Sex offender registration in Illinois.

This study examines information collected on 18,381 convicted sex offenders in the Illinois sex offender database which is extracted from the Law Enforcement Agencies Data System (LEADS). Unless otherwise indicated, all data collected for this study is through November 30, 2003.

When the victim is a child : issues for judges and prosecutors /

Item 718-A-7

Genetic effects on alcohol dependence risk: re-evaluating the importance of psychiatric and other heritable risk factors

Background. Genetic influences have been shown to play a major role in determining the risk of alcohol dependence (AD) in both women and men; however, little attention has been directed to identifying the major sources of genetic variation in AD risk. Method. Diagnostic telephone interview data from young adult Australian twin pairs born between 1964 and 1971 were analyzed. Cox regression models were fitted to interview data from a total of 2708 complete twin pairs (690 MZ female, 485 MZ male, 500 DZ female, 384 DZ male, and 649 DZ female/male pairs). Structural equation models were fitted to determine the extent of residual genetic and environmental influences on AD risk while controlling for effects of sociodemographic and psychiatric predictors on risk. Results. Risk of AD was increased in males, in Roman Catholics, in those reporting a history of major depression, social anxiety problems, and conduct disorder, or (in females only) a history of suicide attempt and childhood sexual abuse; but was decreased in those reporting Baptist, Methodist, or Orthodox religion, in those who reported weekly church attendance, and in university-educated males. After allowing for the effects of sociodemographic and psychiatric predictors, 47 % (95 % CI 28-55) of the residual variance in alcoholism risk was attributable to additive genetic effects, 0 % (95 % CI 0-14) to shared environmental factors, and 53 % (95 % CI 45-63) to non-shared environmental influences. Conclusions. Controlling for other risk factors, substantial residual heritability of AD was observed, suggesting that psychiatric and other risk factors play a minor role in the inheritance of AD.

Genetic and environmental influences on extreme personality dispositions in adolescent female twins

Background: The objective was to determine whether the pattern of environmental and genetic influences on deviant personality scores differs from that observed for the normative range of personality, comparing results in adolescent and adult female twins. Methods: A sample of 2,796 female adolescent twins ascertained from birth records provided Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire data. The average age of the sample was 17.0 years ( S. D. 2.3). Genetic analyses of continuous and extreme personality scores were conducted. Results were compared for 3,178 adult female twins. Results: Genetic analysis of continuous traits in adolescent female twins were similar to findings in adult female twins, with genetic influences accounting for between 37% and 44% of the variance in Extraversion (Ex), Neuroticism (N), and Social Non-Conformity (SNC), with significant evidence of shared environmental influences (19%) found only for SNC in the adult female twins. Analyses of extreme personality characteristics, defined categorically, in the adolescent data and replicated in the adult female data, yielded estimates for high N and high SNC that deviated substantially (p < .05) from those obtained in the continuous trait analyses, and provided suggestive evidence that shared family environment may play a more important role in determining personality deviance than has been previously found when personality is viewed continuously. However, multiple-threshold models that assumed the same genetic and environmental determinants of both normative range variation and extreme scores gave acceptable fits for each personality dimension. Conclusions: The hypothesis of differences in genetic or environmental factors responsible for N and SNC among female twins with scores in the extreme versus normative ranges was partially supported, but not for Ex.

Subtypes of Illicit Drug Users: A Latent Class Analysis of Data From an Australian Twin Sample

This article applies methods of latent class analysis (LCA) to data on lifetime illicit drug use in order to determine whether qualitatively distinct classes of illicit drug users can be identified. Self-report data on lifetime illicit drug use (cannabis, stimulants, hallucinogens, sedatives, inhalants, cocaine, opioids and solvents) collected from a sample of 6265 Australian twins (average age 30 years) were analyzed using LCA. Rates of childhood sexual and physical abuse, lifetime alcohol and tobacco dependence, symptoms of illicit drug abuse/dependence and psychiatric comorbidity were compared across classes using multinomial logistic regression. LCA identified a 5-class model: Class 1 (68.5%) had low risks of the use of all drugs except cannabis; Class 2 (17.8%) had moderate risks of the use of all drugs; Class 3 (6.6%) had high rates of cocaine, other stimulant and hallucinogen use but lower risks for the use of sedatives or opioids. Conversely, Class 4 (3.0%) had relatively low risks of cocaine, other stimulant or hallucinogen use but high rates of sedative and opioid use. Finally, Class 5 (4.2%) had uniformly high probabilities for the use of all drugs. Rates of psychiatric comorbidity were highest in the polydrug class although the sedative/opioid class had elevated rates of depression/suicidal behaviors and exposure to childhood abuse. Aggregation of population-level data may obscure important subgroup differences in patterns of illicit drug use and psychiatric comorbidity. Further exploration of a 'self-medicating' subgroup is needed.

A PSICOTERAPIA BREVE OPERACIONALIZADA DE MULHERES EM SITUAÇÃO DE VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA

A presente pesquisa foi realizada com duas mulheres em situação de violência doméstica e fundamentou-se nos pressupostos teóricos, técnicos e metodológicos da intervenção psicológica intitulada PBO- Psicoterapia Breve Operacionalizada. O objetivo foi analisar o processo da PBO de mulheres em situação de violência doméstica. Para a realização do diagnóstico adaptativo operacionalizado utilizou-se como instrumento a EDAO - Escala Diagnóstica Adaptativa Operacionalizada. O método utilizado foi o estudo clínico de abordagem psicanalítica que tem como base o estudo descritivo do tipo estudo de caso. As participantes realizaram cinco entrevistas diagnósticas e foram classificadas igualmente com adaptação ineficaz severa apresentando sintomas neuróticos mais limitadores, inibições restritivas e rigidez de traços caracterológicos. Elas foram encaminhadas para um atendimento em PBO. Após o final do processo realizou-se as entrevistas de Follow up que foram novamente avaliadas por meio da EDAO. Os dados obtidos nas entrevistas de follow up mostraram que houve mudança na eficácia adaptativa. As participantes foram classificadas igualmente com Adaptação Ineficaz Moderada. Elas apresentavam alguns sintomas neuróticos, inibição moderada, alguns traços caracterológicos. Conclui-se que nos casos estudados, na análise por setores, pôde-se perceber que o setor afetivo relacional constituiu-se como uma fonte de conflitos e insatisfações gerando soluções em sua maioria pouquíssimas adequadas, obviamente, influenciando decisivamente os demais setores da adaptação. Também, observou-se o fenômeno da reprodução de modelos do passado nas relações estabelecidas no presente. Nos dois casos estudados houve uma situação de violência física e de abuso sexual, que se configurava como uma herança provinda de uma dinâmica relacional da família de origem e se perpetuava livremente em suas famílias nucleares. Por último, cabe assinalar que as pacientes participaram de forma ativa durante o processo terapêutico. A partir das interpretações teorizadas foram capazes de reconsiderarem suas atitudes frente às situações-problema vividas e puderam, durante e após o processo psicoterapêutico, adotar algumas medidas concretas para enfrentá-las de forma mais adequada. Conclui-se que o processo de psicoterapia breve operacionalizado e a utilização das interpretações teorizadas parecem ter contribuído para a mudança na qualidade da eficácia adaptativa das duas mulheres que fizeram parte deste estudo.

ESTRUTURA E DINÂMICA DO FUNCIONAMENTO PSÍQUICO DE HOMENS ENVOLVIDOS EM VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA

A violência, de qualquer tipo e natureza, é um fenômeno que acontece desde os primórdios. A Organização Mundial de Saúde define violência como o uso intencional da força física ou do poder, real ou por ameaça, contra a própria pessoa, contra outra pessoa, contra um grupo ou uma comunidade, que pode resultar em morte, lesão, dano psicológico, problemas de desenvolvimento ou privação. A violência doméstica é definida pela APA como qualquer ação que causa dano físico a um ou mais membros de sua unidade familiar e pode ocorrer a partir de um conflito de gerações e de gênero, configurando-se por agressão física, abuso sexual, abuso psicológico, negligência, dentro da família, perpetradas por um agressor em condições de superioridade (física, etária, social, psíquica e/ou hierárquica). Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a Estrutura e dinâmica do Funcionamento Psíquico de Homens Envolvidos em Violência Doméstica. Utilizou-se o método clínico-qualitativo, com quatro homens em situação de violência doméstica. Como forma de coleta de dados foi empregada uma entrevista e o Teste das Relações Objetais (TRO) de Phillipson. Ao analisar os resultados, pode-se observar que o ego fragilizado teme a solidão, as situações de perda, e os ataques destrutivos do id e o superego permissivo não os contêm, e para suportar os ataques persecutórios dos objetos, e em função da persecutoriedade e da culpa persecutória o ego recorre a identificação projetiva maciça e a idealização para proteger-se da destrutividade, permanecendo na posição esquizoparanóide. Conclui-se que a análise da estrutura e da dinâmica psíquica e o tratamento psicológico (individual ou em grupo) de homens envolvidos em violência doméstica, em conjunto com outras medidas judiciais e sociais são ações necessárias, pois, pode ser uma forma de ajudá-los a enfrentar suas limitações, lidar com suas angústias, entender e controlar os impulsos, rever e compreender suas crenças e trabalhar sua autoestima. Partindo-se do pressuposto que a violência doméstica ocorre na relação entre homem-mulher, o tratamento e o entendimento dos aspectos psicológicos de homens envolvidos em violência doméstica são de extrema importância para minimizar este fenômeno, e deve ser aliado às ações, já existentes dirigidas às mulheres.

Assuming identities online:experimental linguistics applied to the policing of online paedophile activity

This article uses a research project into the online conversations of sex offenders and the children they abuse to further the arguments for the acceptability of experimental work as a research tool for linguists. The research reported here contributes to the growing body of work within linguistics that has found experimental methods to be useful in answering questions about representation and constraints on linguistic expression (Hemforth 2013). The wider project examines online identity assumption in online paedophile activity and the policing of such activity, and involves dealing with the linguistic analysis of highly sensitive sexual grooming transcripts. Within the linguistics portion of the project, we examine theories of idiolect and identity through analysis of the ‘talk’ of perpetrators of online sexual abuse, and of the undercover officers that must assume alternative identities in order to investigate such crimes. The essential linguistic question in this article is methodological and concerns the applicability of experimental work to exploration of online identity and identity disguise. Although we touch on empirical questions, such as the sufficiency of linguistic description that will enable convincing identity disguise, we do not explore the experimental results in detail. In spite of the preference within a range of discourse analytical paradigms for ‘naturally occurring’ data, we argue that not only does the term prove conceptually problematic, but in certain contexts, and particularly in the applied forensic context described, a rejection of experimentally elicited data would limit the possible types and extent of analyses. Thus, it would restrict the contribution that academic linguistics can make in addressing a serious social problem.

Risk factors that predict maladaptive outcomes among sexually abused girls presenting for services at a community agency

The purpose of this study was to determine which factors predicted maladaptive outcomes in sexually abused children. Key factors were aggregated into four categories: abuse characteristics risk factors, individual-level risk factors, family disruption risk factors, and social disruption risk factors. It was hypothesized that (a) individual-level risk factors (e.g., school performance, child alcohol/substance abuse) and (b) abuse characteristics risk factors (e.g., longer duration/frequency of abuse, use of force/threats of force, intrafamilial abuse) would predict higher levels of trauma symptoms. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that (a) family disruption risk factors (e.g., family alcohol/substance use, family psychopathology) and (b) social disruption risk factors (e.g., parental divorce, homelessness, witnessing homicide or violence) would moderate the impact of prior sexual abuse and predict higher levels of trauma symptoms. ^ The participants were 110 female children (5 to 18 years old) presenting for treatment for sexual abuse at a community agency (The Journey Institute) in Miami, Florida. This study conducted a retrospective analysis of an archival data set collected over a three-year period (1998–2001). The measures completed upon intake included The Journey Psychosocial Assessment and The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC; Briere, 1996). Using Pearson correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analysis, this study found that abuse characteristics risk factors and individual-level risk factors were predictive of maladaptive outcomes in this sample of sexually abused girls. However, no moderating effects were found for family disruption risk factors or social disruption risk factors. Therefore, the results of these analyses provided support for the contention that abuse characteristics and individual-level risk factors were appropriate targets for treatment for sexually abused girls. Moreover, limitations of this study, implications for treatment, and directions for future research were discussed. ^

An investigation of the relationship between maltreatment and alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems in African -American and Hispanic adolescent girls

Maltreatment experienced in childhood or adolescence is a known risk factor for later problem alcohol and/or other drug (AOD) use (Bailey & McCloskey, 2005; Shin, Edwards, Heeren, 2009). A growing body of empirical work has found significant associations between adolescent girls’ AOD use and maltreatment experiences. However, questions remain as to how this relation unfolds with African-American and Hispanic adolescent girls. Guided by four relational models that have been proposed in the literature, this study examined the links between maltreatment, trauma symptoms, and alcohol and/or other drug (AOD) problems in a sample of 170 African-American and Hispanic adolescent girls who were participants in a school-based AOD use intervention. Results of this study revealed that maltreatment experiences (physical and emotional abuse) were positively related to trauma symptoms, which were positively related to AOD problem severity, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependency, drug abuse, and drug dependency. Perceived discrimination moderated this relation between sexual abuse and trauma symptoms, such that more perceived discrimination resulted in a stronger effect of sexual abuse on trauma symptoms. Ethnic identity moderated the relation between sexual abuse and AOD problem severity, such that ethnic identity demonstrated protective properties in the relation between sexual abuse and AOD problem severity. My research adds to extant knowledge on the relation between maltreatment and AOD use in adolescent girls and suggests the importance of developing interventions targeting maltreatment and AOD use concurrently.

Évaluation d’un programme de formation en matière d’agression sexuelle envers les enfants pour les communautés autochtones du Québec

L’agression sexuelle (AS) envers les enfants est une problématique majeure affectant les communautés autochtones. Considérant les conséquences à long terme associées à l’AS, il est primordial que les intervenants soient formés adéquatement pour intervenir en cas d’AS puisque que cette problématique compromet le bien-être des enfants, de leur famille et de leur communauté. Le Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent, en partenariat avec les communautés autochtones, a mis sur pied une formation en matière d’AS spécifiquement adaptée aux besoins des intervenants. De 2013 à 2015, 161 professionnels œuvrant dans les communautés autochtones ont participé à cette formation. Deux phases de collecte de données distinctes ont été menées pour vérifier l’atteinte des objectifs du programme, soit l’amélioration des connaissances et des interventions en matière d’AS des participants. Lors de la première phase, les participants ont répondu à un questionnaire de réactions et à un test de connaissances. Une étude de cas multiples qualitative comportant quatre communautés a été réalisée lors de la deuxième phase. En plus d’un taux d’appréciation élevé, les résultats révèlent une augmentation significative des connaissances, passant de 54 % à 87 % (t(125) = 16,4, p < 0,001, ηp2 = 0,68). L’analyse des entrevues fait état d’une appropriation des contenus de formation dans la pratique professionnelle des participants. Ces derniers affirment avoir modifié la façon dont ils questionnent les enfants et être plus attentifs aux signes et symptômes d’une AS. Des changements sur le plan des attitudes, notamment sur l’importance du signalement, sont également rapportés. Finalement, la formation est considérée comme l’un des éléments déclencheurs d’une meilleure collaboration intersectorielle dans au moins une communauté.

Caractéristiques communes, facteurs de risque et facteurs de protection chez les adolescents auteurs d’abus sexuels

Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté des Études Supérieures des arts et sciences, Département de criminologie, en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise (M. Sc.) en criminologie, option intervention

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Maltreatment and Alcohol and Other Drug (AOD) Use Among African-American and Hispanic Adolescent Girls

Maltreatment experienced in childhood or adolescence is a known risk factor for later problem alcohol and/or other drug (AOD) use (Bailey & McCloskey, 2005; Shin, Edwards, Heeren, 2009). A growing body of empirical work has found significant associations between adolescent girls’ AOD use and maltreatment experiences. However, questions remain as to how this relation unfolds with African-American and Hispanic adolescent girls. Guided by four relational models that have been proposed in the literature, this study examined the links between maltreatment, trauma symptoms, and alcohol and/or other drug (AOD) problems in a sample of 170 African-American and Hispanic adolescent girls who were participants in a school-based AOD use intervention. Results of this study revealed that maltreatment experiences (physical and emotional abuse) were positively related to trauma symptoms, which were positively related to AOD problem severity, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependency, drug abuse, and drug dependency. Perceived discrimination moderated this relation between sexual abuse and trauma symptoms, such that more perceived discrimination resulted in a stronger effect of sexual abuse on trauma symptoms. Ethnic identity moderated the relation between sexual abuse and AOD problem severity, such that ethnic identity demonstrated protective properties in the relation between sexual abuse and AOD problem severity. My research adds to extant knowledge on the relation between maltreatment and AOD use in adolescent girls and suggests the importance of developing interventions targeting maltreatment and AOD use concurrently.

Los conocimientos acerca del maltrato infantil de los futuros profesionales de la educación: un estudio exploratorio

Los profesionales de la educación se encuentran, en su ejercicio profesional, en una posición privilegiada para realizar una detección precoz del maltrato infantil y para identificar posibles casos de riesgo. Sin embargo, en ocasiones, maestros y educadores en general aducen falta de conocimiento y formación para realizar dichas tareas. Es por ello que, en este trabajo deseamos insistir en la necesidad de analizar la formación de los futuros profesionales de la educación en torno al maltrato infantil, tanto en el seno de la familia como fuera de ella, y ya sea ejercido por un adulto o por otros menores. No olvidemos que la identificación temprana de comportamientos violentos y, por supuesto, la puesta en marcha de estrategias sólidas para su prevención requieren disponer de una buena capacitación. Por esta razón, hemos realizado un estudio piloto que nos permitiera conocer la formación que los estudiantes del Grado de Pedagogía tienen sobre el maltrato infantil, utilizando un cuestionario que hemos diseñado específicamente para alcanzar tal propósito. En la realización de un estudio piloto contamos con una muestra de 24 alumnos y alumnas del 4º curso del Grado de Pedagogía. Entre las conclusiones alcanzadas destacamos que, tras analizar los datos derivados del pase piloto, podemos concluir que los futuros pedagogos consideran necesario tener formación específica al respecto, una preparación que, mayoritariamente, consideran insuficiente y muy limitada para poder afrontar sus responsabilidades profesionales en el futuro.