Copolímeros à base de estireno e anidrido maleico: caracterização e estudo viscosimétrico

Copolímeros à base de estireno e anidrido maleico (SMA) são materiais sintéticos comercialmente disponíveis, obtidos pela reação dos dois monômeros citados em diferentes proporções, resultando em materiais versáteis, e disponíveis em diferentes graus de massas e porcentagens molares de anidrido maleico. São considerados polímeros funcionais devido à reatividade do grupamento anidrido maleico presente na cadeia polimérica. Por este motivo, esses materiais possuem vasta gama de aplicações, e elevada importância em diversas áreas, principalmente por terem baixa toxicidade, boa resistência térmica e boa estabilidade dimensional. Dessa forma, para melhor aplicação desses copolímeros, é muito importante o conhecimento dos parâmetros relativos ao seu comportamento em solução. A viscosimetria, em especial, é um método simples, útil e apropriado para fornecer essas informações. Os parâmetros viscosimétricos podem ser matematicamente calculados por extrapolação gráfica, entretanto a geração dos dados experimentais é mais demorada. Em contrapartida, é possível que a determinação experimental seja feita de forma mais rápida, por um único ponto, procedimento esse que desperta tanto o interesse acadêmico quanto o industrial. Neste trabalho, foram empregados os dois métodos de cálculo, utilizando solventes puros, misturas de solventes e três amostras de copolímeros à base de SMA. As determinações foram conduzidas a 40C. Os copolímeros utilizados possuiam teores de anidrido maleico de 50%, 45% e 40%, sendo os dois últimos esterificados com butil-metil-éster e sec-butil-metil-éster, respectivamente. Os solventes utilizados foram: N-metil-pirrolidona (NMP), tetrahidrofurano (THF) e suas respectivas misturas 1:1 com metil-etil-cetona (MEK), ou seja, (NMP:MEK) e THF:MEK, sendo a MEK um não solvente para o copolímero não esterificado. As equações utilizadas para extrapolação gráfica foram as de Huggins, Kraemer e Schulz-Blaschke. As equações empregadas em um único ponto foram as de Solomon-Ciuta, Deb-Chanterjee e novamente Schulz-Blaschke. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados e avaliou-se a possibilidade da utilização do método mais rápido, por um único ponto, para os sistemas estudados através dos desvios percentuais tendo como padrão os resultados da equação de Huggins. A equação de Deb-Chanterjee foi a mais adequada aos sistemas em NMP, que foi também o melhor solvente para as amostras. Os resultados obtidos na mistura NMP:MEK sugeriram que a viscosimetria pode ter sido um método sensível às pequenas diferenças estruturais entre os grupos pendentes nas amostras esterificadas. Paralelamente, realizou-se análises de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica (TGA) e ensaios dinâmico-mecânicos (DMA) para a caracterização estrutural e térmica das amostras. Somente os resultados obtidos a partir de DMA indicaram diferenças entre as amostras esterificadas

A model for the erosive wear of rubber at oblique impact angles

A model has been developed to predict the erosive wear behaviour of elastomers under conditions of glancing impact by small hard particles. Previous work has shown the erosive wear mechanism of elastomers under these conditions to be similar in nature to that of abrasive wear by a sharp blade. The model presented here was developed from the model of Southern and Thomas for sliding abrasion, by combining their treatment of the growth of surface cracks with a model for particle impact in which the force - displacement relationship for an idealized flat-ended punch on a semi-infinite elastic solid was assumed. In this way an expression for the erosive wear rate was developed, and compared with experimental measurements of wear rate for natural rubber, styrene - butadiene rubber and a highly crosslinked polybutadiene rubber. Good qualitative agreement was found between the predictions of the model and the experimental measurements. The variation of erosion rate with impact velocity, impact angle, particle size, elastic modulus of the material, coefficient of friction and fatigue properties were all well accounted for. Quantitative agreement was less good, and the effects of erosive particle shape could not be accounted for. The reasons for these discrepancies are discussed. © 1992 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Hydrodynamics in an expanded bed of large size ion-exchange resin, and natural product adsorption

Successful applications of expanded bed adsorption (EBA) technology have been widely reported in the literature for protein purification. Little has been reported on the recovery of natural products and active components of Chinese herbal preparations using EBA technology. In this study, the hydrodynamic behavior in an expanded bed of cation resin, 001 x 7 Styrene-DVB, was investigated. Ephedrine hydrochloride (EH) was used as a model natural product to test the dynamic binding capacity (DBC) in the expanded bed. EBA of EH directly from a feedstock containing powdered herbs has also been investigated. These particles are different from commercially available expanded bed adsorbents by virtue of their large size (20S to 1030 gm). When the adsorbent bed is expanded to approximately 1.3 to 1.5 times its settled bed height, the axial liquid-phase dispersion coefficient was found to be of the order 10(-5) m(2) s(-1), which falls into the range 1.0 x 10(-6) to 1.0 X 10(-5) m(2) s(-1) observed previously in protein purification. Because of the favorable column efficiency (low axial dispersion coefficient), the recovery yield and purification factor values of EH directly from a feedstock reached 86.5% and 18, respectively. The results suggest that EBA technology holds promise for the recovery of natural products and active components of Chinese herbal preparations.

Polymerization of ionic liquid-based microemulsions: A versatile method for the synthesis of polymer electrolytes

电子邮箱fyan@suda.edu.cn

Enhanced Proton Conduction in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes as Synthesized by Polymerization of Protic Ionic Liquid-Based Microemulsions

Proton-conducting membranes were prepared by polymerization of microemulsions consisting of surfactant-stabilized protic ionic liquid (PIL) nanodomains dispersed in a polymerizable oil, a mixture of styrene and acrylonitrile. The obtained PIL-based polymer composite membranes are transparent and flexible even though the resulting vinyl polymers are immiscible with PIL cores. This type of composite membranes have quite a good thermal stability, chemical stability, tunability, and good mechanical properties. Under nonhumidifying conditions, PIL-based membranes show a conductivity up to the order of 1 x 10(-1) S/cm at 160 degrees C, due to the well-connected PIL nanochannels preserved in the membrane. This type of polymer conducting membranes have potential application in high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.

Fabrication of ZnO and its enhancement of charge injection and transport in hybrid organic/inorganic light emitting devices

ZnO nanocrystals were synthesized by hydrolysis in methanol. X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectra confirm that good crystallized ZnO nanoparticles were formed. Utilizing those ZnO nanoparticles and poly [2- methoxy-5 - (3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)- 1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV), light emitting devices with indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-oxyethyleneoxy-thiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/ ZnO:MDMO-PPV/Al and ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MDMO-PPV/Al structures were fabricated. Electrolummescence (EL) spectra reveal that EL yield of hybrid MDMO-PPV and ZnO nanocrystals devices increased greatly as compared with pristine MDMO-PPV devices. The current-voltage characteristics indicate that addition of ZnO nanocrystals can facilitate electrical injection and charge transport. The decreased energy barrier to electron injection is responsible for the increased efficiency of electron injection. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

新型单茂钛苯乙烯间规聚合催化剂的研究

本论文合成、表征了一系列改性单茂钦配合物，研究了这些配合物催化苯乙烯间规聚合反应行为。主要工作和结论如下：1．合成、表征了一系列双酚（胺）氧基五甲基单茂钦氯化物。在改性甲基铝氧烷（MMAO）的活化下，这些配合物可高效地催化苯乙烯间规聚合，在较高的聚合温度时（70-90℃），催化活性接近或超过五甲基氯化单茂钦的活性，在较低的铝钦比时（500／1），催化活性远远高于五甲基氯化单茂钦的活性。2．合成、表征了一系列新型单乙醇苯胺五甲基单茂钦氯化物。在MMAO的活化下，这类配合物是苯乙烯间规聚合的高效催化剂，催化活性高于母体配合物五甲基单茂钦氯化物，在较高的聚合温度和较低的铝钦比时，体现出优异的催化性能。这类配合物的催化活性随着配体的空间位阻的增大而逐渐升高。3．合成、表征了一系列新型双乙醇苯胺五甲基单茂钦氯化物。在MMAO的活化下，可以高效催化苯乙烯间规聚合，催化活性高于母体配合物五甲基单茂钦和相应的单乙醇苯胺配合物，尤其在较高的聚合温度和较低的铝钦比时，更加体现出优于母体配合物的催化性能。这类配合物的催化活性随着配体的空间位阻的增大而逐渐升高。4．合成、表征了一系列新型含曼尼希碱类配体的五甲基单茂钦氯化物。在MMAO的活化下，可高效催化苯乙烯间规聚合，催化活性远远高于母体配合物五甲基单茂钦氯化物，尤其在较高的聚合温度和较低的铝钦比时，更加体现出优于母体配合物的催化性能。这类配合物的催化活性随着配体的空间位阻的增大而逐渐升高。5．合成、表征了一种新型的多核单茂钦配合物。在MMAO的活化下，这类钦配合物可催化苯乙烯间规聚合，在优化条件下，催化活性可以达到五甲基氯化单茂钦活性的三倍，尤其在较高的聚合温度和较低的铝钦比时，更加体现出优于母体配合物的催化性能。随着中心金属原子个数的增多，催化所需的MMAO的用量逐渐减少。

PSAN/PMMA共混体系相分离动力学的光散射研究

本工作用小角激光光散射（SALS）研究了Poly (Styrene -co-acrylontrile)/Poly (methyl methacrylate)共混体系的相分离动力学。通过溶液共混得到的均相混合物淬火到较高温度的热力学不稳区，随着时间增长，体系相区及相区间及相区间的反应逐渐增大，对应SALS的V_v散射环逐渐变小，散射强度逐渐增大；在Cahn-Hilliard线性理论基础上测得体系相分离初期的增长速率及扩散系数，在相分离后期散射峰强Im和峰位qm与时间t满足幂指数关系：Im αt~θ、qm αt~(-θ)且θ ≈ 3φ；光散射积分不变量及相差显微镜观察表明在相分离后其发生了Ostwald Ripening，若减小体系PMMA分子量，相分离速率增大很快。

嵌段共聚物胶束溶液的热力学

本文对聚苯乙烯-氢化聚异式二烯（Poly (styrene-CO-ethylene )，简称SEP）在有机烃熔剂中胶束化过程的热力学性质作了较为深入的研究。研究结果表明，非线性的SEP共聚物在有机烃溶剂中的胶束化过程均为熵减过程，即在该体系中，聚合物分子从单个分子聚焦为胶束粒子是从无序到较为有序的过程，分子的构象数减少，这与离子型和非离子型表面活性剂在水中的胶束化过程相反；其次，SEP的ΔH°均为负值，说明胶表化过程是放热的，并且ΔH°的绝对值较大，说明胶束化过程明显地依赖于温度；溶剂的选择性越强，胶束化过程放热越少，熵减也减少，说明溶剂的选择性强有昨于胶束的形成。实验结果还反映了共聚物的分子量对胶束化过程的热力学函数值ΔS°和ΔH°也有影响。而自由能的变化ΔF°与离子和非离子型表面活性剂类似，这是共聚物和表面活性剂胶束化过程中的共同之处。结果还表明，溶剂的选择性越强，胶束的分子聚焦数均值（N）越大，而溶剂的选择性越强，N和第二维里系数（A_2）的温度依赖性越小；相同溶剂中温度越高，N越小，A_2越大。本文还研究了SEP共聚物溶液的[7]随溶剂配比的变化，以及SEP溶液粘度对浓度和温度的依赖性。通过溶液粘度的测定可知，胶束中分子聚集紧密，胶束粒子接近于球体模型；溶剂的选择性越强，分子聚集得越紧密。实验还发现，比浓粘度在临界胶束浓度处出现转折点，并与光散射测得的值一致。本工作用小角激光光散射仪（LALLS）测定共聚物在选择性溶剂中的临界胶束浓度（CMC），这在文献中还未见报导。

苯乙烯－已内酯两嵌段共聚物及共混物的结构研究

本论文采用阴离子逐步加料方法，成功地合成了各种组成法的PS－b－PCL嵌段共聚物。通过对PS－b－PCL嵌段共聚物的微相结构的透射电镜观察发现PS－b－PCL随PCL含量的不同及制样条件的变化，可以形成不同的微相结构。在PS－b－PCL/PCL共混体系中，发现了体系可以形成规则的环状球晶，而且消光环之间的距离随嵌段共聚物含量增加而减小，同时还发现环状球晶中有更细微的结构。

稀土催化苯乙稀与异戊二烯活性聚合及其嵌段共聚的研究

本论文以均相二元催化体系－L_2LnX/R_3Al（催化剂I）和改性的均相三元催化体系L_2LnX/R_3Al/RX（催化剂II），系统地研究了各种因素对苯乙烯（St）和异戊二烯（Ip）均聚及共聚合反应的影响。首次用稀土催化剂（II）实现了St/Ip嵌段共聚反应，由此发现一种新型活性聚合稀土催化剂。

Cyclopropanation on a highly active heterogeneous catalyst: CuO/TiO2-Al2O3

Some heterogeneous catalysts, cupric oxide supported on different supports, were prepared and employed to catalyze the cyclopropanation of styrene and 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA). The catalytic performance for cyclopropanation strongly depends on the nature of the support. A novel catalyst, CUO/TiO2-Al2O3, in which Al2O3 is modified with a monolayer TiO2, is found to be most active and selective for the cyclopropanation reaction. The yields of 93 and 94% cyclopropanes are obtained for styrene and 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene at 40 degreesC as the substrates, respectively. The activity and selectivity in cyclopropanes are optimized with a monolayer dispersion of cupric oxide on the corresponding supports. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.