Characterization of the surface stickiness of fructose-maltodextrin solutions during drying

A probe tack test has been used for the in situ characterization of the surface stickiness of hemispherical drops with an initial radius of 3.5 mm while drying. Surface stickiness of drops of fructose and maltodextrin solutions dried at 63degreesC and 95degreesC was determined. The effect of addition of maltodextrin on fructose solution-was studied with fructose/maltodextrin solid mass ratios of 4: 1, 1: 1, and 1:4. Pure fructose solutions remained completely sticky and failed cohesively even when their moisture approached zero. Shortly after the start of drying, the surface of the maltodextrin drops formed a skin, which rapidly grew in thickness. Subsequently the drop surface became completely nonsticky probably due to transformation of outer layers into a glassy material. Addition of malto,dextrin significantly altered the surface stickiness of drops of fructose solutions, demonstrating its use as an effective drying aid.

Surface stickiness of drops of carbohydrate and organic acid solutions during convective drying: Experiments and modeling

Drying kinetics of low molecular weight sugars such as fructose, glucose, sucrose and organic acid such as citric acid and high molecular weight carbohydrate such as maltodextrin (DE 6) were determined experimentally using single drop drying experiments as well as predicted numerically by solving the mass and heat transfer equations. The predicted moisture and temperature histories agreed with the experimental ones within 6% average relative (absolute) error and average difference of +/- 1degreesC, respectively. The stickiness histories of these drops were determined experimentally and predicted numerically based on the glass transition temperature (T-g) of surface layer. The model predicted the experimental observations with good accuracy. A nonsticky regime for these materials during spray drying is proposed by simulating a drop, initially 120 mum in diameter, in a spray drying environment.

Electrospun silk-elastin-like fiber mats for tissue engineering applications

Protein-based polymers are present in a wide variety of organisms fulfilling structural and mechanical roles. Advances in protein engineering and recombinant DNA technology allow the design and production of recombinant protein-based polymers (rPBPs) with an absolute control of its composition. Although the application of recombinant proteins as biomaterials is still an emerging technology, the possibilities are limitless and far superior to natural or synthetic materials, as the complexity of the structural design can be fully customized. In this work, we report the electrospinning of two new genetically engineered silk-elastin-like proteins (SELPs) consisting of alternate silk- and elastin-like blocks. Electrospinning was performed with formic acid and aqueous solutions at different concentrations without addition of further agents. The size and morphology of the electrospun structures was characterized by scanning electron microscopy showing to be dependent of concentration and solvent used. Treatment with air saturated with methanol was employed to stabilize the structure and promote water insolubility through a time-dependent conversion of random coils into β-sheets (FTIR). The resultant methanol-treated electrospun mats were characterized for swelling degree (570-720%), water vapour transmission rate (1083 g/m2/day) and mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity of ~126 MPa). Furthermore, the methanol-treated SELP fiber mats showed no cytotoxicity and were able to support adhesion and proliferation of normal human skin fibroblasts. Adhesion was characterized by a filopodia-mediated mechanism. These results demonstrate that SELP fiber mats can provide promising solutions for the development of novel biomaterials suitable for tissue engineering applications.

Information and Technology Implementation Issues in AAL Solutions

With the population ageing effect, the technological developments, and pressure to reduce the cost with healthcare, are reunited the conditions for the development of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) solutions. This work is a revision of the current state of the art. Its aim is the characterization of the AAL solutions, within the AAL4ALL scope. Therefore, it is presented features, scenarios and projects, referring the limitations and the opportunities for the future developments of prototypes using high level information and technology in AAL environments. Moreover, it is presented guidelines of operation, exposing the conceptual approach, and the discussion and conclusion, which present recommendations and current AAL4ALL project positions in terms of concepts and technologies.

Development of a library for clients of ONVIF video cameras: challenges and solutions

The interoperability of IP video equipment is a critical problem for surveillance systems and other video application developers. ONVIF is one of the two specifications addressing the standardization of networked devices interface, and it is based on SOAP. This paper addresses the development of an ONVIF library to develop clients of video cameras. We address the choice of a web services toolkit, and how to use the selected toolkit to develop a basic library. From that, we discuss the implementation of features that ...

Self-interacting scalar field cosmologies: unified exact solutions and symmetries

We investigate a mechanism that generates exact solutions of scalar field cosmologies in a unified way. The procedure investigated here permits to recover almost all known solutions, and allows one to derive new solutions as well. In particular, we derive and discuss one novel solution defined in terms of the Lambert function. The solutions are organised in a classification which depends on the choice of a generating function which we have denoted by x(phi) that reflects the underlying thermodynamics of the model. We also analyse and discuss the existence of form-invariance dualities between solutions. A general way of defining the latter in an appropriate fashion for scalar fields is put forward.

Reversible Photorheology in Solutions of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide, Salicylic Acid, and trans-2,4,4 '-Trihydroxychalcone

We show photorheology in aqueous solutions of weakly entangled wormlike micelles prepared with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), salicylic acid (HSal), and dilute amounts of the photochromic multistate compound trans-2,4,4'-trihydroxychalcone (Ct). Different chemical species of Ct are associated with different colorations and propensities to reside within or outside CTAB micelles. A light-induced transfer between the intra- and intermicellar space is used to alter the mean length of wormlike micelles and hence the rheological properties of the fluid, studied in steady-state shear Bow and in dynamic rheological measurements. Light-induced changes of fluid rheology are reversible by a the relaxation process. at relaxation rates which depend on pH and which are consistent with photochromic reversion rates measured by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. Parameterizing viscoelostic rheological states by their effective relaxation time tau(c) and corresponding response modulus G(c), we find the light and dark states of the system to fall onto a characteristic state curve defined by comparable experiments conducted without photosensitive components. These reference experiments were prepared with the same concentration of CTAB, but different concentrations of HSal or sodium salicylote (NaSal), and tested at different temperatures.

Solutions of second-order and fourth-order ODEs on the half-line

We start by studying the existence of positive solutions for the differential equation u '' = a(x)u - g(u), with u ''(0) = u(+infinity) = 0, where a is a positive function, and g is a power or a bounded function. In other words, we are concerned with even positive homoclinics of the differential equation. The main motivation is to check that some well-known results concerning the existence of homoclinics for the autonomous case (where a is constant) are also true for the non-autonomous equation. This also motivates us to study the analogous fourth-order boundary value problem {u((4)) - cu '' + a(x)u = vertical bar u vertical bar(p-1)u u'(0) = u'''(0) = 0, u(+infinity) = u'(+infinity) = 0 for which we also find nontrivial (and, in some instances, positive) solutions.

Positive Solutions of the Dirichlet Problem for the One-dimensional Minkowski-Curvature Equation

We discuss existence and multiplicity of positive solutions of the Dirichlet problem for the quasilinear ordinary differential equation-(u' / root 1 - u'(2))' = f(t, u). Depending on the behaviour of f = f(t, s) near s = 0, we prove the existence of either one, or two, or three, or infinitely many positive solutions. In general, the positivity of f is not required. All results are obtained by reduction to an equivalent non-singular problem to which variational or topological methods apply in a classical fashion.

Positive solutions of fourth order problems with clamped beam boundary conditions

n this paper we make an exhaustive study of the fourth order linear operator u((4)) + M u coupled with the clamped beam conditions u(0) = u(1) = u'(0) = u'(1) = 0. We obtain the exact values on the real parameter M for which this operator satisfies an anti-maximum principle. Such a property is equivalent to the fact that the related Green's function is nonnegative in [0, 1] x [0, 1]. When M < 0 we obtain the best estimate by means of the spectral theory and for M > 0 we attain the optimal value by studying the oscillation properties of the solutions of the homogeneous equation u((4)) + M u = 0. By using the method of lower and upper solutions we deduce the existence of solutions for nonlinear problems coupled with this boundary conditions. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ethical dilemmas in scientific publication: pitfalls and solutions for editors

Editors of scientific journals need to be conversant with the mechanisms by which scientific misconduct is amplified by publication practices. This paper provides definitions, ways to document the extent of the problem, and examples of editorial attempts to counter fraud. Fabrication, falsification, duplication, ghost authorship, gift authorship, lack of ethics approval, non-disclosure, 'salami' publication, conflicts of interest, auto-citation, duplicate submission, duplicate publications, and plagiarism are common problems. Editorial misconduct includes failure to observe due process, undue delay in reaching decisions and communicating these to authors, inappropriate review procedures, and confounding a journal's content with its advertising or promotional potential. Editors also can be admonished by their peers for failure to investigate suspected misconduct, failure to retract when indicated, and failure to abide voluntarily by the six main sources of relevant international guidelines on research, its reporting and editorial practice. Editors are in a good position to promulgate reasonable standards of practice, and can start by using consensus guidelines on publication ethics to state explicitly how their journals function. Reviewers, editors, authors and readers all then have a better chance to understand, and abide by, the rules of publishing.

Implementação e validação de um método de avaliação do perfil de ácidos gordos e do teor de gordura em alimentos por cromatografia gasosa

Nos dias de hoje é necessário criar hábitos de vida mais saudáveis que contribuam para o bem-estar da população. Adoptar medidas e práticas de modo regular e disciplinado, pode diminuir o risco do aparecimento de determinadas doenças, como a obesidade, as doenças cardiovasculares, a hipertensão, a diabetes, alguns tipos de cancro e tantas outras. É também importante salientar que, uma alimentação cuidada dá saúde e aumenta a esperança média de vida. Em Portugal, nos últimos anos, os costumes alimentares da população têm vindo a alterar-se significativamente. As refeições caseiras confeccionadas com produtos frescos dão lugar à designada “cultura do fast food”. Em contrapartida, os consumidores são cada vez mais exigentes, estando em permanente alerta no que se refere ao estado dos alimentos. A rotulagem de um produto, para além da função publicitária, tem vindo a ser objecto de legislação específica de forma a fornecer informação simples e clara, correspondente à composição, qualidade, quantidade, validade ou outras características do produto. Estas informações devem ser acessíveis a qualquer tipo de público, com mais ou menos formação e de qualquer estrato social. A qualidade e segurança dos produtos deve basear-se na garantia de que todos os ingredientes, materiais de embalagem e processos produtivos são adequados à produção de produtos seguros, saudáveis e saborosos. A Silliker Portugal, S.A. é uma empresa independente de prestação de serviços para o sector agro-alimentar, líder mundial na prestação de serviços para a melhoria da qualidade e segurança alimentar. A Silliker dedica-se a ajudar as empresas a encontrar soluções para os desafios actuais do sector, oferecendo uma ampla gama de serviços, onde se inclui o serviço de análises microbiológicas, químicas e sensorial; consultadoria em segurança alimentar e desenvolvimento; auditorias; rotulagem e legislação. A actualização permanente de procedimentos na procura de uma melhoria contínua é um dos objectivos da empresa. Para responder a um dos desafios colocados à Silliker, surgiu este trabalho, que consistiu no desenvolvimento de um novo método para determinação de ácidos gordos e da gordura total em diferentes tipos de alimentos e comparação dos resultados, com os obtidos com o método analítico até então adoptado. Se a gordura é um elemento de grande importância na alimentação, devido às suas propriedades nutricionais e organoléticas, recentemente, os investigadores têm focado a sua atenção nos mais diversos ácidos gordos (saturados, monoinsaturados e polinsaturados), em particular nos ácidos gordos essenciais e nos isómeros do ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA), uma mistura de isómeros posicionais e geométricos do ácido linoleico com actividade biológica importante. A técnica usada nas determinações foi a cromatografia gasosa com ionização de chama, GC-FID, tendo as amostras sido previamente tratadas e extraídas de acordo com o tipo de matriz. A metodologia analítica desenvolvida permitiu a correcta avaliação do perfil em ácidos gordos, tendo-se para isso usado uma mistura de 37 ésteres metílicos, em que o ácido gordo C13:0 foi usado como padrão interno. A identificação baseou-se nos tempos de retenção de cada ácido gordo da mistura e para a quantificação usaram-se os factores de resposta. A validação do método implementado foi baseada nos resultados obtidos no estudo de três matrizes relativas a materiais certificados pela BIPEA (Bureau Interprofessionnel des Etudes Analytiques), para o que foram efectuadas doze réplicas de cada matriz. Para cada réplica efectuada foi calculado o teor de matéria gorda, sendo posteriormente o resultado comparado com o emitido pela entidade certificada. Após análise de cada constituinte foi também possível calcular o teor em ácidos gordos saturados, monoinsaturados e polinsaturados. A determinação do perfil em ácidos gordos dos materiais certificados foi aceitável atendendo aos valores obtidos, os quais se encontravam no intervalo de valores admissíveis indicados nos relatórios. A quantificação da matéria gorda no que se refere à matriz de “Paté à Tartinier” apresentou um z-score de 4,3, o que de acordo com as exigências internas da Silliker, não é válido. Para as outras duas matrizes (“Mélange Nutritif” e “Plat cuisiné à base de viande”) os valores de z-score foram, respectivamente, 0,7 e -1,0, o que permite concluir a validade do método. Para que o método possa vir a ser adoptado como método alternativo é necessário um estudo mais alargado relativamente a amostras com diferentes composições. O método foi aplicado na análise de amostras de fiambre, leite gordo, queijo, ovo com ómega 3, amendoim e óleo de girassol, e os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos pelo método até então adoptado.

Oxidative Leaching of metals from electronic waste with solutions based on quaternary ammonium salts

The treatment of electric and electronic waste (WEEE) is a problem which receives ever more attention. An inadequate treatment results in harmful products ending up in the environment. This project intends to investigate the possibilities of an alternative route for recycling of metals from printed circuit boards (PCBs) obtained from rejected computers. The process is based on aqueous solutions composed of an etchant, either 0.2 M CuCl2.2H2O or 0.2 M FeCl3.6H2O, and a quaternary ammonium salt (quat) such as choline chloride or chlormequat. These solutions are reminiscent of deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on quats. DES are quite similar to ionic liquids (ILs) and are used as well as alternative solvents with a great diversity of physical properties, making them attractive for replacement of hazardous, volatile solvents (e.g. VOCs). A remarkable difference between genuine DES and ILs with the solutions used in this project is the addition of rather large quantities of water. It is shown the presence of water has a lot of advantages on the leaching of metals, while the properties typical for DES still remain. The oxidizing capacities of Cu(II) stem from the existence of a stable Cu(I) component in quat based DES and thus the leaching stems from the activity of the Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox couple. The advantage of Fe(III) in combination with DES is the fact that the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple becomes reversible, which is not true in pure water. This opens perspectives for regeneration of the etching solution. In this project the leaching of copper was studied as a function of gradual increasing water content from 0 - 100w% with the same concentration of copper chloride or iron(III) chloride at room temperature and 80ºC. The solutions were also tested on real PCBs. At room temperature a maximum leaching effect for copper was obtained with 30w% choline chloride with 0.2 M CuCl2.2H2O. The leaching effect is still stronger at 80°C, b ut of course these solutions are more energy consuming. For aluminium, tin, zinc and lead, the leaching was faster at 80ºC. Iron and nickel dissolved easily at room temperature. The solutions were not able to dissolve gold, silver, rhodium and platinum.

Removal of Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions by brown marine macro algae: kinetic modelling

Specific marine macro algae species abundant at the Portuguese coast (Laminaria hyperborea, Bifurcaria bifurcata, Sargassum muticum and Fucus spiralis) were shown to be effective for removing toxic metals (Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II)) from aqueous solutions. The initial metal concentrations in solution were about 75–100 mg L−1. The observed biosorption capacities for cadmium, zinc and lead ions were in the ranges of 23.9–39.5, 18.6–32.0 and 32.3–50.4 mg g−1, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that the metal uptake rate was rather fast, with 75% of the total amount occurring in the first 10 min for all algal species. Experimental data were well fitted by a pseudo-second order rate equation. The contribution of internal diffusion mechanism was significant only to the initial biosorption stage. Results indicate that all the studied macro algae species can provide an efficient and cost-effective technology for eliminating heavy metals from industrial effluents.