Sugarcane herbicide leaching risk evaluation in Guarany Aquifer.

he region of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil, is located over recharge area of the Guarany aquifer, the most important source of groundwater in the South Central region of the country. This region is also the most important sugarcane producing area of the country which produces a large amount of the ethanol. This study was conducted to determine the potential risk of herbicide groundwater contamination. The leaching risk potential of herbicides to groundwater was conducted using the weather simulator ?Weather Generator? (WGEN) coupled with the model ?Chemical Movement Trough Layered Soils? (CMLS94). The following herbicides were evaluated in clayey and sandy soils (Typic Haplorthox and Typic Quartzipsamment soils) found in the region: ametryn (N-ethyl-N\'-(1- methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N\'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine- 2,4-diamine), clomazone (2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone), diuron (3,4-dichlorophenyl)- N,N-dimethylurea), halosulfuron (3-chloro-5-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl], hexazinone (3- cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4 (1H,3H)-dione), imazapic ((±)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4- (1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid), imazapyr ((±)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl- 4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid), MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid), metribuzin (4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one), MSMA (Amonosodium salt of MAA), paraquat (1,1\'-dimethyl-4,4\'-bipyridinium ion), pendimethalin (N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6- dinitrobenzenamine), picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid), simazine (6-chloro-N,N\'-diethyl- 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), sulfentrazone [N-[2,4-dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H- 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide], and tebuthiuron [N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N\'- dimethylurea]. Results obtained by our simulation study have shown that the herbicides picloram, tebuthiuron, and metribuzin have the highest leaching potential, in either sandy or clayey soils, with picloram reaching the root zone of sugarcane at 0.6m in less than 150 days.

Simulação do risco de lixiviação de poluentes orgânicos de lodos.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi simular o risco de lixiviação de trinta e oito poluentes orgânicos presentes em lodos de esgotos provenientes de estações de tratamentos. Para tanto, foi assumido um cultivo hipotético de milho em um solo Latossolo vermelho distrófico, característico de solos de regiões produtoras de milho, no qual foi aplicada uma dose de lodo de esgoto como fertilizante. Lodos de esgotos são ricos em matéria orgânica e micronutrientes úteis na fertilização de solos para a produção de plantas, mas também podem conter poluentes de importância ambiental. A lixiviação dos poluentes foi simulada utilizando-se o modelo CMLS94 e os dados climáticos de mil anos independentes e igualmente prováveis gerados pelo simulador de clima WGEN, a partir de uma seqüência de quatorze anos consecutivos observados e registrados pela Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. A análise de risco de lixiviação indicou que os poluentes benzidina > n-nitrosodi-n-propilamina > fenol > 2,4-dinitrofenol > isoforano > nitrobenzeno > p-cresol > o-cresol > m-cresol > 2-clorofenol, nessa ordem, devem ser monitorados em águas subterrâneas de regiões de solos nos quais foram aplicados doses de lodo.

Nitrate in groundwater in a recharge area of Guarany aquifer in Brazil.

The region of Ribeirão Preto City located in São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil, is an important sugarcane, soybean and corn producing area. This region is also an important recharge area (Espraiado) for groundwater of the Guarany aquifer, a water supply source for the city and region. It has an intercontinental extension that comprises areas of eight Brazilian states, as well as significant portions of other South American countries like Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, with a total area of approximately 1,200,000 Km2. Due to the high permeability of some soils present in this region, the high mobility of the herbicides and fertilizers applied, and being a recharge area, it is important to investigate the potential transport of applied fertilizers to underlying aquifer. The cultivation sugar cane in this area demands the frequent use of nitrogen as fertilizer. This research was conducted to characterize the potential contamination of groundwater with nitrogen in the recharge area of groundwater. Seven groundwater sample points were selected in the Espraiado stream watershed, during the years of 2005 and 2006. Samples were collected during the months of March, July, and December of each year. Three replications were collected at each site. Groundwater was also collected during the same months from county groundwater wells located throughout the city. The following six wells were studied: Central, Palmares, Portinari, Recreio Internacional, São Sebastião, and São José. Nitrate water samples were analyzed by Cadmium Reduction Method. No significant amount of nitrate was found in the recharge, agricultural, area. However, nitrate levels were detected at concentrations higher than the Maximum Concentration Level (MCL) of 10mg/L in downtown, urban, well located away from agricultural sites with no history of fertilizer or nitrogen application.

Protocolo de avaliação de risco do uso de agentes de controle biológico: uma proposta.

A obtenção de estimativas de um dano pelo uso de agentes de controle biológico e uma necessidade, pois são insuficientes as informa coes técnicas a respeito dos efeitos destes, sobre organismos nao visados que ocorrem no ambiente. Propõe-se elaborar um protocolo que oriente e descreva a metodologia de avaliação ecotoxicologica destes agentes para fins de registro. Diferentemente dos químicos, parâmetros como infectividade/patogenicidade devem ser avaliados, alem da toxicidade. Um numero minimo de testes devem ser exigidos porem, com resultados de alta confiabilidade, para uma decisão regulatória. Tal protocolo deve se compatibilizar com outros internacionais vigentes, mas contemplar particularidades inerentes aos ecossistemas e laboratórios brasileiros e ser revisado constantemente. A metodologia básica estará contida em uma serie de 3 ou 4 grupos de testes sequenciais, utilizando-se organismos indicadores. Duas avaliações serão realizadas: Toxicológica (potencial de danos a humanos/animais), e Ambiental (danos sobre organismos não-alvo: terrestres, aquáticos, plantas, insetos). No primeiro grupo, os organismos serão submetidos a uma dose unica máxima do agente, avaliando-se o fator dano, que sendo nulo, indicara que não existe risco, não se exigindo outros testes para registro. Se ocorrer algum efeito, testes do segundo grupo serão exigidos e assim sucessivamente. E de se esperar que a maioria dos biopesticidas requeiram somente os testes do primeiro grupo, reduzindo o tempo para registro.

Toxicity of the herbicide clomazone on duckweed Lemna valdiviana.

The duckweed Lemna valdiviana is commonly founded colonizing small shallow waters (lakes on the lowland in south Brazil. This organism may have been affected by herbicide input into lakes from aerial application and/or drainage office paddy fields. Clomazone (2- (2-chlorophenyl) methyl-4.4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone) is one of the herbicides more fiequentely used as post-emergence in rice paddies. For this work assays were carried as EC50(96h) semi-statics with aseptic culture. The sterile fronds were abtained from material harvest on the paddy fields, and the concentration of Clomazone ranged from 14.0 to 229.0 mg/l. two procedures were considered: diluted in water and sprayed applicated Clomazone. The observed phytotoxic effects were evaluated by growth rate (kt), duplication time (Td), frond yield, plant yield, mortality, chlorophyll a and b and protochlorophyll concentration. The EC50 values obtained to sprayed Clomazone (Kt=31.7; Td=31.9) were significantly small than to diluted Clomazone (Kt=46.4; td=47.3). These dadta suggest that aerial route is more hazardous than diluted procedure. Presence of chlorotic, necrotic, abnormal and died frond were common at the 114.0 and 229.0 mg/l treatment. Recuperation test corroborated the evidence that the sprayed procedure were more deleterious and L. valdiviana doesn't recovery his reproductive ability at the 114.0 and 229.0 mg/l treatment.

Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia para determinação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA´s) em grãos de milho.

2008

Sorção de herbicidas em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar.

2008

Simulação do risco de lixiviação de poluentes orgânicos de lodos.

2008

Modelagem da bioconcentração de herbicidas em plantas.

2008

Sugarcane herbicide leaching risk evaluation in Guarany Aquifer.

2008

Bioconcentration of tebuconazole fungicide in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

2008

Nitrate in groundwater in a recharge area of Guarany aquifer in Brazil.

2008

Avaliação de nitrato em uma área de recarga do Aqüifero Guarani.

2008

Tebuthiuron herbicide bioconcentration in sugarcane plants.

2008

OS “CAMINHOS” DOS TROPEIROS E O VALE HISTÓRICO DA SERRA DA BOCAINA (SP): UM ESPAÇO GEOGRÁFICO “DEPRIMIDO”

O Vale Histórico da Serra da Bocaina, na região do Vale do Paraiba paulista, apresenta uma paisagem exuberante, através da qual transitaram pelos seus caminhos, o ouro das Minas Gerais, os tropeiros e o café que por ali penetrou em São Paulo. As cidades da região da Bocaina viveram períodos de riqueza e decadência e a região se tornou “deprimida”. Os esforços recentes visam dinamizar sua economia pelo turismo, de modo trazer de volta os tempos de opulência.