Efectos de una intervención educativa en la promoción de la actividad física, otros comportamientos saludables y los conocimientos para la prevención del cáncer de pulmón en jóvenes del colegio La Merced en Bogotá D.C., Colombia

Introducción: El cáncer de pulmón es el tipo de cáncer más mortal a nivel mundial, al cual se atribuyen una de cada cinco muertes anualmente. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los efectos de una intervención educativa en la promoción de la actividad física, otros comportamientos saludables y los conocimientos para la prevención del cáncer de pulmón en jóvenes estudiantes de una institución educativa pública en Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio experimental no controlado en 243 estudiantes de sexo femenino (Edad 14±1,5 años). La intervención educativa se desarrolló en tres momentos: una sesión educativa con una duración de 60 minutos acorde a la Guía para la Comunicación Educativa en el Marco del Control del Cáncer, en Colombia. Segundo, se enviaron tres correos electrónicos con información acerca del cáncer pulmonar; finalmente se desarrollaron actividades grupales. Para la toma de datos se utilizaron el cuestionario Cáncer Awareness Measure (CAM) y el Sistema de Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo del Comportamiento (BRFSS). La evaluación se realizó en un período de seguimiento a 1, 3 y 6 meses post-intervención. Resultados: La intervención educativa incrementó significativamente los conocimientos de las jóvenes sobre los signos de alarma del cáncer pulmonar y los principales factores de riesgo modificables, tales como el consumo de cigarrillo, la exposición al humo del mismo y el sedentarismo, al sexto mes post-intervención. Las mejoras en el cambio comportamental no lograron significancia estadística. Conclusiones: Una intervención educativa mejora los conocimientos acerca de la detección temprana y la prevención del cáncer de pulmón, así como los comportamientos saludables en jóvenes estudiantes en Bogotá, Colombia. Se requiere de estudios controlados aleatorizados.

The Pros and Cons of a Field Project: The case of the Laboratory School in Heredia

This article reviews some of the most important characteristics of the Laboratory School in Heredia, Costa Rica, for recognizing the success aspects and setbacks that an innovative experience of an educational project has within the national education system. It is a description of the pedagogical model of the school and includes the vision that different participants have in this educational project, around which it is showed the different positions of the actors who live and reflect daily in the school.

Estado nutricional dos indígenas Kaingáng matriculados em escolas indígenas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Caracterizar o estado nutricional de 3.254 Kaingáng de escolas indígenas de 12 terras indígenas do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Transversal de base escolar. Obtidas medidas de peso (P), estatura (E) e circunferência da cintura (CC) conforme Organização Mundial da Saúde - OMS (1995). Classificação do estado nutricional: crianças: índices E/I, P/I e P/E, de acordo com o National Center for Health Statistics (WHO, 1995) e E/I, P/I e índice de massa corporal/idade (IMC/I) de acordo com OMS (2006); adolescentes: IMC/I (OMS, 1995 e 2006) e E/I (OMS, 2006); adultos: IMC (OMS, 1995) e CC (OMS, 2003). Adolescentes representaram 56% dos avaliados, crianças 42,5%, adultos 1,4% e idosos 0,1%. Deficit estatural de 15,1% (OMS, 1995) e 15,5% (OMS, 2006) entre as crianças e de 19,9% entre adolescentes. Freqüências de excesso de peso foram: crianças: 11% (OMS, 1995) e 5,7% (OMS, 2006); adolescentes: 6,7%; adultos: 79,2%. Entre adultos, 45,3% estavam em risco aumentado para doenças metabólicas. Observada a transição nutricional no segmento, caracterizada por prevalências importantes de baixa estatura na infância e adolescência e sobrepeso proeminente em todas as faixas etárias.

Consumo e comportamento alimentar entre adolescentes brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), 2009

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever características de consumo e comportamento alimentar de adolescentes brasileiros e sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos. Estudou-se, em 2009, amostra representativa de alunos do 9º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas das 26 capitais brasileiras e do Distrito Federal. Utilizou-se questionário autoaplicável sobre atributos sociodemográficos, consumo e comportamento alimentar, entre outros. Estimativas dos indicadores construídos foram apresentadas para o total da população e por sexo. A associação de cada um dos indicadores com variáveis sociodemográficas foi examinada por meio de regressão logística. A maioria dos adolescentes consumia regularmente feijão (62,6%), leite (53,6%) e guloseimas (50,9%), realizava pelo menos o almoço ou o jantar com a mãe ou responsável (62,6%) e comia assistindo televisão ou estudando (50,9%). Em geral, as meninas estavam mais expostas a práticas alimentares não desejáveis, e o melhor nível socioeconômico associou-se a maiores prevalências dos indicadores estudados. Os resultados revelaram consumo regular dos marcadores de alimentação não saudável e consumo inferior ao recomendado dos de alimentação saudável, apontando a necessidade de ações de promoção de saúde dirigidas a jovens.

Association Between Physical Activity in Parks and Perceived Environment: A Study With Adolescents

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between adolescents' physical activity practice and their perception about the environment of urban parks. Methods: A school-based representative sample (n = 1,718; boys = 40.4%) of teenagers of Curitiba, Southern region of Brazil. A questionnaire was employed to identify perceived parks environmental features as well as physical activity practice in the parks (PAP), habitual physical activity (HPA) and demographics. The relationship between PAP and parks environments was analyzed through multivariate logistic regression controlling for age and socioeconomic status, HPA and parks distance. Results: After controlling for confounders PAP was associated with lack of space to be physically active, activities to choose from and equipments for both boys and girls, (odds ratio (OR)-ranging from 1.5 to 1.8). Among boys, having people of same age (OR = 1.5) and accessibility (OR = 2.0) showed association with PAP only in crude analysis. However, among girls, to be bulled or teased (OR = 1.4) and accessibility (OR = 1.7) were associated with PAP after confounding control. Conclusions: The results showed that specific attributes in parks may be considered and offered to increase the likelihood of physical activity practice among adolescents in such locations.

Extra-curricular involvement and self-regulation in children

The research investigated the relationship between extra-curricular involvement (ECI) and self-regulated behaviours in 8 to 9 year old children, and identified sex, location, and socio-economic status (SES) differences in their ECI and self-regulatory behaviours. 550 children from 44 schools in Queensland and New South Wales completed the Child Self-Regulatory Process Inventory and questions about their ECI. Nearly 90 percent of students were involved in at least one extra-curricular activity with the mean number of activities being 1.27. Girls and urban children were significantly more involved in school-based extra- curricular activities than their male and rural counterparts; there were no significant differences among SES groups. Urban children and children in the high SES group reported significantly greater involvement for non-school based activities. For the three self- regulation strategies, girls scored significantly higher than boys. Moreover, children in the high ECI group reported significantly greater use of self-regulation strategies than children in both the low and medium ECI groups. Implications of findings are discussed in light of the need for quality extra-curricular programs, especially in terms of emotional climate and self-directed activities.

Nutrition-related habits and associated factors of Brazilian adolescents

To investigate the nutrition-related habits (NRH) of Brazilian adolescents and evaluate the associations with risk factors. Cross-sectional school-based was carried out among high school adolescents aged 14-18 years (n = 1,759) from public and private schools from two cities. The NRH were investigated by the weekly consumption of vegetables, fruit, sweet food and fried food. Risk factors investigated were: city, sex, age, socioeconomic status and nutritional status. In statistics, Poisson regression was used with robust variance adjustment. Data indicated low consumption of fruits and vegetables, 70.0 and 71.0%, respectively, and high consumption of sweets and fried food, 66.7 and 63%, respectively. Boys showed risk of inadequate intake of vegetables [prevalence ratios (PR) 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.16] and fruit (PR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.16). Furthermore, adolescents who live in Maringa had greater likelihood of consuming vegetables and fruit (20 and 25%, respectively). However, they presented risk of inadequate consumption of sweets (PR 1.19, 95% CI 1.11-1.28) for adolescents who live in Presidente Prudente. We concluded that inadequate NRH show high prevalence among adolescents and indicate the need to employ educational strategies that promote the adoption of more healthy habits and behaviors.

Measurements of adipocity and high blood pressure among children and adolescents living in Belo Horizonte

Objective: To verify an association, if it exists, between obesity and blood pressure raised beyond the 90th percentile in children and adolescents, and to determine the measure of adiposity that best correlates with blood pressure in these subjects. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: A school-based study in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Participants: We selected randomly 1,403 students, aged from 6 to 18 years, from 545,046 students attending 521 public and private schools. Those selected completed the study. Main measures of outcome: We recorded the weight, height, skin fold in the triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac areas, waist and hip circumference, body-mass index, and resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures using a mercury sphygmomanometer. Results: In univariate analyses, body mass index greater or lesser than 85th percentile, measurements of skin thickness in the subscapular and suprailiac areas, and the sum of all measurements of skinfold thickness, were associated with both systolic and diastolic measurements of blood pressure. After multivariate analyses that adjusted for all measurements of adiposity except itself, and age, race, and socioeconomic state, we found that the increased body mass index was associated with a 3.6-fold increased frequency of elevated systolic measurements of blood pressure, with 9596 confidence intervals from 2.2 to 5.8, and a 2.7-fold increased frequency of elevated measurements of diastolic blood pressure, with 95% confidence intervals from 1.9 to 4.0. Conclusions: Body-mass index serves as a better predictor of elevated blood pressure among children than do local measurements of adiposity.

An evaluation of the changes in malocclusion index scores over a 25-year period

Background: The measured values of specific traits of occlusion may be subject to significant change due to growth and maturation of the dentofacial structures. Some traits may show improvement while others may show deterioration. Rarely is there an opportunity to examine a sample of occlusions 25 years after the acquisition of the original set of records. This study examines the changes in traits of occlusion in a sample of 46 subjects who were originally examined between 1971-1973 and for whom records were again obtained in 1998. Methods: The 46 patients were a sub-group of a previously selected randomised school-based sample and study models obtained in 1971-1973 were still available. New models for each patient were obtained in 1998. Of the 46 subjects, only eight had received orthodontic treatment. Results: Assessments of the changes in specific traits were made using the methods proposed in the Harry L Draker, California Modification (HLD Cal Mod) index. This simple index was chosen because the main component traits were well defined and, when analysed separately, reflected changes with time. The total index score gave a broad indication of the global changes in the individual's occlusion. The five basic traits of the HLD index include overjet, overbite, openbite, mandibular protrusion and labio-lingual spread. Three additional traits (ectopic eruption, anterior crowding and posterior crossbite) are used in the HLD Cal Mod index. These traits provided a useful reflection of occlusal changes with time. Measurements were made with reference to specifications and the details outlined in the HLD Cal Mod protocol. The results revealed an increase in total index scores over time with a significant increase in lower labio-lingual spread associated with an increased score in anterior crowding. Overjet and overbite, however, displayed a significant decrease with time. Conclusions: These findings are in keeping with previous studies and highlight the importance of time as a significant issue in the assessment of occlusion.

The endgame for national girls' schooling policies in Australia?

Gender equity: A framework for Australian schools is the most recent policy dealing with gender in schools at the national level in Australia. This paper provides a critical discourse analysis of the policy document, tracking two themes: 'the construction of gender', and 'equity: a discourse of education for all boys and girls'. Through this analysis the authors argue that the policy signals a substantial shift in focus-from girls and boys in relation to girls, to both girls and boys-within a framework of presumptive equality. It is also argued that the policy shuts down federal involvement in policy for girls' schooling. In the process, responsibility is devolved to the states and territories where, in many cases, gender equity programs will be struggled over at a local, school-based level. At the same time, however, spaces have been created which potentially enable new strategies for gender equity policies in Australian schools.

A critique of evaluated adolescent smoking cessation programmes

Rates of adolescent smoking appear to be on the increase, with a number of authors documenting increases in the 1990's. However, the issue of prevention rather than cessation has received greater attention in tobacco control programmes among youth. This review provides details of published school based and other tobacco cessation programmes for adolescents and compares their efficacy. Variations in outcome measures were noted with the programmes. Environmental risk factors such as economic deprivation, concurrent use of alcohol and illicit substances and a minority ethnic background have been associated with greater smoking rates among youth. It is suggested that tobacco cessation initiatives need to be considered in the context of improving adolescents lifestyle choices. Specific cessation programmes should also address issues such as appropriate follow-up and validation. (C) 2002 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Public policy and the prevention of substance-use disorders

Drug prevention has traditionally focused on influencing individual attitudes and behaviours. In particular, efforts have been directed towards adolescents in the school setting. However, evaluations of school-based drug education have identified limited success. There is increasing recognition that drug abuse is one of a number of risk behaviours, including truancy, delinquency and mental health problems, which share common antecedents that begin in the early years of childhood. Furthermore, these behaviours are shaped by macroenvironmental influences including the economic, social, cultural, and physical environment. Drug prevention needs to adopt a broader perspective: with greater collaboration in related programmes such as crime prevention and suicide prevention; with greater attention to the macroenvironmental influences on problem behaviours; and with greater attention to healthy development in the first years of childhood. (C) 2002 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

A practical guide to exercise training for heart failure patients

Background: Exercise training has been shown to improve exercise capacity in patients with heart failure. We sought to examine the optimal strategy of exercise training for patients with heart failure. Methods: Review of the published data on the characteristics of the training program, with comparison of physiologic markers of exercise capacity in heart failure patients and healthy individuals and comparison of the change in these characteristics after all exercise training program. Results: Many factors, including the duration, supervision, and venue of exercise training; the volume of working muscle; the delivery mode (eg, continuous vs. intermittent exercise), training intensity; and the concurrent effects of medical treatments may influence the results of exercise training in heart failure. Starting in an individually prescribed and safely monitored hospital-based program, followed by progression to an ongoing and progressive home program of exercise appears to be the best solution to the barriers of anxiety, adherence, and ease of access encountered by the heart failure patient. Conclusions: Various exercise training programs have been shown to improve exercise capacity and symptom status in heart failure, but these improvements may only be preserved with an ongoing maintenance program.

Práticas e saberes da professora pomerana : um estudo sobre interculturalidade

Esta pesquisa analisa práticas e saberes da professora pomerana em uma escola do campo de ensino fundamental em Santa Maria de Jetibá/Estado do Espírito Santo/Brasil, para problematizar questões sobre cultura e interculturalidade. Aprofundam-se reflexões sobre quais têm sido as contribuições dessas práticas para uma educação escolar intercultural. Beneficia-se do estudo de caso para análise de documentos, observações de aulas, observações participantes em planejamentos, realização de entrevista semiestruturada com a professora e, anotações no diário de campo. Situam-se brevemente questões da história dos descendentes de pomeranos, bem como sobre as principais produções acadêmicas referentes à educação desse povo tradicional. Discussões teórico-metodológicas contribuem para compreensão e embasamento de alguns conceitos-chave, como: cultura(s) (THOMPSON, 1995; GEERTZ, 2012), interculturalismo (CANDAU, 2005; FORNET-BETANCOURT, 2004), cultura escolar e cultura da escola (FORQUIN, 1993), práticas docentes (FREIRE, 1996), saberes docentes (TARDIF, 2012), parceria (FOERSTE, 2005) etc. Aponta-se que as práticas da professora pomerana faziam parte do contexto escolar antes da implementação do Programa de Educação Escolar Pomerana (PROEPO) no que se refere ao uso oral da língua pomerana na sala de aula. As práticas da professora se ressignificam na interação com os saberes culturais, experienciais e coletivos produzidos na dinâmica escolar e comunitária. Essas práticas possibilitam o diálogo da cultura escolar com a cultura da escola, promovendo a vivência das experiências locais e o acesso ao saber universal. Pode-se afirmar que no contexto da escola investigada existem algumas condições que favorecem a dimensão da interculturalidade nos processos pedagógicos. Cabe aprofundar estudos sobre as contribuições da educação escolar para o ensino bilíngue e seus impactos à valorização da cultura pomerana e a consequente manutenção da língua deste povo tradicional. Tensões e conflitos foram identificados quanto ao enfoque do PROEPO ao desenvolvimento das habilidades de leitura e escrita em língua pomerana.

Dois tempos, dois espaços: a educação retratada no plano dos centenários (1940/50) e no projecto DEEB (1960/70)

RESUMO: Esta investigação é fundamentalmente um trabalho baseado numa análise documental e arquitectónica de duas escolas primárias construídas em duas épocas diferentes, mas ambas integradas num mesmo período político. Saber se o Projecto do Plano dos Centenários e o Projecto DEEB se adequaram às realidades educativas, no seu percurso temporal, foi o ponto de partida para uma pesquisa geral sobre a situação económica, política e social do país, desde a década de 1940 até finais da década de 1960, possibilitando a caracterização e comparação daqueles Projectos na sua interligação com as concepções educativas e a construção escolar. Fez-se a consulta das obras e dos projectos da época em estudo com o objectivo de analisar e interpretar o processo de criação, mas também de situar historicamente os factos arquitectónicos na sua intersecção com os educativos, com vista à concretização de uma pesquisa no tempo, de dois espaços, ou seja, desde um Projecto-Tipo de uma escola primária, em Cascais, do Plano dos Centenários até ao Projecto-Piloto da escola primária de Mem Martins com base no Projecto DEEB. Por outro lado, as contribuições a nível nacional e internacional trouxeram elementos de mudança e constituíram-se como referências básicas na transformação geral da arquitectura e da pedagogia portuguesa. ABSTRACT: This investigation is mainly a piece based in an architectonic and documental analysis of two elementary schools, both built in different periods, but belonging to the same political regime. Knowing if the Plano dos Centenários (Centenary’s Project) and the Projecto DEEB (DEEB Project) fit the educative realities, in terms of time, was the starting point for a general research about the economical, political, and social situation of the Country from the beginning of the 40s till the end of the 60s, thus allowing to describe and compare those projects in terms of interconnection with the educative ideas and the school building. With the purpose of not only analyzing and explaining how it started, but also to historically locate the architectonic events in their intersection with the educative ones, the building sites and the projects of the period being studied were examined, in order to timeresearch both spaces, i.e. since a Type-Project of and elementary school, in Cascais, from the Plano dos Centenários (Centenary’s Project) till the Test-School of the Mem Martins’ elementary school, based in the Projecto DEEB (DEEB Project). On the other hand, both National and International contributions have introduced changing elements, which became essential references in the general transformation of the Portuguese architecture and Pedagogy.