Interações sobre a pluviosidade em encostas de clima tropical úmido e os movimentos de massa: o caso de sub-bacias do Alto Rio São João - RJ

Cada vez são mais comuns problemas relacionados a movimentos de massa nas encostas de clima tropical no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, especialmente na Serra do Mar, provocados por acumulados pluviométricos intensos. A ocupação humana desordenada de áreas sensíveis a tais processos geomorfológicos, bem como as condicionantes geológicas, geomorfológicas, pedológicas e de uso e cobertura do solo são apontadas como fatores cruciais na explicação desses processos. O maior conhecimento da dinâmica pluviométrica bem como suas interações com tais aspectos físicos ligados ao relevo parece ser a chave dessa maior compreensão desses fenômenos. Assim foram realizadas pesquisas relacionadas aos volumes e intensidades das chuvas na região do Alto Curso do Rio São João, bem como uma análise dos movimentos de massa identificados através de imagens de satélite e in loco, como forma de fornecer subsídios à melhor gestão do espaço dessas regiões montanhosa estão vulneráveis a movimentos de massa. A correlação entre os acumulados e a intensidade pluviométrica com fenômenos climáticos de escala global, como El Niño e La Niña também foi contemplada nessa pesquisa, mostrando uma relação mais alta com relação à intensidade da chuva mensal para anos de El Niño e para anos de La Niña uma reduzida ocorrência dessas intensidades pluviométricas. Os estudos revelaram que os tipos de solos e sua cobertura e uso têm uma grande influência na deflagração de movimentos de massa. Foram observados um número reduzido de movimentos de massa em áreas naturais e uma maior proporção desses movimentos em áreas utilizadas para a atividade da pecuária na região. Grande parte dos movimentos de massa ocorreram em áreas de Cambissolos (áreas mais elevadas) e Latossolos (áreas de encostas em menores altitudes). Ambos os solos são mais espessos do que os encontrados em áreas mais declivosas, apresentando maior acúmulo de materiais a serem mobilizados durante grandes acumulados pluviométricos, gerando movimentos de massa. A análise mostrou também que áreas mais chuvosas e com maior ocorrência de acumulados pluviométricos extremos, acima de 100 mm/dia e acima de 30mm/mês concentraram um número maior de movimentos de massa, como a região mais próxima da estação de Quartéis (porção leste). Por outro lado áreas bastante elevadas, com altas declividades, porém com predomínio de Mata Atlântica e áreas com solos menos espessos, como os Neossolos Litólicos, se mostraram com um número reduzido desses processos. Enfim esse estudo mostrou a necessidade de se gerir melhor os espaços dessas áreas sensíveis sob o ponto de vista geomorfológico, até por que são áreas na periferia de regiões densamente habitadas e cujas demandas tendem a se tornar cada vez mais marcantes, o que pode gerar problemas locais, atingindo sua população e economia, com sérias conseqüências para o ambiente.

A new bulk-driven input stage design for sub 1-volt CMOS op-amps

This paper presents a new design approach for a rail-to-rail bulk-driven input stage using a standard single-well (n-well in this paper) CMOS technology. This input stage can provide nearly constant transconductance and constant slew rate over the entire input common-mode voltage, operating with a wide supply voltage ranging from sub 1-volt (V/sub T0/+ 3V/sub DSsat/) to the maximum allowed for the CMOS process, as well as preventing latch-up.

Design, implementation and application of a generic framework for integrated regional land-use modeling

Land use is a crucial link between human activities and the natural environment and one of the main driving forces of global environmental change. Large parts of the terrestrial land surface are used for agriculture, forestry, settlements and infrastructure. Given the importance of land use, it is essential to understand the multitude of influential factors and resulting land use patterns. An essential methodology to study and quantify such interactions is provided by the adoption of land-use models. By the application of land-use models, it is possible to analyze the complex structure of linkages and feedbacks and to also determine the relevance of driving forces. Modeling land use and land use changes has a long-term tradition. In particular on the regional scale, a variety of models for different regions and research questions has been created. Modeling capabilities grow with steady advances in computer technology, which on the one hand are driven by increasing computing power on the other hand by new methods in software development, e.g. object- and component-oriented architectures. In this thesis, SITE (Simulation of Terrestrial Environments), a novel framework for integrated regional sland-use modeling, will be introduced and discussed. Particular features of SITE are the notably extended capability to integrate models and the strict separation of application and implementation. These features enable efficient development, test and usage of integrated land-use models. On its system side, SITE provides generic data structures (grid, grid cells, attributes etc.) and takes over the responsibility for their administration. By means of a scripting language (Python) that has been extended by language features specific for land-use modeling, these data structures can be utilized and manipulated by modeling applications. The scripting language interpreter is embedded in SITE. The integration of sub models can be achieved via the scripting language or by usage of a generic interface provided by SITE. Furthermore, functionalities important for land-use modeling like model calibration, model tests and analysis support of simulation results have been integrated into the generic framework. During the implementation of SITE, specific emphasis was laid on expandability, maintainability and usability. Along with the modeling framework a land use model for the analysis of the stability of tropical rainforest margins was developed in the context of the collaborative research project STORMA (SFB 552). In a research area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, socio-environmental impacts of land-use changes were examined. SITE was used to simulate land-use dynamics in the historical period of 1981 to 2002. Analogous to that, a scenario that did not consider migration in the population dynamics, was analyzed. For the calculation of crop yields and trace gas emissions, the DAYCENT agro-ecosystem model was integrated. In this case study, it could be shown that land-use changes in the Indonesian research area could mainly be characterized by the expansion of agricultural areas at the expense of natural forest. For this reason, the situation had to be interpreted as unsustainable even though increased agricultural use implied economic improvements and higher farmers' incomes. Due to the importance of model calibration, it was explicitly addressed in the SITE architecture through the introduction of a specific component. The calibration functionality can be used by all SITE applications and enables largely automated model calibration. Calibration in SITE is understood as a process that finds an optimal or at least adequate solution for a set of arbitrarily selectable model parameters with respect to an objective function. In SITE, an objective function typically is a map comparison algorithm capable of comparing a simulation result to a reference map. Several map optimization and map comparison methodologies are available and can be combined. The STORMA land-use model was calibrated using a genetic algorithm for optimization and the figure of merit map comparison measure as objective function. The time period for the calibration ranged from 1981 to 2002. For this period, respective reference land-use maps were compiled. It could be shown, that an efficient automated model calibration with SITE is possible. Nevertheless, the selection of the calibration parameters required detailed knowledge about the underlying land-use model and cannot be automated. In another case study decreases in crop yields and resulting losses in income from coffee cultivation were analyzed and quantified under the assumption of four different deforestation scenarios. For this task, an empirical model, describing the dependence of bee pollination and resulting coffee fruit set from the distance to the closest natural forest, was integrated. Land-use simulations showed, that depending on the magnitude and location of ongoing forest conversion, pollination services are expected to decline continuously. This results in a reduction of coffee yields of up to 18% and a loss of net revenues per hectare of up to 14%. However, the study also showed that ecological and economic values can be preserved if patches of natural vegetation are conservated in the agricultural landscape. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Evaluating partial root-zone irrigation and mulching in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) under a sub-humid tropical climate

The field experiments were conducted to compare the alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI) with and without black plastic mulch (BPM) with full root-zone irrigation (FRI) in furrow-irrigated okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) at Bhubaneswar, India. APRI means that one of the two neighbouring furrows was alternately irrigated during consecutive watering. FRI was the conventional method where every furrow was irrigated during each watering. The used irrigation levels were 25% available soil moisture depletion (ASMD), 50% ASMD, and 75% ASMD. The plant growth and yield parameters were observed to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher with frequent irrigation (at 25% ASMD) under all irrigation strategies. However, APRI + BPM produced the maximum plant growth and yield using 22% and 56% less water over APRI without BPM and FRI, respectively. The highest pod yield (10025 kg ha^-1) was produced under APRI at 25% ASMD + BPM, which was statistically at par with the pod yield under APRI at 50% ASMD + BPM. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), which indicates the pod yield per unit quantity of irrigation water, was estimated to be highest (12.3 kg m^-3) under APRI at 50% ASMD + BPM, followed by APRI at 25% ASMD + BPM. Moreover, the treatment APRI at 50% ASMD + BPM was found economically superior to other treatments, generating more net return (US $ 952 ha^-1) with higher benefit–cost ratio (1.70).

Genetic analysis of kernel oil content in tropical maize with design III and QTL mapping

Oil content and grain yield in maize are negatively correlated, and so far the development of high-oil high-yielding hybrids has not been accomplished. Then a fully understand of the inheritance of the kernel oil content is necessary to implement a breeding program to improve both traits simultaneously. Conventional and molecular marker analyses of the design III were carried out from a reference population developed from two tropical inbred lines divergent for kernel oil content. The results showed that additive variance was quite larger than the dominance variance, and the heritability coefficient was very high. Sixteen QTL were mapped, they were not evenly distributed along the chromosomes, and accounted for 30.91% of the genetic variance. The average level of dominance computed from both conventional and QTL analysis was partial dominance. The overall results indicated that the additive effects were more important than the dominance effects, the latter were not unidirectional and then heterosis could not be exploited in crosses. Most of the favorable alleles of the QTL were in the high-oil parental inbred, which could be transferred to other inbreds via marker-assisted backcross selection. Our results coupled with reported information indicated that the development of high-oil hybrids with acceptable yields could be accomplished by using marker-assisted selection involving oil content, grain yield and its components. Finally, to exploit the xenia effect to increase even more the oil content, these hybrids should be used in the Top Cross((TM)) procedure.

The suitability of the design of handbags to the tropical climate

This work encourages the exercise of consideration, observation and critical reading of the design of handbags and the relation to the conditions imposed by tropical climate. Our purpose is to highlight some critical and conceptual thoughts on the matter of the design of fashion accessories in Brazil, ergonomics and aesthetic-functional relation. Through physical concepts is possible to propose consistents solutions compatible with the reality of the costumers living on Brazilian coast.

Structure- and ligand-based drug design approaches for neglected tropical diseases

Drug discovery has moved toward more rational strategies based on our increasing understanding of the fundamental principles of protein-ligand interactions. Structure( SBDD) and ligand-based drug design (LBDD) approaches bring together the most powerful concepts in modern chemistry and biology, linking medicinal chemistry with structural biology. The definition and assessment of both chemical and biological space have revitalized the importance of exploring the intrinsic complementary nature of experimental and computational methods in drug design. Major challenges in this field include the identification of promising hits and the development of high-quality leads for further development into clinical candidates. It becomes particularly important in the case of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that affect disproportionately poor people living in rural and remote regions worldwide, and for which there is an insufficient number of new chemical entities being evaluated owing to the lack of innovation and R&D investment by the pharmaceutical industry. This perspective paper outlines the utility and applications of SBDD and LBDD approaches for the identification and design of new small-molecule agents for NTDs.

Peer review of a formal verification/design proof methodology : summary of a sub-working-group meeting /

Bibliography: p. 48.

Design manual of natural methods of cooling electronic equipment; report no. HF-845-D-8. Contract no. NObsr-63043, Bureau of Ships-index no. NE-111611, Sub-task 2.

"Non registered."