999 resultados para Presença negra


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This work describes the liquid-liquid extraction of uranium after digestion of colofanite (a fluoroapatite) from Itataia with sulfuric acid. The experiments were run at room temperature in one stage. Among the solutions tested the highest distribution coefficient (D > 60) was found for 40%vol. DEHPA (di(2-ethyl-hexyl)phosphoric acid) + 20% vol. TOPO (trioctylphosphine oxide) in kerosene. Thorium in the raffinate was quantitatively extracted by TOPO (0.1% vol.) in cyclohexane. Uranium stripping and separation from iron was possible using 1.5 mol L-1 ammonium or sodium carbonate (room temperature, one stage). However, pH control is essential for a good separation.

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In this work, composites based on activated carbon/iron oxide (AC/Fe) were prepared in two different proportions (AC/Fe 5/1 and 1/1) and evaluated in the removal of the organic dye methylene blue (MB). Physical-chemical properties of the composites were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), adsorption/dessorption of N2 isotherm, temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that goethite (α- FeOOH), with nanometer particle size, was formed over carbon surface for both composites. These materials showed high efficiency to remove MB from solution by combined adsorption and oxidation process. The AC/Fe 1/1 showed to be more active in (MB) oxidation then AC/Fe 5/1.

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We investigated the impact of sulphate and the redox mediator Anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) on the decolorization of the azo dyes Congo Red (CR) and Reactive Black 5 (RB5). In anaerobic reactors free of extra sulphate dosage, the color removal efficiency decreased drastically when the external electron donor ethanol was removed. In presence of an extra dosage of sulphate, CR decolourisations were 47.8% (free of AQDS) and 96.5% (supplemented with AQDS). The decolourisations achieved in both reactors with RB5 were lower than the ones found with CR. Finally, the biogenic sulphide contribution on azo dye reduction was negligiable.

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A method for selective determination of tributyltin in the presence of Sn(IV) by combining hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HG-ICP OES) and solid phase extraction (SPE) using baker's yeast is proposed. The procedure is based on selective retention of TBT by the yeast at pH = 6. Detection limit of 1.9 µg L-1 and quantification limit of 6.3 µg L-1 were obtained. TBT and San(IV) were determined in the range of 0-25 µg L-1 and the proposed approach was applied to analyze river water, sea water and biological extracts, with recoveries of 114, 101 and 86%, respectively.

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Antimony is a common catalyst in the synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate used for food-grade bottles manufacturing. However, antimony residues in final products are transferred to juices, soft drinks or water. The literature reports mentions of toxicity associated to antimony. In this work, a green, fast and direct method to quantify antimony, sulfur, iron and copper, in PET bottles by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is presented. 2.4 to 11 mg Sb kg-1 were found in 20 samples analyzed. The coupling of the multielemental technique to chemometric treatment provided also the possibility to classify PET samples between bottle-grade PET/recycled PET blends by Fe content.

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Antimicrobials, among other veterinary drugs, are used worldwide in industry and agriculture to protect animal health and prevent economic loss. In recent years, they have been detected in various environmental compartments, including soil, surface and groundwater and have become a topic of research interest. Emphasizing this class of compounds, this review presents the different pathways which veterinary drugs enter in the environment, in particular contaminate soils. Also are presented regulatory aspects and guidelines, adsorption/desorption and degradation of these compounds in soils and the consequences of its dispersal in the environment.

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This paper aims at analyzing the history of science content of three general chemistry textbooks used in Brazilian universities: the translations of Kotz and Treichel's Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, Atkins and Jones's Chemical Principles, and Garritz and Chamizo's Química. Results revealed different trends for the inclusion of history of science in chemistry teaching. Kotz & Treichel and Atkins & Jones used history mainly as curiosity and ornament. Garritz & Chamizo adopted the historical approach as one of the organizing axis of their textbook. Nevertheless, the historical content of the three textbooks may be criticized from current historiographical standpoint.

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A final 241 µM of ascorbyl palmitate and 555 µM of the following antioxidants separately: BHA, myricetin and quercetin standards, and extracts of Byrsonima crassifolia, Inga edulis or Euterpe oleracea, were added to crude açai oil and submitted to the oxidation process at 60 ºC for 11 days. Among the antioxidants used, only the myricetin standard showed the ability to defer the oxidation process until the third day of treatment. B. crassifolia, I. edulis and E. oleracea extracts showed no preventive capacity against the oxidation process, despite their high concentration phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities.

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Compulsory in Brazil, toy certification aims to prevent possible risks in toy use. The Brazilian National Institute of Metrology (INMETRO) establishes the maximum concentration of toxic elements (TE) that may be present in toys. This study evaluates the presence of TE in different crayons, gouache and modeling clays using X-ray fluorescence. This technique is fast, has low operating cost and minimum sample pretreatment, resulting in a clean procedure without reagent consumption and waste generation. Bromine (in gouache) and Barium (in crayons) were the only potentially TE identified in the samples studied.

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In this manuscript, a BiVO4 semiconductor was synthesized by solution combustion synthesis using different fuels (Alanine, Glycine and Urea). Also, the Tween® 80 surfactant was added during synthesis. BiVO4 was characterized by XRD, SEM and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the discoloration of methylene blue at 664 nm under UV-visible light irradiation. According to XRD, the monoclinic phase of BiVO4 was obtained for the samples. The smallest particle size and highest k obs value were observed for the BiVO4/alanine sample, which promoted greater demethylation of methylene blue.

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A podridão negra causada por Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, e a alternariose causada por Alternaria brassicicola constituem importantes doenças do repolho no estado de Pernambuco. Em virtude do desconhecimento sobre a epidemiologia dessas doenças a nível regional, foi efetuada a análise comparativa das epidemias com ênfase nos aspectos temporais e espaciais, em 1997 e 1998, cada ano em uma área de plantio diferente, localizadas no município de Camocim de São Félix, Agreste de Pernambuco. Em cada área, a intervalos semanais, foram avaliadas 1.920 plantas quanto à incidência e severidade das duas doenças, bem como efetuado o mapeamento espacial de plantas assintomáticas e sintomáticas. Os valores iniciais (y o) e máximos (y max) de incidência e severidade, as taxas estimadas de progresso da doença (k) e as áreas abaixo das curvas de progresso das doenças (AACPD), apresentaram pequena variação entre as doenças, sendo as diferenças mais evidentes entre os anos de plantio. As maiores intensidades das doenças foram observadas em 1998, uma vez que próximo à área de plantio havia grande quantidade de plantas e restos culturais infetados, o que não ocorreu em 1997. Pelas análises de "ordinary runs", ajuste à distribuição beta-binomial e autocorrelação espacial, na maioria das situações, foi constatado um arranjo aleatório de plantas doentes nas avaliações iniciais, evoluindo posteriormente para um arranjo agregado, indicando que as doenças podem ter sido originadas de aloinfecções pela chegada de inóculo externo, seguidas de autoinfecções decorrentes da disseminação planta-a-planta.

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Relata-se, pela primeira vez, a ocorrência de uma ferrugem em acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) no Brasil, identificada, morfologicamente, como fase uredinial da ferrugem foliar Uromycladium alpinum. O fungo causa leve amarelecimento e queda dos folíolos de árvores com dois anos de idade em plantações nos municípios de Cristal, Piratini e Encruzilhada do Sul, RS. Os danos em conseqüência dos surtos dessa ferrugem foram de baixa intensidade. Ressalta-se também que não há, até então, nenhum relato de ocorrência de ferrugem nesse hospedeiro nos países vizinhos do cone Sul.

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O efeito de diferentes temperaturas no solo e de diversas palhas sobre o solo na viabilidade dos escleródios de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum foi estudado em estufa. Em três ensaios de campo, estudou-se a solarização do solo associada à presença de palha de milho (Zea mays) sobre o solo na viabilidade de escleródios, durante três meses. Ensaios de campo foram realizados em Piracicaba e em Brasília. Escleródios foram produzidos em meio cenoura+fubá, e incorporados ao solo (ensaios em estufa), ou acondicionados em invólucros, e enterrados no solo a 5, 10 e 30 cm (ensaios no campo). Os tratamentos de solo no campo foram: solarizado (S), não solarizado (NS) e solarizado com adição de palha de milho (PS). Foram feitas avaliações a cada 30 dias, em meio NEON, observando a viabilidade e a presença de contaminantes nos escleródios. O aquecimento do solo em estufa a 50 e 60 ºC com diversas palhas inativou os escleródios, que tiveram maior incidência de contaminantes. No campo, o efeito da solarização do solo foi significativo, inviabilizando os escleródios enterrados a diferentes profundidades: em S após 90 dias, nas três profundidades, e em PS, após 60 dias, a 5 e 10 cm de profundidade. A incidência de escleródios contaminados em solos solarizados foi maior em S, seguido de PS. A maior variabilidade de contaminantes, porém, foi observada em PS. As temperaturas do solo em PS foram maiores quando comparadas aos outros tratamentos na mesma profundidade. Este fator proporcionou a redução do tempo da inativação dos escleródios de 90 dias em S, para 60 dias em PS.