Modelling Proximity Effects in Transverse Magnetic Mode for Lightning Studies

Lightning strike to instrumented and communication towers can be a source of electromagnetic disturbance to the system connected. Long cables running on these towers can get significant induction to their sheath/core, which would then couple to the connected equipments. For a quantitative analysis of the situation, suitable theoretical analysis is necessary. Due to the dominance of the transverse magnetic mode during the fast rising portion of the stroke current, which is the period of significant induction, a full wave solution based on Maxwell's equations is necessary. Owing to the large geometric aspect ratio of tower lattice elements and for feasibility of a numerical solution, the thin-wire formulation for the electric field integral equation is generally adopted. However, the classical thin-wire formulation is not set for handling non-cylindrical conductors like tower lattice elements and the proximity of other conductors. The present work investigates further into a recently proposed method for handling such a situation and optimizes the numerical solution approach.

PREDICTION OF TRANSITIONAL AND SEPARATED BOUNDARY LAYERS IN A COMPRESSOR CASCADE

Numerical simulations were performed of experiments from a cascade of stator blades at three low Reynolds numbers representative of flight conditions. Solutions were assessed by comparing blade surface pressures, velocity and turbulence intensity along blade normals at several stations along the suction surface and in the wake. At Re = 210,000 and 380,000 the laminar boundary layer over the suction surface separates and reattaches with significant turbulence fluctuations. A new 3-equation transition model, the k-k(L)-omega model, was used to simulate this flow. Predicted locations of the separation bubble, and profiles of velocity and turbulence fluctuations on blade-normal lines at various stations along the blade were found to be quite close to measurements. Suction surface pressure distributions were not as close at the lower Re. The solution with the standard k-omega SST model showed significant differences in all quantities. At Re = 640,000 transition occurs earlier and it is a turbulent boundary layer that separates near the trailing edge. The solution with the Reynolds stress model was found to be quite close to the experiment in the separated region also, unlike the k-omega SST solution. Three-dimensional computations were performed at Re = 380,000 and 640,000. In both cases there were no significant differences between the midspan solution from 3D computations and the 2D solutions. However, the 3D solutions exhibited flow features observed in the experiments the nearly 2D structure of the flow over most of the span at 380,000 and the spanwise growth of corner vortices from the endwall at 640,000.

ELEVATION OF HEAT REJECTION TEMPERATURE IN TRANSCRITICAL CONDENSING CYCLES USING CO2+PROPANE MIXTURES

In this paper, a detailed thermodynamic performance analysis of a transcritical condensing (TC) cycle is performed with pure CO2 and a blend of 48.5 % propane with 51.5 % CO2 as working fluids. A realistic thermodynamic model is used incorporating irreversibilities in turbo-machineries and heat exchangers. The Key finding is that the addition of propane elevates the heat rejection temperature, but does not impair any of the performance indicators. Such a fluid may be useful for power generation in concentrated solar power applications by using which a hike of up to 2 % can be realized in the thermal efficiency of a power plant.

MOMENT ANALYSIS OF A SCROLL EXPANDER USED IN AN ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE

Recent studies on small-scale power generation with the organic Rankine cycle suggest superior performance of positive displacement type of expanders compared to turbines. Scroll expanders in particular achieve high isentropic efficiencies due to lower leakage and frictional losses. Performance of scroll machines may be enhanced by the use of non-circular involute curves in place of the circular involutes resulting non-uniform wall thickness. In this paper, a detailed moment analysis is performed for such an expander having volumetric expansion ratio of 5 using thermodynamic models proposed earlier by one of the present authors. The working fluid considered in the power cycle is R-245fa with scroll inlet temperature of 125 degrees C for a gross power output of similar to 3.5 kW. The model developed in this paper is verified with an air scroll compressor available in the literature and then applied to an expander Prediction of small variation of moment with scroll motion recommends use of scroll expander without a flywheel over other positive displacement type of expanders, e.g. reciprocating, where a flywheel is an essential component.

ABSOLUTE/CONVECTIVE INSTABILITY TRANSITION IN A BACKWARD FACING STEP COMBUSTOR: FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISM AND INFLUENCE OF DENSITY GRADIENT

Hydrodynamic instabilities of the flow field in lean premixed gas turbine combustors can generate velocity perturbations that wrinkle and distort the flame sheet over length scales that are smaller than the flame length. The resultant heat release oscillations can then potentially result in combustion instability. Thus, it is essential to understand the hydrodynamic instability characteristics of the combustor flow field in order to understand its overall influence on combustion instability characteristics. To this end, this paper elucidates the role of fluctuating vorticity production from a linear hydrodynamic stability analysis as the key mechanism promoting absolute/convective instability transitions in shear layers occurring in the flow behind a backward facing step. These results are obtained within the framework of an inviscid, incompressible, local temporal and spatio-temporal stability analysis. Vorticity fluctuations in this limit result from interaction between two competing mechanisms - (1) production from interaction between velocity perturbations and the base flow vorticity gradient and (2) baroclinic torque in the presence of base flow density gradients. This interaction has a significant effect on hydrodynamic instability characteristics when the base flow density and velocity gradients are co-located. Regions in the space of parameters characterizing the base flow velocity profile, i.e. shear layer thickness and ratio of forward to reverse flow velocity, corresponding to convective and absolute instability are identified. The implications of the present results on prior observations of flow instability in other flows such as heated jets and bluff-body stabilized flames is discussed.

Caracteristicas fisico-quimica de la leche y su variacion. Estudio de caso, Empresa de lacteos El colonial, Leon, Nicaragua

Con el propósito de evaluar características físico-químicas de la leche, y variación, en el periodo Enero a Julio del 2006, en la empresa El Colonial, en León, Un total de datos 2188 de composición de leche para evaluarse: acidez, grasa, proteína, densidad, sólidos no grasos y punto de congelación. Para lo cual se usó un modelo de tipo No experimental, Expo-Facto de corte Transversal, La acidez para Junio y Julio mostró valores de 0.17 y 0.18%, en Enero, Febrero y Mayo un valor constante de 0.16%, Abril con 0.14%, encontrándose en el rango aceptable de 0.14 a 0.20%, exceptuando Marzo que bajo a 0.11%. En grasa presentó tendencias mínimas de 3.9% para Febrero Marzo y Abril, y máxima en Enero de 4.0%, Mayo a Julio 4.1 a 4.3%. Para lactosa el valor máximo es de 4.28% en Mayo y un mínimo de 4.16% en Enero. La proteína en el mes de Mayo presentó excel ente calidad alcanzando 3.55%, 3.53% en el mes de Julio, 3.54% en Abril, 3.40% en de Marzo, mostrando un valor constante de 3.39% en los meses de Febrero y Enero. En los sólidos no grasos en Mayo presenta mayor valor de 6.96%, en Julio 5.87% y un valor constante de 5.69% en los meses de Abril, Marzo y Enero, 5.54% en Febrero. La densidad en Mayo presenta mayor valor de 1.028 kgl-1, en Julio 1.028 kgl-1, en Abril 1.027 kgl-1, en Febrero 1.026 kgl-1, en Marzo 1.026 kgl-1, en el mes de Enero 1.026 kgl-1. En cuanto al punto de congelación los resultados que obtuvimos fueron los siguientes: en los meses de Abril, Febrero, Marzo y Enero la media se mantuvo en un rango de -0.401 a -0.492ºC quedando los meses de Mayo y Julio con una media de -0.518 y -0.546 ºC. Estas variaciones son el estudio principal de este trabajo, que obedecen a diferentes causas como manejo del animal y adulteración con agua.