History of England, from the invasion of Julius Cæsar to the death of George II : with a continuation the the year 1858 ... /

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La II. parte delle lettere del sig. Diomede Borghesi ...

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Primera [-II] parte del Promptuario de las medallas de todos los mas insignes varones que ha auido desde el principio del mundo : con sus vidas contadas breuemente /

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Petri Criniti ... De honesta disciplina lib. XXV. De poetis latinis, lib. V. Et poematum, lib. II : cum indicibus suis.

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D. Dionysii Carthusiani De fide catholica dialogion octo libris partitu[m] : I. A solo deo legem esse christianum diuinam accertissiman ; II. De vnitate diuinae naturae ac trinitate personarum ; III. De creatione distinctioneq[ue] rerum ; IV. De incarnatio[n]e, vita passio[n]e & glorificatione filij dei, ac extremo iudicio ; V. De praecipuis quibusdam ortodoxae fidei eucaristia usq[ue] angelis bonis & malis praedestinatione praescientiaq[ue] Dei ; VI. De antichristo & fallacijs eius : VII. Assertio firmitatis fidei christian[ae] ex lege & p[ro]phetis, & deludeor[um] errorib[us] ; VIII. De vita & miraculis Christi, Mariae matris eius ac sanctorum.

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Marci Accii Plauti Comoediae ... : Tomus II.

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Petri Criniti ... De honesta disciplina lib. XXV. : De poetis latinis, lib. V. Et poematum, lib. II : cum indicibus suis ...

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