984 resultados para Química ambiental - Teses - Jaboticabal (SP)
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The guava tree pest that has been requesting larger control frequency, in the area of Jaboticabal - São Paulo in the last years, is the psilideo Triozoida limbata. Thus, the objectives of this research were: a) Compare control tactics T. limbata based on monitoring and selectivity of insecticide to decrease the applications; b) To register and to correlate the natural enemies in habitants in guava tree ecosystem with the key pest and with meteorological factors; c) See if the control of T. limbata affects the population of fruit flies and d) To verify the efficiency of appropriate insecticides to IMP, in control of T. limbata. The experiment was conducted in 2004, in an orchard of Paluma cultivar in Vista Alegre do Alto, SP. The used strategies were (doses in g.a.i./100L water): control; imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin (2.5 + 0.3); acetamiprid (4.0); fenpropathrin (15.0) and regional conventional treatment. It was concluding that is possible to reduce the number of applications of less aggressive insecticides to the environment and the man, with the adoption of monitoring of T. limbata and implementing the action level. The natural enemies' populations densities (Scymnus spp., Cycloneda sanguinea, Azia luteipes, Crysoperla spp., Polybia spp., Brachygastra ssp.) present positive correlations with the populations of T. limbata. Population fluctuations of T. limbata and natural enemies are not altered by meteorological factors (precipitation and temperature) in irrigated orchard. The population of Anastrepha spp. is minimized when of the applications is for control T. limbata. The insecticides imidacloprid, imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin, acetamiprid and fenpropathrin are efficient in the control of T. limbata.
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The great importance of cockroaches as household pest have been on their ability to spread microorganisms harmful to humans and animals. Rest during the day in dark, humid and hot as sewerage. At night go into stores and kitchens or places to deposit and manipulation of food as bakeries, restaurants, hospitals and homes wich requires clinig operations. This work aimed to evaluate mortality of B. germanica ( L., 1767) ( Blattodea: Blattellidae) under different periods and exposure area treated by insecticides in laboratory. The tests were carried out at Department of Fitossanidade at UNESP, Campus of Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. The insecticides were applied by Potter's tower sprayer on Petri dishes. Three times of exposure (2, 8 and 32 min) and four exposure areas ( 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and volume of 0,5 ml for the second experiment were tested. It was used the insecticides Pyrethroids gammacyalothrine, deltamethrine, lambdacialothrine, alfacipermethrine, cipermethrine and carbamates bendiocarb, in the dosages recommended by the manufacturers, and I was used control without application. Five adult cockroaches was confined in the dishes for both experiments. The mortality evaluation was done 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after of the confinement on the treated surface. It was concluded that for exposure duration experiment all the insecticides have a good efficiency. The exposure area experiment the insecticide cipermethrine was what the one which had the higher mortality. Regarding to the effect of exposure duration on the accumulated mortality every duration times had a high mortality. In relation to the exposure area the highest mortality reached to 100% of treated area.
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In the period of 2001/2002 a population of Meloidogyne javanica was found infecting a soybean cultivar 'CD 208" considered resistant in a field located in the County of Nuporanga, state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. Due to this fact, it was evaluated the resistance of some of the main cultivars used in areas of the Cooperativa dos Agricultores, in Orlandia (CAROL), SP. The study was carried out in greenhouse conditions of the Departamento de Fitossanidade (Plant Protection) da UNESP/FCAV, Campus of Jaboticabal, SP, in clay pots of 5 liters. Five individual plants of the cultivars BRS 133, BRS 183, BRSMG 68, BRSMG Garantia, CD 201, MG/BR-46 Conquista, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) 48, IAC 22, M-SOY 7901, M-SOY 8001 and M-SOY 8400 were inoculated with 3,000 eggs and second estage juveniles of the nematode, seven days after seed germination and the evaluation was carried out 57 days after inoculation. Galls, egg masses and the reproduction factor were determined. The results pointed out that the cultivar BRSMG Garantia was tolerant to the nematode population and all others were susceptibles.
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The citrus leprosis control in São Paulo state is performed exclusively by acaricides to control the vector mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis, which increases the production costs and may affect the beneficial organism's population. Therefore, the aim of this trial was to evaluate during four seasons, the effects of acaricides recommended to control the mite B. phoenicis in conventional and organic citrus over evolution of citrus leprosis and over phytoseiids' population. The experiment was installed in October of 2003 in a citrus orchard in Reginopolis city, state of São Paulo. The experimental design used randomized blocks, the dosages was expressed as mL c.p./100L of water and the treatments were the following: spirodiclofen (20 mL); cyhexatin (50 mL) (used in rotation), lime sulfur (4,000 mL) and control (without pesticide application). However, the rotation between spirodiclofen and cyhexatin began in September 2006. Prior to that time, only spirodiclofen had been used. Surveys were conducted every 15 days on the B. phoenicis, Iphiseioides zuluagai, and Euseius populations. The control level adopted by the B. phoenicis was 8.3%, and the pesticide applications were conducted using tractor-sprayers. During the 2007-08 seasons, 10 infected fallen fruits per plot were collected and the number of leprosis lesions was quantified by each fruit. By the end of the 2007-08 seasons, the productivity, harvest losses, the disease incidence and severity were evaluated. It was found that the lesions' location over the fruit is more important in determining its drop than the lesions' number. The more intense the mite infestation, the greater is the number of lesions, resulting in increased premature fruit drop. A strategy using acaricides spirodiclofen and cyhexatin in rotation promoted more efficient control of B. phoenicis compared to lime sulfur, resulting in greater productivity, lower fruit losses and severity levels. The lime sulfur applications reduced the mite population incidence below the control level; however it did not prevent the lesions' occurrence. The acaricides applicarevented adverse effects on phytoseiid population because there was a reduction of their density.
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It was aimed to evaluate the spectrum and uniformity of droplets in function of sprayers, spraying volumes and rates of chemical insecticide on the mortality of Pseudoplusia includens in laboratory. The work was carried out at UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The following treatments were applied over the caterpillars: two equipments (atomizer and hydraulic nozzle); two spray volumes (17 and 50 L ha(-1) for the atomizer and 50 and 100 L ha(-1) for the hydraulic nozzle); and two dosages of the insecticide endosulfan (0.5 and 1.0 L pc ha(-1)), in fully randomized plots, in a factorial scheme 2x2x2 and 1 untreated check. The caterpillars mortality was evaluated until the 6(th) day after the application of treatments. The spectrum of the droplets was evaluated in a particle size analyzer in real time determining the diameter and spectrum of droplets sprayed through the laser beam of the analyser. It was verified that the spray volume can be reduced by 17 L ha(-1) without losses on the P. includens control. The doses of 0.5 L pc ha(-1) (recommended for Anticarsia gemmatalis) did not satisfactorily control the caterpillar soybean looper. The atomizer produces droplets of higher uniformity (SPAN: 0.52) and lower percentage of droplets susceptible to drift (3.3%) compared to hydraulic nozzle (SPAN: 1.34 e % droplets <= 100 mu m: 15.2).
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The Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is one of the main plague-insect specie of Brassicaceae plants in Brazil and all over the world. The resistant genotypes use to its control is a promising alternative. This work aimed evaluates the eggs distribution along the plant, the adults' density per plant, and determine the cauliflower genotypes effect in the P. xylostella oviposition. The experiment was carried out at FCAV/UNESP-Jaboticabal Campus Phytossanity Department (Departamento de Fitossanidade). It was evaluated the eggs distribution, the P. xylostella adults density effect using Sharon hybrid, and tests with or without choose choice to determine the P. xylostella nonpreference in the Teresopolis Gigante, Verona, Barcelona, Sharon, Silver Streak, and Piracicaba Precoce genotypes. It is possible conclude that P. xylostella has higher willingness to oviposits in the stem than in the basal leaves. The three couple density of P. xylostella per plant is the best to discriminate cauliflower genotypes regarding the resistance grade to nonpreference choose choice to oviposition. During the P. xylostella oviposition preference tests with choose choice, the genotypes Sharon, Piracicaba Precoce, Barcelona, Verona e Teresopolis Gigante are less desirable to oviposition; while during the no choose choice tests the genotypes did not differ among them.
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Nematophagous fungi have been studied as a promising alternative for the management of nematodes of citrus. This study had the objective of documenting by scanning electron microscopy the outslading morphological structures for the identification of the main species of nematophagous fungi involved in the study and proving the pathogenicity of the isolated ones associated with T. semipenetrans and P. jaehni, Isolated came from in citrus orchards, mainly in São Paulo State, were studied in the Laboratory of Scanning Electron Microscopy of FCAV/UNESP - Campus de Jaboticabal-SP. The data obtained in this study have confirmed that the scanning electron microscopy is an effective tool to assist in the understanding of way of action of the nematophagous fungi: Arthrobotrys oligospora, A. conoides, A. robusta, A. musiformis, Dactylella leptospora, Monacrosporium eudermatum and M. elegans and to reveal details of their reproductive structures and the capture, to confirm the pathogenicity of the isolated to T. semipenetrans and P. jaehni, as well as to confirm the identification of some isolated.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Apesar de possuir boa ação herbicida, alguns fatores afetam a eficácia do glifosato e, nesse contexto, realizaram-se estudos buscando formulações mais eficazes. O experimento foi instalado em área do Campus da FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal (SP). Testou-se a formulação potássica de glifosato comparada com solução aquosa e grânulos dispersíveis em água à mesma dosagem (0,36 kg.ha-1 e.a) em cinco intervalos (1, 2, 4, 6 e > 48 horas) sem chuva após a aplicação, comparados com uma testemunha sem uso de herbicidas. Foram aplicados em pós-emergência sobre Brachiaria plantaginea, B. decumbens e Digitaria horizontalis. A aplicação foi feita com pulverizador costal a CO2, à pressão de 2,5 kg.cm-2, munido de barra com seis bicos DG 110.02 e consumo de calda equivalente a 200 L.ha-1. Realizaram-se cinco avaliações de porcentagem de controle em relação à testemunha infestada, atribuídas visualmente, até 42 dias após aplicação. Notou-se que o controle da formulação potássica sobre as espécies avaliadas foi mais precoce, necessitando apenas quatro horas após sua aplicação para se igualar ao intervalo superior a 48 horas sem chuva. As demais necessitaram de, no mínimo, seis horas de intervalo.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos nos anos agrícolas 2003/2004 e 2004/2005, em área experimental da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal (SP), com o objetivo de se determinarem os períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do arroz de terras altas, cultivar Caiapó. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e 16 tratamentos. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por períodos crescentes de controle ou de convivência das plantas daninhas após a emergência da cultura: 0-10, 0-20, 0-30, 0-40, 0-50, 0-60, 0-70 dias e 0-colheita. Nos dois anos, as famílias predominantes eram Poaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae e Malvaceae e as principais plantas daninhas presentes foram: Cyperus rotundus L., Cenchrus echinatus L., Digitaria spp Heist., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., Eleusine indica Gaertn e Alternanthera tenella Colla. A cultivar de arroz de terras altas Caiapó deve ser mantida sem plantas daninhas nos 30 dias após a emergência.
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Avaliou-se a infestação, flutuação populacional e horário de visitação de Trigona spinipes (Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em espécies de maracujazeiro. As espécies utilizadas foram Passiflora coccinea, P. setacea, P. alata, P. edulis f. flavicarpa, P. laurifolia e P. nitida, aos três anos de idade. O ensaio foi conduzido em parcelas de 1,5 m de comprimento, avaliando-se os dois lados da espaldeira, considerando-se apenas o 0,5 m superior desta e totalizando, para os dois lados, a área de 1,5 m². Avaliaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: número de irapuás e porcentagem de dano nos botões florais, flores, frutos, ramos, folhas e pedúnculos. Para a determinação do horário de visitação, foi utilizada P. coccinea, sendo as avaliações realizadas às 9:00h, 12:00h e 15:00h. A correlação entre o número médio de T. spinipes presentes nas flores de espécies de maracujazeiro e a porcentagem de danos foi positiva e significativa (r = 0,99). em nenhuma das observações efetuadas, constatou-se a presença de T. spinipes nos botões florais, frutos, ramos, folhas ou pedúnculos das espécies de maracujazeiro, não ocorrendo danos nessas estruturas. Esse resultado sugere que as abelhas são atraídas pelas flores ocasionando danos nessas estruturas, provavelmente, por utilizar o tecido floral ou resinas contidas neste para a construção de ninhos. P. coccinea foi a espécie mais danificada por T. spinipes, apresentando suscetibilidade ao ataque desse inseto. Os horários de maior incidência de T. spinipes foram 9:00h e 12:00h, ocorrendo decréscimo significativo no número de abelhas por flor às 15:00h. Constatou-se maior infestação de T. spinipes nas flores das plantas de maracujá nos meses de outubro a novembro, coincidindo com a primavera, em Jaboticabal, SP.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Com o objetivo de avaliar a reação de clones de umezeiro (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) e cultivares de pessegueiro [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] ao nematóide anelado Mesocriconema xenoplax (Raski) Loof & de Grise, realizou-se o presente estudo em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Fitossanidade da FCAV/UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP. As plantas foram mantidas em vasos de cerâmica com 6 litros de capacidade, contendo uma mistura de solo e areia (1:1, v/v), previamente autoclavada a 121°C e 1kgf.cm-2 por 2 horas. Cada planta foi inoculada com 10mL de uma suspensão de 200 M. xenoplax por mL. Com os resultados obtidos, após 105 dias da inoculação, pode-se concluir que os Clones 05; 10 e 15 de umezeiro e as cultivares Okinawa e Aurora-1 de pessegueiro são suscetíveis a M. xenoplax. A cultivar Aurora-1 apresentou maior Fator de Reprodução (93,06).
Indução da expressão precoce de sintomas de Guignardia citricarpa em frutos de laranjeira 'pêra-rio'
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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes concentrações de ethephon na expressão precoce de sintomas de Guignardia citricarpa em frutos de laranjeira 'Pêra-Rio'. Para tal, frutos assintomáticos e isentos de aplicações com fungicidas, com 20 e 28 semanas após a queda de pétalas, foram coletados em área de comprovada existência da doença, no município de Conchal-SP e levados ao Laboratório de Fitopatologia da FCAV/UNESP, em Jaboticabal-SP, onde foram tratados com soluções nas seguintes doses de ethephon: i) 1,57 g L-1; ii) 2,10 g L-1; iii) 2,42 g L-1; iv) Testemunha (água). Todas acrescidas de imazalil a 0,25 g L-1, para prevenir podridões de pós-colheita. Após os tratamentos, os frutos foram mantidos em câmara incubadora para B.O.D., calibrada à temperatura de 25ºC ±1ºC, por 15 dias. Posteriormente, os frutos foram submetidos a quatro avaliações, em intervalos semanais, sendo atribuídas notas que variaram de zero (ausência de sintomas) a 6 (sintomas severos). Os dados da severidade da doença observados nos frutos colhidos prematuramente e submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos com ethephon foram comparados aos observados em frutos ensacados e não ensacados, mantidos no campo até a maturação natural. Constatou-se maior equivalência de sintomas nos frutos com idade entre 20 e 28 semanas, quando estes foram tratados com 2,10 g L-1 de ethephon e avaliados entre 28 e 35 dias. Concluiu-se que o emprego de ethephon, nestas condições, viabilizou a expressão precoce dos sintomas da mancha preta em frutos contendo infecções quiescentes de G. citricarpa, com antecedência de, pelo menos, 105 dias antes da colheita. Tal resultado constitui-se, portanto, em alternativa de grande aplicabilidade na detecção precoce de sintomas de mancha preta.