Kalsinointinopeuden määritys benchscale-testilaitteistolla

Tässä työssä vertailtiin kolmen kalkkilaadun kalsinoitumisnopeutta ja kalsinoinnin aikana vapautuvan hiilidioksidin määrän vaihteluja. Työn kirjallisuusosa käsittelee kalsiumkarbonaatin ominaisuuksia ja käyttökohteita teollisuuden näkökulmasta sekä esitte-lee kalkin reaktioista kalsinoinnin, karbonoinnin ja sulfatoinnin. Työn kokeellisessa osassa tutkittiin BenchScale-laitteistolla kolmen kalkkilaadun kalsinoitumista vakioilmakehässä. Kokeissa tehtiin kolme rinnakkaista mittausta kolmella näytekoolla. Lisäksi kalsinoinnin vaikutusta partikkelikokojakaumaan ja partikkelimuo-toihin vertailtiin määrittämällä yhdelle kalkkilaadulle partikkelikokojakaumat ennen kalsinointia ja kalsinoinnin jälkeen. Kokeiden avulla saatiin selville, että mitä suurempi näytteen kalsiumkarbonaattipitoisuus on, sitä kauemmin kalsinoituminen kestää. Myös näytekoon suurentaminen kasvatti kalsinoitumiseen kulunutta aikaa.

Indigofera L. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

RESUMO - (Indigofera L. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) no estado de São Paulo, Brasil). Em um levantamento realizado no estado de São Paulo, com exsicatas de vários herbários e material coletado no campo, foram encontradas nove espécies de Indigofera L.: I. asperifolia Bong. ex Benth., I. bongardiana (Kuntze) Burk var. bongardiana, I. guaranitica Hassl., I. hirsuta L., I. lespedezioides Kunth, I. spicata Forssk., I. suffruticosa Mill. subsp. suffruticosa, I. trita subsp. scabra (Roth) De Kort & Thijsse e I. truxillensis Kunth. Quatro destas espécies são citadas pela primeira vez para o estado, sendo que duas, I. spicata e I. trita subsp. scabra, são também novas ocorrências para o Brasil. Além de uma chave para a identificação dos taxa, são fornecidas descrições e ilustrações dos mesmos.

Estrutura sinusial dos componentes herbáceo e arbustivo de uma floresta costeira subtropical

As sinúsias herbáceas e arbustivas são componentes de comunidades florestais pouco pesquisados nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Neste trabalho foram estudadas a composição florística e a estrutura fitossociológica destas sinúsias em uma floresta arenosa (restinga) da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os dados fitossociológicos foram obtidos em 30 parcelas de 2 x 2 m. Em cada parcela anotou-se a presença e a altura máxima das espécies herbáceas e arbutivas, e a cobertura foi estimada pela escala de Causton. A composição florística total da área compreende 61 espécies, 52 gêneros e 33 famílias. As famílias que apresentaram mais de duas espécies foram: Poaceae, Commelinaceae, Orchidaceae, Piperaceae, Rubiaceae e Asteraceae. As formas de vida hemicriptófita e caméfita foram as mais representativas. A amostragem fitossociológica resultou em 26 espécies herbáceas e 10 arbustivas, pertencentes a 31 gêneros e 24 famílias. As espécies mais importantes foram Carex sellowiana Schlecht., Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv., Spathicarpa hastifolia Hook. (herbáceas), Pavonia sepium St.-Hil. e Justicia brasiliana Roth (arbustos). A diversidade e eqüidade específica, segundo os índices de Shannon (H') e Pielou (J) estimados pela freqüência, foram 2,98 e 0,84, respectivamente.

Temporal dynamics of two species of Chaetophoraceae (Chlorophyta) in tropical streams of São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil

Temporal dynamics of the chaetophoracean green algae Chaetophora elegans (Roth) C.A. Agardh and Stigeoclonium amoenum Kützing populations was investigated biweekly during late autumn trhough early spring (April to October) in two tropical streams from northwestern São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Abundances of one population of each species was evaluated by the quadrat technique in terms of percent cover and frequency. The fluctuations were related to the following stream variables: temperature, turbidity, specific conductance, pH, oxygen saturation, depth, substratum type, current velocity, irradiance and nutrients. Percent cover and frequency of C. elegans had lower values throughout the study period and was positively correlated to rainfall. Other correlations (i.e. positive of percent cover with depth and current velocity and negative with irradiance) were consistently found, reinforcing the strong influence of rainfall. On the other hand, percent cover and frequency of S. amoenum had higher values, with maximum growth from June to September. Percent cover was negatively correlated to rainfall. Results suggest the precipitation regime as the most important driving force to temporal changes in both populations, but playing different roles in each one. The gelatinous thallus of C. elegans seem to be favored by the increment of current velocity, since higher flows can improve the nutrient uptake by means of reduction in diffusion shell without promoting excessive drag force. In contrast, tufts of S. amoenum are, presumably, more exposed to drag force, and, consequently, more susceptible to mechanical damage effects due to higher current velocities.

Cianobactérias marinhas bentônicas de ilhas costeiras do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

O grupo das cianobactérias marinhas bentônicas vem sendo freqüentemente excluído dos levantamentos taxonômicos da costa brasileira, com exceção de alguns trabalhos para o litoral paulista. Para o ambiente de ilhas, apenas é conhecido um trabalho para a Ilha do Cardoso. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo consiste em ampliar o conhecimento da riqueza das cianobactérias marinhas bentônicas de ilhas do litoral paulista. Os resultados obtidos mostram a ocorrência de 24 espécies de cianobactérias em ilhas do litoral paulista. A ordem Oscillatoriales foi representada por 12 espécies (50%), Nostocales por 6 espécies (25%) e Chrooccoccales por seis espécies (25%). Entre as espécies identificadas, quatro são novas ocorrências para o litoral Atlântico sul: Cyanodermatium gonzaliensis H. Leon-Tejera et al., Xenococcus pallidus (Hansg.) Komárek & Anagn., Microchaete aeruginea Batters and Hydrocoryne spongiosa Bornet & Flahault e uma nova referência para o litoral brasileiro: Rivularia atra Roth. Atualizações nomenclaturais foram adotadas de acordo com o sistema de classificação mais atual de Komarek & Agnostidis.

Os gêneros Chaetomorpha Kütz. nom. cons. e Rhizoclonium Kütz. (Chlorophyta) do litoral do Estado da Bahia, Brasil

O presente trabalho refere-se ao estudo taxonômico dos gêneros Chaetomorpha e Rhizoclonium ocorrentes no litoral da Bahia. As espécies foram delimitadas com base no hábito, presença ou ausência de rizóides laterais, tipo de célula basal, forma e dimensões celulares. A presença de inclusões cristalinas nas células também foi verificada. Foram identificadas nove espécies, sete para o gênero Chaetomorpha (C. aerea (Dillwyn) Kütz., C. antennina (Bory) Kütz., C. brachygona Harv., C. clavata Kütz., C. crassa (C. Agardh) Kütz., C. minima Collins & Herv. e C. nodosa Kütz.) e duas para o gênero Rhizoclonium (R. africanum Kütz. and R. riparium (Roth) Kütz. ex Harv.). Chaetomorpha crassa, C. minima e C. nodosa são novas adições para o litoral nordeste do Brasil e C. aerea, C. clavata e R. africanum são adições para o litoral da Bahia. Três tipos de cristais foram encontrados: 1. cristais de sílica, em forma de finas agulhas agrupadas, presentes em C. aerea, C. antennina, C. brachygona, C. clavata e C. crassa; 2. cristais de oxalato de cálcio, em forma de octaedros, encontrados em C. antennina e C. clavata e, 3. cristais de carbonato de cálcio, em forma de cones formando agregados globosos, observados em C. clavata. Talos férteis de C. antennina, C. clavata, C. nodosa, R. africanum e R. riparium são ilustrados pela primeira vez para o Brasil. Descrições detalhadas das estruturas vegetativas e reprodutivas das espécies e comparações com táxons afins são apresentadas.

Townes-Brocks syndrome or hemifacial microsomia-VACTERL phenotype?

We report a male with imperforate anus, pedunculated triphalangeal thumbs, hemifacial microsomia, microtia, preauricular tags and cardiac anomalies. This is the first individual with Townes-Brocks syndrome to have hydrocephalus.

Mare Baikal cum partibus fluviorum Lenae, Argun Selengae et Angarae ac circumjacentibus territoriis

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskiöldin kokoelmaan

Pars territorii Mangaseiensis et Jakutensis : Ostiaque fluviorum Jenissae et Lenae

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskiöldin kokoelmaan

Fever induction pathways: evidence from responses to systemic or local cytokine formation

The immune and central nervous systems are functionally connected and interacting. The concept that the immune signaling to the brain which induces fever during infection and inflammation is mediated by circulating cytokines has been traditionally accepted. Administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the appearance of a so-termed "cytokine cascade" in the circulation more or less concomitantly to the developing febrile response. Also, LPS-like fever can be induced by systemic administration of key cytokines (IL-1ß, TNF-alpha, and others). However, anti-cytokine strategies against IL-1ß or TNF-alpha along with systemic injections of LPS frequently lead to attenuation of the later stages of the febrile response but not of the initial phase of fever, indicating that cytokines are rather involved in the maintenance than in the early induction of fever. Within the last years experimental evidence has accumulated indicating the existence of neural transport pathways of immune signals to the brain. Because subdiaphragmatic vagotomy prevents or attenuates fever in response to intraperitoneal or intravenous injections of LPS, a role for vagal afferent nerve fibers in fever induction has been proposed. Also other sensory nerves may participate in the manifestation of febrile responses under certain experimental conditions. Thus, injection of a small dose of LPS into an artificial subcutaneous chamber results in fever and formation of cytokines within the inflamed tissue around the site of injection. This febrile response can be blocked in part by injection of a local anesthetic into the subcutaneous chamber, indicating a participation of cutaneous afferent nerve signals in the manifestation of fever in this model. In conclusion, humoral signals and an inflammatory stimulation of afferent sensory nerves can participate in the generation and maintenance of a febrile response.

Julkisen arvostuksen huutokaupat : Suomen 800 MHz taajuushuutokauppa

Taajuuksien toimiva käyttö on tärkeää yhteiskunnan näkökulmasta, koska monet työelämän elementit ovat riippuvaisia taajuuksia hyödyntävästä teknologiasta. Viestimien tarve kasvaa jatkuvasti, mikä toimii myös monen innovaation lähtökohtana. Yhteiskunnan näkökulmasta on tärkeää allokoida käyttöoikeudet, niin että allokaatio tukee teknologian kehitystä ja yhteiskunnan hyvinvointia pitkällä tähtäimellä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tutkia, mitkä tekijät ovat tärkeitä onnistuneen taajuushuutokaupan suunnittelussa, ja miten ne ilmenevät sovelluksessa. Taajuushuutokaupassa haasteellisuutta lisäävät erityisesti vaadittu ymmärrys kaupan taustalla vaikuttavista tekijöistä ja näitä tukevan huutokauppamallin valinta. Kilpailuolosuhteiden ymmärtäminen ja alan toimijoiden riittävä tunteminen ovat olleet kriittisiä onnistuneen huutokaupan kannalta. Julkisen arvostuksen huutokaupassa tehokkuutta vähentävät samat kilpailupoliittiset tekijät kuin yksityisen arvostuksenkin huutokaupassa. Erityisesti tarjoajien eriarvoisuus, osallistumisen estyminen ja epärehellinen yhteistyö voivat johtaa siihen, että kohde ei päädy sitä korkeimmin arvostavalle. Koska lainsäädäntö ei yksinään voi taata tehokkuuden toteutumista julkisen arvostuksen huutokaupassa, huutokaupan suunnittelulla on erityinen painoarvo. Hyvin suunnitellun huutokaupan kriteereiksi tunnistettiin oikean mallin valinta ja sitä tukevien sääntöjen suunnittelu sekä markkinoiden riittävä ymmärrys. Olennaiseksi suunnittelussa todettiin tehokkuuden painotus kaupan tavoitteissa, riippumattomuus suunnittelussa sekä tehokkaan kilpailun edistäminen.

The neurobiology of infant maternal odor learning

Infant rats must learn to identify their mother’s diet-dependent odor. Once learned, maternal odor controls pups’ approach to the mother, their social behavior and nipple attachment. Here we present a review of the research from four different laboratories, which suggests that neural and behavioral responses to the natural maternal odor and neonatal learned odors are similar. Together, these data indicate that pups have a unique learning circuit relying on the olfactory bulb for neural plasticity and on the hyperfunctioning noradrenergic locus coeruleus flooding the olfactory bulb with norepinephrine to support the neural changes. Another important factor making this system unique is the inability of the amygdala to become incorporated into the infant learning circuit. Thus, infant rats appear to be primed in early life to learn odors that will evoke approach responses supporting attachment to the caregiver.

Acute effects of resistance exercise and intermittent intense aerobic exercise on blood cell count and oxidative stress in trained middle-aged women

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of an intermittent intense aerobic exercise session and a resistance exercise session on blood cell counts and oxidative stress parameters in middle-aged women. Thirty-four women were selected and divided into three groups: RE group (performing 60 min of resistance exercises, N = 12), spinning group (performing 60 min of spinning, N = 12), and control group (not exercising regularly, N = 10). In both exercise groups, lymphocytes and monocytes decreased after 1-h recuperation (post-exercise) compared to immediately after exercise (P < 0.05). Immediately after exercise, in both exercised groups, a significant increase in TBARS (from 16.5 ± 2 to 25 ± 2 for the spinning group and from 18.6 ± 1 to 28.2 ± 3 nmol MDA/mL serum for the RE group) and protein carbonyl (from 1.0 ± 0.3 to 1.6 ± 0.2 for the spinning group and from 0.9 ± 0.2 to 1.5 ± 0.2 nmol/mg protein for the RE group) was observed (P < 0.05). A decrease in antioxidant activities (non-protein sulfhydryl, superoxide dismutase, catalase) was also demonstrated with a negative correlation between damage markers and antioxidant body defenses (P < 0.05). These results indicate that an acute bout of intermittent or anaerobic exercise induces immune suppression and increases the production of reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative stress in middle-aged and trained women. Furthermore, we demonstrated that trained women show improved antioxidant capacity and lower oxidative damage than sedentary ones, demonstrating the benefits of chronic regular physical activity.

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