OKKASIONALISMEN: Eine Analyse anhand ausgewählter Beispiele aus einer Wochenzeitung

Muchos lingüistas ya han estudiado los ocasionalismos en la lengua alemana por su interés lingüístico, pero lo han hecho en general y solo muy pocos los han tratado observando su contexto. Por lo tanto, este trabajo analiza con qué frecuencia se hallanocasionalismos en una edición específica del periódico semanal DIE ZEIT, qué tipos de ocasionalismos hay y cómo el lector puede descifrarlos con o sin la ayuda del contexto. Para ello, he sintetizado los conocimientos básicos necesarios sobre laformación de las palabras en alemán, poniendo el énfasis en la formación de palabras nuevas, como son los ocasionalismos. De esta manera, he podido clasificar los ocasionalismos en los tres clases principales de la formación de palabras en alemán y, asimismo, analizarlos en su contexto. El resultado son 234 ocasionalismosencontrados, un 88 % de palabras compuestas, un 7 % de derivaciones y un 5 % de conversiones. Mediante estos ejemplos, he estudiado cómo el lector puede llegar a entenderlos sin tener previo conocimiento de ellos y prescindiendo del contexto; y laconclusión es que lo consigue a través de analogías con palabras conocidas y descomponiendo la nueva palabra en sus elementos constituyentes directos; sin embargo, el contexto sigue siendo imprescindible.

Enraizamento de corticeira-da-serra em função do tipo de estaca e variações sazonais

Erythrina falcata Benth. tem sido usada na recuperação de ecossistemas degradados, como planta ornamental e em sistemas agroflorestais. Entretanto, a produção de mudas por sementes é difícil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a propagação vegetativa de E. falcata utilizando estacas caulinares provenientes de árvores adultas (estacas herbáceas, semilenhosas e de rebrota) e mudas, coletadas em quatro épocas do ano e o efeito do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas dessa espécie. Depois de preparadas, as estacas foram imersas em ácido indolbutírico (AIB, 0, 1,5 e 3 g L-1). O material se desenvolveu em tubetes de plástico (55 mL), em casa de vegetação climatizada, a uma temperatura de 25 a 30ºC e umidade relativa do ar acima de 80%, em substrato de vermiculita granulometria média. Maior porcentagem de enraizamento (73%), comprimento das quatro maiores raízes (46 mm) e número de raízes (6,2) foram obtidos em estacas de mudas coletadas no verão. Não houve enraizamento em estacas semilenhosas, provenientes de árvores adultas. A imersão das estacas em AIB não exerceu qualquer influência no enraizamento. As estacas de mudas coletadas no verão são as de melhor propagação vegetativa em virtude de melhor porcentagem de enraizamento e sobrevivência.

Genetic diversity of Brazilian triticales evaluated with genomic wheat microsatellites

The objective of this work was to determine the genetic variability available for triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) crop improvement in Brazil. Forty-two wheat genomic microsatellites were used to estimate the molecular diversity of 54 genotypes, which constitute the base of one of the major triticale breeding programs in the country. Average heterozygosity was 0.06 and average and effective number of alleles per locus were 2.13 and 1.61, respectively, with average allelic frequency of 0.34. The set of genomic wheat microsatellites used clustered the genotypes into seven groups, even when the germplasm was originated primarily from only two triticale breeding programs, a fact reflected on the average polymorphic information content value estimated for the germplasm (0.36). The 71.42% transferability achieved for the tested microsatellites indicates the possibility of exploiting these transferable markers in further triticale genetic and breeding studies, even those mapped on the D genome of wheat, when analyzing hexaploid triticales.

Youths carrying a weapon or using a weapon in a fight: what makes the difference?

The objective of this study was to characterize weapon-carrying adolescents and to assess whether weapon carriers differ from weapon users. Data were drawn from a cross-sectional school-based survey of 7548 adolescents aged 16-20 years in Switzerland. Youths carrying a weapon were compared with those who do not. Subsequently, weapon carriers were divided into those who had used it in a fight and those who had not. Individual, family, school and social factors were analyzed using bivariate and stepwise multivariate analysis. For both genders, delinquent behavior and being victim of physical violence were associated with weapon carrying. For males, quarreling while intoxicated, being an apprentice, being sensation seekers, having a tattoo, having a poor relationship with parents and practicing unsafe sex were also related to weapon carrying. Compared with weapon carriers, female weapon users were more likely to be regular smokers. Male weapon users were foreign born, urban and apprentices; had poor school connectedness; practiced unsafe sex and quarreled while intoxicated. Carrying a weapon is a relatively frequent behavior among youths in Switzerland and a sizeable proportion of weapon carriers have used it in a fight. Weapon carrying should be part of the clinical assessment and preventive counseling of adolescents. Preventive programs specific for at-risk youth groups need to be developed.

Cannabis and tobacco co-consumptions: can cannabis consumers quit cigarette smoking?

Purpose: To assess the relation between cannabis and tobacco consumption among adolescents in Switzerland and whether cannabis and tobacco co-users can quit cigarette smoking. Methods: Based on individual interviews and focus groups, 22 youths aged 15-20 discussed cannabis consumption behaviours. Twenty (14 males) were cannabis consumers - of which 18 also smoked tobacco and 2 quit tobacco smoking - and 2 were former cannabis consumers (both females and daily smokers). Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Atlas.ti qualitative analysis software. Results: Among the co-consumers, 9 started with tobacco, 7 with cannabis, and 2 with both. The main consumption mode among all cannabis consumers is joints, while other ways of consuming such as food preparations and water pipes are rare and experimental. Joints always mix cannabis with tobacco for 3 reasons: to burn correctly, pure cannabis is too strong, and smoking cannabis alone is too expensive. Two cannabis consumers - one former tobacco smoker and one occasional tobacco smoker - consider rolling tobacco less addictive than cigarette tobacco alone, and hence use it in their joints. Overall cannabis is considered 'natural' and less harmful to health than tobacco. Thus, many users describe their wish, in the longer term, to quit tobacco consumption without excluding occasional cannabis consumption. Nonetheless, all coconsumers declare that they smoke cigarettes as a substitute for cannabis: For example, "If I don't have a joint, I need fags; if I don't have fags, I need joints; and if I don't have anything, I go crazy!" or "About 20 minutes after smoking a joint we feel like smoking something again, because in the joint there is pure tobacco without a filter as in cigarettes, and that creates a crazy dependency!". Finally, all co-consumers state that the consumption of one of the substances increases when trying to diminish the other: "A few months ago I stopped smoking joints for a month. Well I was smoking more than a pack [of cigarettes] a day." Similarly, the 2 former cannabis consumers increased their cigarette use since quitting cannabis. Conclusions: The majority of cannabis users co-consume tobacco as a way of compensating for one substance or the other. Using tobacco within joints implies that there is a risk that even occasional joints can revive nicotine addiction. Consequently, health professionals wishing to help adolescents in substance use cessation and prevention efforts should consider both substances in a global perspective. Sources of Support: Dept. of Public Health of the canton of Vaud.

Crescimento e produção de fitomassa de variedades de milho em diferentes manejos da capoeira

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a produção de fitomassa de três variedades de milho submetidas a diferentes manejos da capoeira, em sistema de corte e trituração, em Marapanim, nordeste do Pará, no período da seca. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com 18 tratamentos e quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por três manejos da capoeira: natural, enriquecida com ingá (Inga edulis) e tachi-branco (Sclerolobium paniculatum) e enriquecida com ingá e tachi-branco com adubação fosfatada. Foram introduzidas três variedades de milho (BRS Sol da Manhã, BRS 4154 Saracura e BR 106), distribuídas em subparcelas com ou sem adubação complementar (NPK). Foram avaliadas as variáveis: altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, massa de matéria úmida e seca e estande. Os manejos com capoeira enriquecida e capoeira enriquecida com adubação fosfatada influenciaram positivamente a altura das plantas, o diâmetro do colmo e a produção de fitomassa; a adubação complementar potencializou o efeito dos manejos para estas variáveis.

Adding tobacco to cannabis: its frequency and likely implications.

INTRODUCTION: Young cannabis users are at increased risk of later cigarette initiation and progression to nicotine addiction. The present study addresses the frequency at which mulling (adding tobacco to cannabis smoked as joints) is performed and in which way this practice varies according to cigarette smoking status. METHODS: Data were issued from the Swiss 2007 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD). A total of 881 past month cannabis users (mean age 15 years, boys 60.1%) were inquired on mulling using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. Participants were further grouped according to their cigarette smoking status (daily, occasional, former, and never-smokers). RESULTS: Four of every 5 cannabis users depicted mulling as frequently performed. The highest occurrence was found among daily cigarette smokers (DSC; 90.3%), while former cigarette smokers reported the lowest (58.9%). The multinomial logistic regression showed DSC more likely reporting mulling as frequent compared with never-smokers (risk ratio = 3.56 [95% CI 1.55-8.21]). Conclusions: Mulling appears to be a very common process among young cannabis users, especially among concomitant cigarette smokers. Nevertheless, the majority of cigarette abstainers also reported frequently adding tobacco to the cannabis they smoke. Because it may represent a significant exposition to nicotine, mulling should be taken into account when assessing substance use among adolescents and in supporting their quitting attempts.

Toxicity of organic farming‑compatible products to the coffee leaf miner

The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of organic farming‑compatible products to the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella. Lime sulphur, enriched Bordeaux mixture (Viça Café Plus), and the "supermagro" biofertilizer were first tested in laboratory. The most promising product was tested afterwards under field conditions. In laboratory, different concentrations of each product were applied on L. coffeella eggs and on infested coffee‑mined leaves. Only lime sulphur had ovicidal effects at an acceptable concentration (1.6%) for field applications, but no significant effect on larvae mortality was found. Enriched Bordeaux mixture and the "supermagro" biofertilizer had no effect on L. coffeella eggs and larvae. In the field trial, biweekly or monthly sprayings of lime sulphur at different concentrations caused population decrease after 30 days; however, this effect was not significant after 60 or 90 days.