Estudo biológico, morfológico e molecular de duas cepas de Trypanosoma Cruzi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) isoladas de exemplares de Triatoma Sordida e Triatoma Rubrovaria (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

A doença de Chagas, conhecida também como tripanossomíase americana, foi descrita por Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano das Chagas em 1909 em Lassance, Minas Gerais. Ela é causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi e transmitido ao homem por insetos hemípteros conhecidos como barbeiros dos quais os gêneros mais importantes são Panstrongylus, Rhodinus e Triatoma. Essa zoonose atinge aproximadamente 10 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, principalmente na América Latina. Sabe-se que esse parasito apresenta grande variabilidade intraespecífica evidenciada por diferenças na patologia, virulência, constituição antigênica e habilidade de evasão à resposta imunológica e essa diversidade pode estar associada à sua adaptação e sobrevivência em diferentes hospedeiros. A diversidade patogênica, imunológica e morfológica inerente a esse flagelado dependem de fatores ainda indeterminados, como variação regional e individual da doença humana em infecções naturais e experimentais. Com o intuito de contribuir para ampliar o conhecimento sobre as populações de T. cruzi, propõe-se o estudo biológico, morfológico e molecular de duas cepas isoladas dos exemplares, Triatoma sordida (SI7) e Triatoma rubrovaria (QMM12) por Rosa et al. 2004; 2008 coletados nos Estados da Bahia e Rio Grande do Sul, respectivamente.

Estudo genotípico de seis cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) isoladas de exemplares de Rhodnius Montenegrensis, Triatoma Rubrovaria e Triatoma Sordida (hemiptera, reduviidae)

A doença de Chagas, causada pelo protozoário flagelado Trypanosoma cruzi, foi descrita pelo pesquisador brasileiro Carlos Chagas em 1909. É transmitida ao homem por insetos hemípteros conhecidos como barbeiros dos quais os gêneros mais importantes são Panstrongylus, Rhodnius e Triatoma. Essa zoonose representa um risco para aproximadamente 20 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, principalmente na América Latina. Para tentar explicar as diferentes manifestações observadas na doença de Chagas, vários estudos foram realizados com intuito de averiguar as possíveis correlações entre as formas clínicas com a variabilidade genética do parasito. Algumas hipóteses estão relacionadas provavelmente ao fato de a doença ser um processo multifatorial, em que tanto aspectos do parasito como do hospedeiro estão inter-relacionados ou ainda a escolha inadequada de alvos como marcadores de patogenicidade na tentativa de estabelecer a correlação entre as formas clínicas e a variabilidade genética do parasito. Com o intuito de contribuir para ampliar o conhecimento sobre as populações de T. cruzi, foi realizada a cinética de crescimento em meio LIT e o estudo genotípico de seis cepas de T. cruzi isoladas de exemplares de R. montenegrensis, T. rubrovaria e T. sordida por meio de marcadores genotípicos utilizando as sequência dos genes 24Sα do DNA ribossomal, HSP60 e GPI.

Estudo biológico, morfológico e molecular de duas cepas de Trypanosoma Cruzi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) isoladas de exemplares de Triatoma Sordida e Triatoma Rubrovaria (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

A doença de Chagas, conhecida também como tripanossomíase americana, foi descrita por Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano das Chagas em 1909 em Lassance, Minas Gerais. Ela é causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi e transmitido ao homem por insetos hemípteros conhecidos como barbeiros dos quais os gêneros mais importantes são Panstrongylus, Rhodinus e Triatoma. Essa zoonose atinge aproximadamente 10 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, principalmente na América Latina. Sabe-se que esse parasito apresenta grande variabilidade intraespecífica evidenciada por diferenças na patologia, virulência, constituição antigênica e habilidade de evasão à resposta imunológica e essa diversidade pode estar associada à sua adaptação e sobrevivência em diferentes hospedeiros. A diversidade patogênica, imunológica e morfológica inerente a esse flagelado dependem de fatores ainda indeterminados, como variação regional e individual da doença humana em infecções naturais e experimentais. Com o intuito de contribuir para ampliar o conhecimento sobre as populações de T. cruzi, propõe-se o estudo biológico, morfológico e molecular de duas cepas isoladas dos exemplares, Triatoma sordida (SI7) e Triatoma rubrovaria (QMM12) por Rosa et al. 2004; 2008 coletados nos Estados da Bahia e Rio Grande do Sul, respectivamente.

First assessment of the endoparasitic nematode fauna of four psammophilous species of Tropiduridae (Squamata: Iguania) endemic to north-eastern Brazil

Tropiduridae (Squamata: Iguania) is a lizard taxon widely distributed in the neotropics. Among its representatives, some species are classified as generalists regarding habitat usage. Others exhibit a very restricted and probably relict distribution, and are strongly associated with predominantly sandy and dry habitats. Within this rather ecologically similar than phylogenetically closely related group we examined specimens of Eurolophosaurus amathites, E. divaricatus, Tropidurus hygomi, T. psammonastes for endoparasites. In all four species examined we recorded parasitic nematodes (Nemathelminthes: Nematoda). At least three nematode species were recovered: Parapharyngodon sp., Physaloptera lutzi and Strongyluris oscari, with Ph. lutzi being the most abundant parasite encountered in all lizard species examined. In spite of the hosts' habitat specialization, these parasites are also found frequently in non-psammophilous tropidurid species as well as in other squamates. Individual species richness per lizard was low, with usually just one species parasitizing at a time. These are the first parasites registered for these tropidurids and constitute a total of six new host records.

Natural infection in anopheline species and its implications for autochthonous malaria in the Atlantic forest in Brazil

Abstract Background A descriptive study was carried out in an area of the Atlantic Forest with autochthonous malaria in the Parelheiros subdistrict on the periphery of the municipality of São Paulo to identify anopheline fauna and anophelines naturally infected with Plasmodium as well as to discuss their role in this peculiar epidemiological context. Methods Entomological captures were made from May 2009 to April 2011 using Shannon traps and automatic CDC traps in four areas chosen for their different patterns of human presence and incidences of malaria (anthropic zone 1, anthropic zone 2, transition zone and sylvatic zone). Natural Plasmodium infection was detected by nested PCR based on amplification of the 18S rRNA gene. Results In total, 6,073 anophelines were collected from May 2009 to April 2011, and six species were identified in the four zones. Anopheles cruzii was the predominant species in the three environments but was more abundant in the sylvatic zone. Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii specimens from the anthropic and sylvatic zones were positive for P. vivax and P. malariae. An. (Ker.) bellator, An. (Nys.) triannulatus, An. (Nys.) strodei, An. (Nys.) lutzi and An. (Ano) maculipes were found in small numbers. Of these, An. (Nys.) triannulatus and An. (Nys.) lutzi, which were collected in the anthropic zone, were naturally infected with P. vivax while An. (Nys.) triannulatus from the anthropic zones and An. (Nys.) strodei from the transition zone were positive for P. malariae. Conclusion These results confirm that Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii plays an important role as a major Plasmodium vector. However, the finding of other naturally infected species may indicate that secondary vectors are also involved in the transmission of malaria in the study areas. These findings can be expected to help in the implementation of new measures to control autochthonous malaria in areas of the Atlantic Forest.

Fauna associated with Bathymodiolus azoricus mussel beds within hydrothermal fields of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Structure of assemblages associated with mussel aggregations of Bathymodiolus azoricus was investigated. Mussel beds were found on hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Menez Gwen, Lucky Strike, and Rainbow) at depths 850-2400 m. The community structure of the mussel bed assemblages varied between studied areas. Large number of species was unique to mussel beds of the Menez Gwen field; the most observed taxa were not specialized hydrothermal species. All other nonunique species were found within the Lucky Strike region. The lowest mussel assemblage structure evenness was observed in the shallowest Menez Gwen area (850 m depth). We assume that two types of mussel assemblages (nematode-dominated and copepod-dominated) exist within the Lucky Strike field. The assemblages of B. azoricus differ significantly from assemblages of B. thermophilus inhabiting Pacific hydrothermal vents.

Benthic fauna associated with mussel beds and shrimp swarms within hydrothermal fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Macrofaunal assemblages with prevalence of Bresiliidae shrimps and Mytilidae mussels are abundant in at hydrothermal vents along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Mussels inhabit zones of diffuse seeps of hydrothermal fluids with temperature abnormalities up to several degrees. Shrimps inhabit an extreme biotope in a mixed interface between seawater and hydrothermal fluids at temperature up to 20-30°C. We studied the mussel and shrimp assemblages in three hydrothermal vent fields: Rainbow, Broken Spur, and Snake Pit. Species richness of the mussel assemblages within at least two fields (Broken Spur and Snake Pit) is higher as compared with shrimps from the same hydrothermal vent fields. Fauna inhibiting shrimp swarms lack almost any taxa specific for particular assemblages: almost all the taxa are also present in the mussel beds. Structure of the shrimp assemblage is less homogeneous as compared with that of the mussel assemblage. Population prevalence of one taxon (Copepoda) in the shrimp assemblage is most likely connected with extreme and unstable conditions of the biotope occupied by the shrimps in a hydrothermal field. Taxonomic similarity between the mussel and shrimp assemblages within one hydrothermal vent field is higher as compared with similarity between the mussel (or shrimp) assemblages from different fields.

Spatial distribution of triatomines in domiciles of an urban area of the Brazilian Southeast Region

Reports of triatomine infestation in urban areas have increased. We analysed the spatial distribution of infestation by triatomines in the urban area of Diamantina, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Triatomines were obtained by community-based entomological surveillance. Spatial patterns of infestation were analysed by Ripley’s K function and Kernel density estimator. Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land cover derived from satellite imagery were compared between infested and uninfested areas. A total of 140 adults of four species were captured (100 Triatoma vitticeps, 25 Panstrongylus geniculatus, 8 Panstrongylus megistus, and 7 Triatoma arthurneivai specimens). In total, 87.9% were captured within domiciles. Infection by trypanosomes was observed in 19.6% of 107 examined insects. The spatial distributions of T. vitticeps, P. geniculatus, T. arthurneivai, and trypanosome-positive triatomines were clustered, occurring mainly in peripheral areas. NDVI values were statistically higher in areas infested by T. vitticeps and P. geniculatus. Buildings infested by these species were located closer to open fields, whereas infestations of P. megistus and T. arthurneivai were closer to bare soil. Human occupation and modification of natural areas may be involved in triatomine invasion, exposing the population to these vectors.