Evidence of hook competition in longline surveys

Catch rates from surveys are used as indices of abundance for many fish species. Relative abundance estimates from surveys with longline gear do not usually account for possible effects of gear saturation, which potentially creates competition among fish for baited hooks and misrepresentations of abundance trends. We examined correlations between catch rates of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) and giant grenadier (Albatrossia pectoralis) and between sablefish and shortraker (Sebastes borealis) and rougheye rockfish (Sebastes aleutianus) from 25 years of longline surveys in Alaska waters for evidence of competition for hooks. Sablefish catch rates were negatively correlated with giant grenadier catch rates in all management areas in Alaskan waters, and sablefish and rockfish were negatively correlated in five of the six areas, indicating that there is likely competition for hooks during longline surveys. Comparative analyses were done for trawl survey catch rates, and no negative correlations were observed, indicating that the negative correlations on the longline surveys are not due to differing habitat preferences or direct competition. Available adjustments for gear saturation may be biased if the probability of capture does not decrease linearly with baited hooks. A better understanding of each fish species’ catch probabilities on longline gear are needed before adjustments for hook competition can be made.

No evidence of bias from fish behavior in the selectivity of size and sex of the protogynous red porgy (Pagrus pagrus, Sparidae) by hook-and-line gear

Most fisheries select the size of fish to be caught (are size selective), and many factors, including gear, market demands, species distributions, fishery laws, and the behavior of both fishermen and fish, can contribute to that selectivity. Most fishing gear is size-selective and some, such as gill nets, are more so than others. The targeting behavior of fishermen is another key reason commercial and recreational fisheries tend to be size-selective. The more successful fishermen constantly seek areas and methods that yield larger or more profitable sizes of fish. Fishery regulations, especially size limits, produce size-selective harvests. Another factor with the potential to cause selectivity in a hook-and-line fishery is the different behavioral responses of fish to the bait or lure, whether the different responses arise among different fish sizes or between the sexes.

A comparison of monofilament gillnet and small hook longline selectivity in a multispecies artisanal fishery in the Algarve, southern Portugal

As part of the ongoing studies concerned with the small-scale fisheries of the South of Portugal, experimental fishing was carried out with monofilament gillnets and small hook longlines within the same area. Sixty-two species were caught, of which 20 were common to both gears. Pronounced differences in terms of the relative importance of different species in the catches were observed. Size selection patterns also differed, with highly overlapped hook catch distributions and few species showing evidence for size selectivity. In contrast, strong selectivity was characteristic of species which tend to be wedged in gillnets. Whereas smaller stretched mesh sizes (particularly 40 and 50 mm) caught significant numbers of illegal sized fish, this was mininmal in the longlines. Some implications for management are discussed.

Using ReefBase to create customized maps

One of the most popular sections of the ReefBase website is the online GIS that enables users to create an almost unlimited range of maps showing a wide variety of features. A new version of the GIS, offering an even larger array of facilities and data layers, is online as of early September. In this article, we will provide an introduction to the ReefBase GIS and also highlight some of the powerful but lesser used features of the system.

Mortality of Lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus, Related to Capture by Hook and Line

Lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus, were captured by hook and line (sport rod and reel gear and commercial troll gear) at two coastal California locations and held in aquaria for periods of up to 32 days for evaluation of capture-related mortality. Three of 69 lingcod captured with rod and reel gear died of capture-related injuries (4.3% mortality; 95% confidence interval 0–9.3%). None of 15 lingcod captured with troll gear died of capture-related injuries. Due to the low overall mortality rate, there were no discernable trends in mortality with respect to sex, length, depth of capture, and terminal tackle (bait vs. lure). Of 38 fish with visible hooking wounds, 26 showed evidence of wound healing during the holding period.

Palinotaxonomia de representantes das tribos Coussareeae. Benth. Hook. F. e Psychotrieae Cham. & Schtdl (Rubiaceae Juss.) ocorrentes no Sudeste do Brasil

Rubiaceae Juss. é a quarta família em número de espécies entre as Angiospermas no Mundo e no Neotrópico, apresentando grande diversidade de espécies com representantes na maioria dos biomas. No Brasil são registrados 124 gêneros e 1.395 espécies sendo considerada uma das principais famílias da flora brasileira. O presente trabalho trata do estudo palinológico de 61 espécies da família Rubiaceae subordinadas às tribos Coussareeae Benth. & Hook.f e Psychotrieae Cham. & Schltdl. ocorrentes no Sudeste do Brasil, com a finalidade de descrever a morfologia polínica e estabelecer atributos polínicos úteis à taxonomia do grupo. O material botânico utilizado foi obtido de exsicatas depositadas nos herbários nacionais (BHCB, GUA, HB, R, RB e SP). Os grãos de pólen foram tratados pelo método acetolítico e ou pelo método de acetólise láctica, sendo posteriormente mensurados, descritos e fotomicrografados em microscopia de luz. Para análise em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV), as anteras foram rompidas e os grãos de pólen, não acetolisados, espalhados sobre uma fita de carbono. Foram caracterizados quanto à forma, ao tamanho, ao tipo de abertura, à polaridade e à ornamentação da sexina. Os grãos de pólen das espécies estudadas variaram de médios a grandes, apolares ou isopolares, oblato-esferoidais a subprolatos; em relação à abertura foram encontrados grãos de pólen inaperturados, quando encontrada, apresentaram colpos, cólporos ou poros e o número de aberturas variou de 2-3-4 a aperturados a pantoaperturados. A ornamentação da sexina variou entre rugulada, microrreticulada e reticulada. Coussareeae se caracterizou por apresentar grãos de pólen tricolporados ou 2-3-4-porados, enquanto Psychotrieae, inaperturados, 3-4-colpados ou pantoporados. Pelos resultados obtidos pode-se constatar que as características polínicas são importantes para a identificação das espécies e circunscrição genérica, sendo a família considerada euripolínica, A palinologia é, portanto, um forte caráter taxonômico, uma vez que as tribos, os gêneros e as espécies são distintas palinologicamente