930 resultados para Spanish steel industry
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This dissertation studies the effects of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on the banking sector and the payments system. It provides insight into how technology-induced changes occur, by exploring both the nature and scope of main technology innovations and evidencing their economic implications for banks and payment systems. Some parts in the dissertation are descriptive. They summarise the main technological developments in the field of finance and link them to economic policies. These parts are complemented with sections of the study that focus on assessing the extent of technology application to banking and payment activities. Finally, it includes also some work which borrows from the economic literature on banking. The need for an interdisciplinary approach arises from the complexity of the topic and the rapid path of change to which it is subject. The first chapter provides an overview of the influence of developments in ICT on the evolution of financial services and international capital flows. We include main indicators and discuss innovation in the financial sector, exchange rates and international capital flows. The chapter concludes with impact analysis and policy options regarding the international financial architecture, some monetary policy issues and the role of international institutions. The second chapter is a technology assessment study that focuses on the relationship between technology and money. The application of technology to payments systems is transforming the way we use money and, in some instances, is blurring the definition of what constitutes money. This chapter surveys the developments in electronic forms of payment and their relationship to the banking system. It also analyses the challenges posed by electronic money for regulators and policy makers, and in particular the opportunities created by two simultaneous processes: the Economic and Monetary Union and the increasing use of electronic payment instruments. The third chapter deals with the implications of developments in ICT on relationship banking. The financial intermediation literature explains relationship banking as a type of financial intermediation characterised by proprietary information and multiple interactions with customers. This form of banking is important for the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises. We discuss the effects of ICT on the banking sector as a whole and then apply these developments to the case of relationship banking. The fourth chapter is an empirical study of the effects of technology on the banking business, using a sample of data from the Spanish banking industry. The design of the study is based on some of the events described in the previous chapters, and also draws from the economic literature on banking. The study shows that developments in information management have differential effects on wholesale and retail banking activities. Finally, the last chapter is a technology assessment study on electronic payments systems in Spain and the European Union. It contains an analysis of existing payment systems and ongoing or planned initiatives in Spain. It forms part of a broader project comprising a series of country-specific analyses covering ten European countries. The main issues raised across the countries serve as the starting point to discuss implications of the development of electronic money for regulation and policies, and in particular, for monetary-policy making.
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Credit risk management has assumed increasing importance for the managers and directors of enterprises. Thus, different approaches aimed to measure the probability of default are under discussion nowadays. This paper evaluates models that have become more popular over the last 30 years in order forecast defaults or to provide information regarding to financial difficulties of enterprises. This paper will focus on the KMV model in order to estimate the probability of default, its methodology based on market value of the asset and its volatility and finally estimate the probability of default. Finally, to test the KMV model will be used a sample of global steel companies that have credit in Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD), which will allow us to make comparisons with the models presented in this work.
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Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo de caso comparativo entre duas empresas operadoras de telefonia celular, onde são analisadas a acumulação de competências tecnológicas dessas empresas e a sua implicação para a performance operacional. Para tanto, é sugerida uma estrutura analítica que foi desenvolvida a partir de outra similar apresentada por Figueiredo (2000a). Essa estrutura sugerida é aplicada às empresas sob análise e permitirá a determinação do nível de acumulação de competências tecnológicas ocorrido no período de análise de cada uma delas. Além dos níveis de acumulação dessas competências, também poderão ser determinadas as taxas de evolução desse processo ao longo do tempo. Associada à análise da acumulação de competências tecnológicas, é também realizado um estudo da evolução da performance operacional da rede celular dessas empresas ao longo do tempo. Essa análise é feita suportada por medidas de indicadores operacionais específicos para redes como as estudas. A partir dessas duas análises, é avaliada a importância da acumulação de competências tecnológicas para a melhoria da performance operacional das empresas estudadas.
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Essa dissertação apresenta estimativas para a elasticidade-preço da demanda por aço no Brasil, a partir de dados agregados e desagregados da indústria siderúrgica. Os resultados das estimativas a partir do painel com dados desagregados sugerem que existe um viés de agregação nas estimativas já realizadas a partir de dados agregados, e esse viés subestimaria a elasticidade-preço do setor siderúrgico. Com a finalidade de comparar as relações entre as elasticidades-preços de curto e longo prazo foram estimados painéis heterogêneos dinâmicos, através de estimadores Mean Group (MG) e Pooled Mean Group (PMG). É importante ressaltar que, de acordo com o conhecimento do autor, este é o primeiro estudo a usar estimação em painel para estimação da elasticidade-preço da demanda por produtos siderúrgicos no Brasil, dessa forma, controlando a estimativa pela heterogeneidade entre os tipos de aço.
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O carvão vegetal tem um papel de destaque entre as biomassas consumidas no Brasil. Seu uso em larga escala na indústria siderúrgica para a produção de ferro gusa fez do país um dos maiores produtores e consumidores mundiais de carvão vegetal. A matéria-prima abundante, bem como a falta de preocupação com fatores ambientais e sociais, permitiu no passado que se atentasse apenas ao fator econômico; e a tecnologia de produção deste combustível/insumo se desenvolveu muito pouco ao longo de quase toda a sua história no Brasil até os anos mais recentes. Nas duas últimas décadas, quando se intensificou a preocupação social e ambiental e esses fatores ganharam relevância na análise da viabilidade de projetos tanto a serem implantados, quanto já existentes, a produção de carvão vegetal passou a ser identificada como extremamente rudimentar e impactante ao meio ambiente e sociedade onde se localiza. Neste trabalho buscou-se analisar a viabilidade econômica de quatro sistemas de produção de carvão existentes no Brasil. O sistema mais rudimentar, comumente chamado de “rabo quente”, um sistema ainda de alvenaria, com um pouco mais desenvolvimento tecnológico conhecido como forno retangular, e dois sistemas que utilizam fornos metálicos para buscar menor tempo do processo de carbonização (devido ao mais rápido resfriamento do sistema) e que têm, ambos, uma preocupação ambiental maior e buscam emitir menos poluentes e oferecer uma condição de trabalho mais adequada, refletindo também positivamente sob o aspecto sócio-ambiental. Percebe-se que em termos de implantação, obviamente, os sistemas que envolvem um pouco mais de tecnologia são bem mais dispendiosos em investimento inicial, porém, há resultados animadores do ponto de vista de retorno do investimento e possibilidades de agregação de valor que tendem a atrair o investimento especialmente dos grandes grupos siderúrgicos consumidores, que têm se preocupado cada vez mais em investir tanto na produção de matéria-prima, com grandes áreas de reflorestamento, quanto na produção sustentável do carvão vegetal.
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This document provides an overview of the most relevant developments in United States trade policy relating to Latin America and the Caribbean in 2002. U.S. policy continued to promote trade liberalization through advancing negotiations on multiple fronts- globally (WTO), regionally (FTAA) and bilaterally or sub regionally- with a view that the various negotiations are mutually reinforcing and seek to create a constructive competition for liberalization" among trade partners. The passage of Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) included in the Trade Act of August 2002 enhanced the U.S. Administration's ability to negotiate trade agreements. It provided an impetus to conclude bilateral negotiations with Chile as well as to advance a number of trade agreements currently under negotiation, including negotiations toward the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and bilateral negotiations with Central America. The Trade Act also renewed the Generalized System of Preferences, extended the Caribbean Trade Partnership Act by liberalizing apparel provisions and augmented the Andean Trade Preference Act, increasing the list of duty free products. On the multilateral front, in partial fulfillment of the Doha mandate, the U.S. tabled in 2002 two comprehensive proposals for the reduction of trade barriers on agricultural and non-agricultural goods. Along with these trade liberalizing proposals, the U.S. Administration imposed temporary safeguard measures on key steel products to provide relief to the sectors of the steel industry that have been most affected by import surges. In addition, the U.S. Congress passed the 2002 Farm Security and Rural Investment Act that substantially increased U.S. domestic farm subsidies to shield domestic farm producers from competition from subsidized products from abroad."
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Includes bibliography.
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As estratégias de modernização da Amazônia concebidas pelo Estado nacional tinham em sua proposta as fragilizadas diretrizes geopolíticas de segurança e desenvolvimento regional, voltadas centralmente para a instalação de empreendimentos industriais, dentre elas as indústrias siderúrgicas independentes, sob a noção de que desta atividade passaria para a produção produtos de aço e assim se processaria o desenvolvimento regional. Pela análise das diferenciações das rotas de produção independente, integrada e semi-integrada é possível se compreender como os elementos das plantas industriais se comportam em cada rota e como se inter-relacionam com a socioeconomia regional. O trabalho de pesquisa junto à guseiras permitiu identificar que a instalação de siderúrgicas independentes nos municípios de Açailândia (MA) e Marabá (PA) gerou expectativas frustradas de desenvolvimento local, consolidando-se, portanto, apenas como atividade que possibilitou o crescimento econômico, pois manteve uma rota de produção que articulou a atividade com a socioeconomia regional em bases frágeis e insustentáveis, apoiada, sobretudo na demanda de carvão vegetal. As estruturas de custos e elementos estruturais de cada rota permitiram identificar as diferenças que cada rota apresenta, principalmente na relação mantida com a economia regional, por envolver novos processos, tecnologias e produtos diferenciados. A lógica produtiva das siderúrgicas independentes baseadas na transferência e externalização de custos para a sociedade, relações de trabalho limitadas e na degradação ambiental, sem, contudo, estabelecer processos de inovação, conduziu ao não estabelecimento de processos de desenvolvimento de base local. A perspectiva das rotas de produção siderúrgica integrada e semi-integrada que se instalam na Amazônia tem bases para alterar o cenário regionalmente desenhado e transformar as inter-relações mantidas pela siderurgia independente na Amazônia Oriental, pois articulam elementos que contribuem para a consolidação de efeitos de encadeamento para trás e para frente.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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This study aims to identify and analyze the barriers to entry in the two technological routes (integrated and semi - integrated mills) , the Brazilian steel industry , specifically in the areas of Plans and Long , in the period 1993-2012 . Thus, the study is characterized as an exploratory - descriptive research, based on data collection from secondary sources. The competitiveness is influenced by structural market factor, among them the threat of new market entrants. The entrants can have their ticket inhibited by entry barriers. In the steel industry, it was identified that the main strong structural barriers are economic, the type of scale economy, highlighting the idle capacity, and sunk costs. Institutional and economic barriers, the diversification and product differentiation type, are considered moderate barriers. Economic barriers, the type absolute cost advantage and initial capital requirements, and strategic price barrier are considered weak. With this, one can consider that the input type which most closely approximates the market for national steel industries is blocked, since their main barriers are the structural type
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One of the ways to minimize the effects of unproductive time caused by tool wear can be achieved by introducing an efficient system of lubrication and cooling in the process. However, in the last decade the research had the goal to restrict the maximum use of refrigerants and / or lubricants in metal-mechanical production. The important factors that justify this procedure include the operational costs of production, ecological issues, and the legal requirements of environmental conservation and preservation of human health. The purpose of the proposed work is the study of machining by turning with the focus on the influence caused by the application of cutting fluid in several ways of application (abundant and MQF) and also by comparing the results obtained by machining without the presence of fluid . For this purpose, the turning tests are conducted using an aluminum alloy (AA 7075). The response variables to be analyzed were obtained from the roughness (Ra and Ry), the stresses presented (VB) and their progression in relation to the cutting length achieved, the type of chip formed, in addition to changes in the degree of finish (roughness) presented by the turned parts. The results of this study should provide more detailed information about the actual influence of cutting fluids in turning this alloy, which are characterized by high rates of deformation when the formation of damaging your chip machining and also the quality of surface generated. Therefore, it is expected to provide subsidies to promote the optimization of machining this alloy making the most of the role of cutting fluid
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Steel industry is a sector heavily dependent on energy, both electrical and thermal. Since the receipt of raw materials to the shipment of finished products to customers, through mergers, casting, rolling, heat treatment, inspection, among others, high amounts of energy are demanded, generating very significant costs to the productive chain in its entirety . Therefore, any alternative that favors the reduction in energy consumption or barateie the cost of this is very welcome. Within this context, this paper aims to make a technical and economic analysis of installing a cogeneration plant in the field rolling in a non-integrated steel mill. Two configurations are proposed plants, with one being the use of heat from waste gases from furnaces existing in the area mentioned and another with the use of heat from waste gases from an internal combustion engine. Both proposals are evaluated technically and later is done the economic analysis, calculating the financial return (pay back) in relation to the investment required, operation and maintenance of the plant