Postmortem findings in collared peccaries raised in captivity in northeastern Brazil

This study is a retrospective examination of diseases in collared peccaries that were diagnosed by the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido. Necropsy and histological examination were performed from 2005 to 2010. Of the 50 necropsied collared peccaries, 24% died due to restraint and capture myopathy; 18% died from trauma; and the remainder was diagnosed with splenic hemangioma (6%), enterolithiasis (6%), gastritis (6%), gastric ulcer (4%), intestinal volvulus (4%), gastric volvulus (2%), mammary carcinoma (2%), polycystic kidney disease (2%), pyometra (2%), and suppurative bronchopneumonia (2%). Twelve animals remained undiagnosed, seven of which (14%) were in advanced autolytic condition and five of which (10%) had no gross or microscopic lesions that were compatible with disease. This paper describes illnesses that have not been reported in the collared peccary, focusing on their clinical and pathological aspects.

Molecular characteristics of Machado-Joseph disease mutation in 25 newly described Brazilian families

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is a form of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia first described in North-American patients originating from the Portuguese islands of the Azores. Clinically this disorder is characterized by late onset progressive ataxia with associated features, such as: ophthalmoplegia, pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs and distal muscular atrophies. The causative mutation is an expansion of a CAG repeat in the coding region of the MJD1 gene. We have identified 25 unrelated families segregating the MJD mutation during a large collaborative study of spinocerebellar ataxias in Brazil. In the present study a total of 62 family members were genotyped for the CAG repeat in the MJD1 gene, as well as 63 non-MJD individuals (126 normal chromosomes), used as normal controls. We observed a wide gap between the size range of the normal and expanded CAG repeats: the normal allele had from 12 to 33 CAGs (mean = 23 CAGs), whereas the expanded alleles ranged from 66 to 78 CAGs (mean = 71.5 CAGs). There were no differences in CAG tract length according to gender of affected individuals or transmitting parent. We observed a significant negative correlation between age at onset of the disease and length of the CAG tract in the expended allele (r = -0.6, P = 0.00006); however, the size of the expanded CAG repeat could explain only about 40% of the variability in age at onset (r2 = 0.4). There was instability of the expanded CAG tract during transmission from parent to offspring, both expansions and contractions were observed; however, there was an overall tendency for expansion, with a mean increase of +2.4 CAGs. The tendency for expansion appeared to the greater in paternal (mean increase of +3.5 CAGs) than in maternal transmissions (mean increase of +1.3 CAGs). Anticipation was observed in all transmissions in which ages at onset for parent and offspring were known; however, anticipation was not always associated with an increase in the expanded CAG repeat length. Our results indicate that the molecular diagnosis of MJD can be confirmed or excluded in all suspected individuals, since alleles of intermediary size were not observed.

A novel polymorphism in the coding region of the vasopressin type 2 receptor gene

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare disease characterized by renal inability to respond properly to arginine vasopressin due to mutations in the vasopressin type 2 receptor (V2(R)) gene in affected kindreds. In most kindreds thus far reported, the mode of inheritance follows an X chromosome-linked recessive pattern although autosomal-dominant and autosomal-recessive modes of inheritance have also been described. Studies demonstrating mutations in the V2(R) gene in affected kindreds that modify the receptor structure, resulting in a dys- or nonfunctional receptor have been described, but phenotypically indistinguishable NDI patients with a structurally normal V2(R) gene have also been reported. In the present study, we analyzed exon 3 of the V2(R) gene in 20 unrelated individuals by direct sequencing. A C®T alteration in the third position of codon 331 (AGC®AGT), which did not alter the encoded amino acid, was found in nine individuals, including two unrelated patients with NDI. Taken together, these observations emphasize the molecular heterogeneity of a phenotypically homogeneous syndrome

Specific insulin and proinsulin secretion in glucokinase-deficient individuals

Glucokinase (GCK) is an enzyme that regulates insulin secretion, keeping glucose levels within a narrow range. Mutations in the glucokinase gene cause a rare form of diabetes called maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). An early onset (less than 25 years), autosomal dominant inheritance and low insulin secretion stimulated by glucose characterize MODY patients. Specific insulin and proinsulin were measured in serum by immunofluorimetric assays (IFMA) during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Two kindreds (SA and LZ) were studied and compared to non-diabetic unrelated individuals (control group 1) matched for age and body mass index (BMI). In one kindred, some of these subjects were also obese (BMI >26 kg/m2), and other family members also presented with obesity and/or late-onset NIDDM. The MODY patients were also compared to a group of five of their first-degree relatives with obesity and/or late-onset NIDDM. The proinsulin profile was different in members of the two MODY kindreds. Fasting proinsulin and the proinsulin/insulin ratio were similar in MODY members of kindred LZ and subjects from control group 1, but were significantly lower than in MODY members of kindred SA (P<0.02 and P<0.01, for proinsulin and proinsulin/insulin ratio, respectively). Moreover, MODY members of family SA had higher levels of proinsulin and proinsulin/insulin ratio, although not significantly different, when compared to their first-degree relatives and to subjects from control group 2. In conclusion, we observed variable degrees of proinsulin levels and proinsulin/insulin ratio in MODY members of two different kindreds. The higher values of these parameters found in MODY and non-MODY members of kindred SA is probably related to the obesity and late-onset NIDDM background present in this family.

Familial hyperaldosteronism

Aldosterone, the major circulating mineralocorticoid, participates in blood volume and serum potassium homeostasis. Primary aldosteronism is a disorder characterised by hypertension and hypokalaemia due to autonomous aldosterone secretion from the adrenocortical zona glomerulosa. Improved screening techniques, particularly application of the plasma aldosterone:plasma renin activity ratio, have led to a suggestion that primary aldosteronism may be more common than previously appreciated among adults with hypertension. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA) was the first described familial form of hyperaldosteronism. The disorder is characterised by aldosterone secretory function regulated chronically by ACTH. Hence, aldosterone hypersecretion can be suppressed, on a sustained basis, by exogenous glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone in physiologic range doses. This autosomal dominant disorder has been shown to be caused by a hybrid gene mutation formed by a crossover of genetic material between the ACTH-responsive regulatory portion of the 11ß-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) gene and the coding region of the aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene. Familial hyperaldosteronism type II (FH-II), so named to distinguish the disorder from GRA or familial hyperaldosteronism type I (FH-I), is characterised by autosomal dominant inheritance of autonomous aldosterone hypersecretion which is not suppressible by dexamethasone. Linkage analysis in a single large kindred, and direct mutation screening, has shown that this disorder is unrelated to mutations in the genes for aldosterone synthase or the angiotensin II receptor. The precise genetic cause of FH-II remains to be elucidated.

Polymorphisms of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene in Brazilian individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a metabolic disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait characterized by an increased plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level. The disease is caused by several different mutations in the LDL receptor gene. Although early identification of individuals carrying the defective gene could be useful in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, the techniques available for determining the number of the functional LDL receptor molecules are difficult to carry out and expensive. Polymorphisms associated with this gene may be used for unequivocal diagnosis of FH in several populations. The aim of our study was to evaluate the genotype distribution and relative allele frequencies of three polymorphisms of the LDL receptor gene, HincII1773 (exon 12), AvaII (exon 13) and PvuII (intron 15), in 50 unrelated Brazilian individuals with a diagnosis of heterozygous FH and in 130 normolipidemic controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes by a modified salting-out method. The polymorphisms were detected by PCR-RFLP. The FH subjects showed a higher frequency of A+A+ (AvaII), H+H+ (HincII1773) and P1P1 (PvuII) homozygous genotypes when compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, FH probands presented a high frequency of A+ (0.58), H+ (0.61) and P1 (0.78) alleles when compared to normolipidemic individuals (0.45, 0.45 and 0.64, respectively). The strong association observed between these alleles and FH suggests that AvaII, HincII1773 and PvuII polymorphisms could be useful to monitor the inheritance of FH in Brazilian families.

Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor: structural and functional features and association with diseases

The recently cloned extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays an essential role in the regulation of extracellular calcium homeostasis. This receptor is expressed in all tissues related to this control (parathyroid glands, thyroid C-cells, kidneys, intestine and bones) and also in tissues with apparently no role in the maintenance of extracellular calcium levels, such as brain, skin and pancreas. The CaR amino acid sequence is compatible with three major domains: a long and hydrophilic aminoterminal extracellular domain, where most of the activating and inactivating mutations described to date are located and where the dimerization process occurs, and the agonist-binding site is located, a hydrophobic transmembrane domain involved in the signal transduction mechanism from the extracellular domain to its respective G protein, and a carboxyterminal intracellular tail, with a well-established role for cell surface CaR expression and for signal transduction. CaR cloning was immediately followed by the association of genetic human diseases with inactivating and activating CaR mutations: familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism are caused by CaR-inactivating mutations, whereas autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism is secondary to CaR-activating mutations. Finally, we will comment on the development of drugs that modulate CaR function by either activating (calcimimetic drugs) or antagonizing it (calcilytic drugs), and on their potential therapeutic implications, such as medical control of specific cases of primary and uremic hyperparathyroidism with calcimimetic drugs and a potential treatment for osteoporosis with a calcilytic drug.

Striatal and extrastriatal atrophy in Huntington's disease and its relationship with length of the CAG repeat

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that affects the striatum most severely. However, except for juvenile forms, relative preservation of the cerebellum has been reported. The objective of the present study was to perform MRI measurements of caudate, putamen, cerebral, and cerebellar volumes and correlate these findings with the length of the CAG repeat and clinical parameters. We evaluated 50 consecutive patients with HD using MRI volumetric measurements and compared them to normal controls. Age at onset of the disease ranged from 4 to 73 years (mean: 43.1 years). The length of the CAG repeat ranged from 40 to 69 (mean: 47.2 CAG). HD patients presented marked atrophy of the caudate and putamen, as well as reduced cerebellar and cerebral volumes. There was a significant correlation between age at onset of HD and length of the CAG repeat, as well as clinical disability and age at onset. The degree of basal ganglia atrophy correlated with the length of the CAG repeat. There was no correlation between cerebellar or cerebral volume and length of the CAG repeat. However, there was a tendency to a positive correlation between duration of disease and cerebellar atrophy. While there was a negative correlation of length of the CAG repeat with age at disease onset and with striatal degeneration, its influence on extrastriatal atrophy, including the cerebellum, was not clear. Extrastriatal atrophy occurs later in HD and may be related to disease duration.

A Brazilian family with hereditary inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia

Inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget disease and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) is a progressive and usually misdiagnosed autosomal dominant disorder. It is clinically characterized by a triad of features: proximal and distal myopathy, early onset Paget disease of bone (PDB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). It is caused by missense mutations in the valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene. We describe here the clinical and molecular findings of the first Brazilian family identified with IBMPFD. Progressive myopathy affecting the limb girdles was detected by clinical examination followed by muscle biopsy and creatine kinase measurement. PDB was suggested after anatomopathological bone examination and FTD was diagnosed by clinical, neuropsychological and language evaluations. Brain magnetic resonance revealed severe atrophy of the anterior temporal lobes, including the hippocampi. A R93C mutation in VCP was detected by direct sequencing screening in subject W (age 62) and in his mother. Four more individuals diagnosed with "dementia" were reported in this family. We also present a comprehensive genotype-phenotype correlation analysis of mutations in VCP in 182 patients from 29 families described in the literature and show that while IBM is a conspicuously penetrant symptom, PDB has a lower penetrance when associated with mutations in the AAAD1 domain and FTD has a lower penetrance when associated with mutations in the Junction (L1-D1) domain. Furthermore, the R93C mutation is likely to be associated with the penetrance of all the clinical symptoms of the triad.

Candidate gene linkage analysis indicates genetic heterogeneity in Marfan syndrome

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disease of the connective tissue that affects the ocular, skeletal and cardiovascular systems, with a wide clinical variability. Although mutations in the FBN1 gene have been recognized as the cause of the disease, more recently other loci have been associated with MFS, indicating the genetic heterogeneity of this disease. We addressed the issue of genetic heterogeneity in MFS by performing linkage analysis of the FBN1 and TGFBR2 genes in 34 families (345 subjects) who met the clinical diagnostic criteria for the disease according to Ghent. Using a total of six microsatellite markers, we found that linkage with the FBN1 gene was observed or not excluded in 70.6% (24/34) of the families, and in 1 family the MFS phenotype segregated with the TGFBR2 gene. Moreover, in 4 families linkage with the FBN1 and TGFBR2 genes was excluded, and no mutations were identified in the coding region of TGFBR1, indicating the existence of other genes involved in MFS. Our results suggest that the genetic heterogeneity of MFS may be greater that previously reported.

DNA methylation patterns of candidate genes regulated by thymine DNA glycosylase in patients with TP53 germline mutations

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare, autosomal dominant, hereditary cancer predisposition disorder. In Brazil, the p.R337H TP53 founder mutation causes the variant form of LFS, Li-Fraumeni-like syndrome. The occurrence of cancer and age of disease onset are known to vary, even in patients carrying the same mutation, and several mechanisms such as genetic and epigenetic alterations may be involved in this variability. However, the extent of involvement of such events has not been clarified. It is well established that p53 regulates several pathways, including the thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) pathway, which regulates the DNA methylation of several genes. This study aimed to identify the DNA methylation pattern of genes potentially related to the TDG pathway (CDKN2A, FOXA1, HOXD8, OCT4, SOX2, and SOX17) in 30 patients with germline TP53mutations, 10 patients with wild-type TP53, and 10 healthy individuals. We also evaluated TDG expression in patients with adrenocortical tumors (ADR) with and without the p.R337H TP53 mutation. Gene methylation patterns of peripheral blood DNA samples assessed by pyrosequencing revealed no significant differences between the three groups. However, increased TDG expression was observed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR in p.R337H carriers with ADR. Considering the rarity of this phenotype and the relevance of these findings, further studies using a larger sample set are necessary to confirm our results.

Genetics of inherited small vessel diseases – in search of a novel small vessel disease and modifiers of the clinical course of CADASIL

The genetic and environmental risk factors of vascular cognitive impairment are still largely unknown. This thesis aimed to assess the genetic background of two clinically similar familial small vessel diseases (SVD), CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) and Swedish hMID (hereditary multi-infarct dementia of Swedish type). In the first study, selected genetic modifiers of CADASIL were studied in a homogenous Finnish CADASIL population of 134 patients, all carrying the p.Arg133Cys mutation in NOTCH3. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes, angiotensinogen (AGT) p.Met268Thr polymorphism and eight NOTCH3 polymorphisms were studied, but no associations between any particular genetic variant and first-ever stroke or migraine were seen. In the second study, smoking, statin medication and physical activity were suggested to be the most profound environmental differences among the monozygotic twins with CADASIL. Swedish hMID was for long misdiagnosed as CADASIL. In the third study, the CADASIL diagnosis in the Swedish hMID family was ruled out on the basis of genetic, radiological and pathological findings, and Swedish hMID was suggested to represent a novel SVD. In the fourth study, the gene defect of Swedish hMID was then sought using whole exome sequencing paired with a linkage analysis. The strongest candidate for the pathogenic mutation was a 3’UTR variant in the COL4A1 gene, but further studies are needed to confirm its functionality. This study provided new information about the genetic background of two inherited SVDs. Profound knowledge about the pathogenic mutations causing familial SVD is also important for correct diagnosis and treatment options.

Late-onset spinal motor neuronopathy- a new neuromuscular disease

The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical phenotype of late-onset spinal motor neuronopathy (LOSMoN), an adult-onset autosomal dominant lower motor neuron disorder identified first in two families in Eastern Finland, in order to clarify its genetic background. Motor neuron disorders (MNDs) are characterized by dysfunction and premature death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. MNDs can manifest at any age of the human lifespan, ranging from pre- or neonatal forms such as spinal muscular atrophy type I (SMA I) to those preferentially affecting the older age groups exemplified by sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). With a combination of genetic linkage analysis and genome sequencing using DNA from a total of 55 affected members of 17 families and a whole genome scan, we were able to show that LOSMoN is caused by the c.197G>T p.G66V mutation in the gene CHCHD10. This study showed that LOSMoN has very characteristic features that help to differentiate it from other more malignant forms of motor neuron disease, such as ALS, which was erroneously diagnosed in many patients in our cohort. Lack of fibrillations in the first dorsal interosseus muscle on EMG and extensive grouping of non-atrophic type IIA/2A fibers on muscle biopsy were shown to be common findings in LOSMoN, but rare or absent in ALS patients. The results of this study will help clinicians recognize the characteristic phenotype of LOSMoN disease and thus improve their diagnostic accuracy, and will also allow physicians to provide adequate genetic counseling for patients.

Mode de vie, habitudes alimentaires et cancer du sein: Étude cas-témoins chez les Canadiennes-françaises non porteuses de mutations des gènes BRCA

Le cancer du sein (CS) est la deuxième cause de décès liés au cancer parmi les femmes dans la plupart des pays industrialisés. Les personnes qui ont le CS peuvent ne pas hériter des mutations causant le cancer de leurs parents. Ainsi, certaines cellules subissent des mutations qui mènent au cancer. Dans le cas de cancer héréditaire, les cellules tumorales contiennent généralement des mutations qui ne sont pas trouvées ailleurs dans l'organisme, mais peuvent maintenir des mutations qui vont répartir dans toutes les cellules. La genèse du CS est le résultat des mutations de gènes qui assurent la régulation de la prolifération cellulaire et la réparation de l’ADN. Deux gènes semblent particulièrement concernés par les mutations. Les gènes ‘Breast Cancer 1’ (BRCA1) et ‘Breast Cancer 2’ (BRCA2), sont impliqués dans la prédisposition génétique de CS. On estime que 5-10% des cas de cancer du sein sont attribuables à une prédisposition génétique. La plupart de ces cancers sont liés à une anomalie du gène BRCA1 ou BRCA2. Plusieurs études ont été menées chez les femmes atteintes de CS sporadique et quelques études se sont concentrées sur celles qui sont porteuses de mutations de BRCA. Alors, notre recherche a été entreprise afin de vérifier l’hypothèse d’une association entre le CS, le mode vie et les habitudes alimentaires chez les Canadiennes-françaises non porteuses des 6 mutations de BRCA les plus fréquentes parmi cette population. Nous avons mené une étude cas-témoins dans cette population. Quelque 280 femmes atteintes du cancer du sein et non-porteuses de mutations de BRCA, ont été recrutées en tant que cas. Les témoins étaient recrutés parmi les membres de la famille des cas (n=15) ou à partir d'autres familles atteintes de CS (n=265). Les participantes étaient de tous âges, recrutées à partir d’une étude de cohorte qui est actuellement en cours, menée par une équipe de chercheurs au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal (CHUM) Hôtel-Dieu à Montréal. Les apports alimentaires ont été recueillis par un questionnaire de fréquence semi-quantitatif validé et administré par une nutritionniste, qui portait sur la période avant les deux ans précédant le premier diagnostic de CS pour les cas et la période avant les deux ans précédant l’entrevue téléphonique pour les témoins. Un questionnaire de base était administré par l’infirmière de recherche aux participantes afin de colliger des renseignements sociodémographiques et sur les facteurs de risque du CS. Une association positive et significative a été détectée entre l’âge (plus de 50 ans) auquel les sujets avaient atteint leur Indice de Masse Corporel (IMC) le plus élevé et le CS rapport de cotes (OR) =2,83; intervalle de confiance à 95% (IC95%) (2,34-2,91). De plus, une association positive a été détectée entre un gain de poids de >34 lbs comparativement à un gain de poids de ≤15 lbs, dès l’âge de 20 ans OR=1,68; IC95% (1,10-2,58). Un gain de poids de >24 lbs comparativement à un gain de poids de ≤9 lbs, dès l’âge de 30 ans a aussi montré une augmentation de risque de CS OR=1,96; IC95% (1,46-3,06). Une association positive a aussi été détecté entre, un gain de poids de >12 lbs comparativement à un gain de poids de ≤1 lb, dès l’âge de 40 ans OR=1,91; IC95% (1,53-2,66). Concernant le tabagisme, nous avons observé une association positive et significative reliée à la consommation de plus de 9 paquets-années OR = 1,59; IC95% (1,57-2,87). Il fut suggéré que l’activité physique modéré confère une protection contre le CS: une pratique de > 24,8 (‘metabolic equivalent’) MET-hrs par semaine par rapport à ≤10,7 MET-hrs par semaine, diminue le risque du CS de 52% OR = 0,48 ; IC95% (0,31-0,74). L’activité physique totale (entre 16,2 et 33,2 MET-hrs par semaine), a aussi montré une réduction de risque de CS de 43% OR = 0,57 ; IC95% (0,37-0,87). Toutefois, il n'y avait aucune association entre une activité physique vigoureuse et le risque de CS. L’analyse portant sur les macro- et micro-nutriments et les groupes alimentaires a montré qu’un apport en énergie totale de plus de 2057 Kcal par jour augmentait le risque de CS de 2,5 fois OR = 2,54; IC95% (1,67-3,84). En ce qui concerne la consommation de café, les participantes qui buvaient plus de 8 tasses de café par jour avaient un risque de CS augmenté de 40% OR = 1,40; IC95% (1,09-2,24). Les sujets ayant une consommation dépassant 9 g d’alcool (éthanol) par jour avaient également un risque élevé de 55% OR = 1,55; IC95% (1,02-2,37). De plus, une association positive et significative a été détectée entre le CS et la consommation de plus de deux bouteilles de bière par semaine OR = 1,34; IC95% (1,28-2,11), 10 onces de vin par semaine OR = 1,16; IC95% (1,08-2,58) ou 6 onces de spiritueux par semaine OR = 1,09; IC95% (1,02-2,08), respectivement. En résumé, les résultats de cette recherche supportent l’hypothèse selon laquelle le mode de vie et les habitudes alimentaires jouent un rôle important dans l’étiologie de CS chez les Canadiennes-françaises non porteuses de mutations de BRCA. Les résultats nous permettent de constater que le gain de poids et le tabagisme sont liés à des risques élevés de CS, tandis que l'activité physique modérée aide à réduire ce risque. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent qu’un apport énergétique total relativement élevé et une consommation élevée de café et d'alcool peuvent accroître le risque de ce cancer. Ce travail a permis de mettre l’accent sur une nouvelle direction de recherche, jusqu'à présent non investiguée. Les résultats de ce travail de recherche pourraient contribuer à recueillir de nouvelles informations et des conseils pouvant influencer et aider la population à modifier son mode de vie et ses habitudes alimentaires afin de diminuer le risque de cancer du sein.

Étude clinique et génétique d’une nouvelle forme d’ataxie spinocérébelleuse pure associée à l’Érythrokératodermie

Nous présentons ici la description clinique et génétique d’un syndrome neurocutané unique. Le laboratoire du Dr Cossette a entrepris la caractérisation clinique et génétique d'une famille canadienne-française qui a été identifiée par les Drs Giroux et Barbeau en 1972 et qui comprend plus de 100 personnes sur six générations. Les membres atteints de cette famille présentent des lésions typiques d'érythrokératodermie (EK) (OMIM 133190, EKV1 et EKV2), associées à une ataxie spinocérébelleuse pure. Dans cette famille, l'ataxie est caractérisée par des troubles de la coordination et de la démarche causés par une dégénérescence du cervelet et de la moelle épinière. Cette ataxie est transmise selon un mode autosomique dominant. Une étude antérieure de cette variante d'EK avec ataxie avait suggéré une liaison sur le chromosome 1p34-p35, soit la même région que les formes EKV de type 1 et 2, causées respectivement par des mutations dans les gènes connexin-31 (GJB3; OMIM 603324) et connexin-30.3 (GJB4; OMIM 605425). Cependant, aucune mutation n'a été retrouvée dans ces gènes pour la famille canadienne-française. Nous avons récemment recontacté la famille et effectué des examens détaillés, incluant une imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) et un électromyogramme (EMG). Les manifestations neurologiques des individus atteints sont compatibles avec une nouvelle forme d’ataxie cérébelleuse pure à transmission autosomique dominante (ADCA de type III dans la classification de Harding) que nous avons appelée SCA34. Une cartographie complète du génome nous a permis de localiser le gène SCA34 sur le chromosome 6p12.3-q16.2. Également, en collaboration avec les Drs Alexis Brice (Hôpital Pitié-La Salpêtrière, Paris) et Alfredo Brusco (Hôpital San Giovanni Battista di Torino, Italie), nous avons confirmé que trois autres familles européennes avec SCA inexpliquée étaient également liées au locus SCA34. Notre laboratoire a récemment entrepris la recherche des mutations responsables de SCA34. Les résultats de ce criblage de gènes candidats sont présentés dans le chapitre 3 de cette thèse.